There are words selected from text you have to read. Give a brief outline of its content.

surroundings — среда

to interact — взаимодействовать

to avoid  — избегать

predator —хищник

to copy  — копировать, подражать

by trial and error — методом проб и ошибок

to succeed— иметь успех

to overcome  — преодолеть, побороть

to survive  — выживать

wary  — осторожный

join  —присоединяться

the "lion's share" — львиная доля

mane — грива

solitary — одинокий

to take over  — забрать

leader — предводитель

to get along very well — ладить, хорошо уживаться

affectionate — любящий

to lick — лизать

to rub up against  — тереться о(что-л./кого-л.)

to defend against — защищать 

urine  — моча

dung  — навоз

to protect from harm — защищать от неприятностей

to overlap — частично совпадать; перекрывать

to be forced out of — быть изгнанным (= be driven from)

to roam on one's own — бродить, скитаться в одиночестве

 

Lions live in groups, called prides. There may be one to eighteen adult females in a pride, with their cubs, and one to nine adult males. The females are generally all related, and have been born and reared in the same pride. But the males are transient, and may live with one pride for only a short time.

Lions usually hunt in groups, but sometimes only one lioness in the pride will go hunting. Generally, it is the lioness­es who hunt. After a successful kill the males join the females and typically claim the "lion's share" of the meat. In fact, a hunting male can be spotted more easily by the prey because of his mane — the lionesses have an easier time without him.

There is no definite leader in a pride. When they are on the move, one or more females will usually lead the group. A male may follow behind the cubs. Except for small fights now and then, lions in a pride get along very well. They are quite affectionate, and lick or rub up against each other whenever they meet. Often they rest in contact with each other.

Lion prides have special ranges or territories, which males and females both defend against strange lions. Lions mark their territory with the smell of their urine or dung.

The lions know their territory well. They know the best hunting and drinking areas. Lions move to different parts of their territory during the year, depending on where the most prey can be found. Female lions also know the safest places in their territory to hide their cubs and protect them from harm.

A pride's territory can be anywhere from 20 square kilometers to 389 square kilometers in size. The less food, the bigger the territory must be. Sometimes these territories overlap.

Not all lions belong to a pride. All young males are forced out of their prides by the adult males. Often they travel with their brothers or with other solitary males. The strongest will drive older males from neighboring prides and take over their females. Eventually they in turn will be driven from the pride by younger males, and forced to roam on their own. Some young lionesses are also forced out and form new prides with their sisters.

Lions have a much better chance of surviving if they belong to a pride. Without companions, they might be killed by larger groups of neighboring lions.

 

2. Choose the correct word corresponding to the definitions below:

1. Long hair on the neck of a lion or hoarse.

2. To pass the tongue over or under.

3. Female lion.

4. Does not give birth to offspring.

5. To prey on others.

6. Continue to live or to exist.

7. The act of chasing wild animals.

8. Waste matter dropped by animals.

predator, mane, to lick, dung, lioness, hunting, male, survive;

 

3. Explain in English following phrases: to kill; to mark territory; hunting and drinking areas; to be transient; female lions; lion's share; lion prides;

 

4. There is a sentence, you have to expand this sentence, and your neighbor has to expand your expanded sentence and so on. Example: Lions live in groups. - Lions live in groups, called prides. - Lions live in groups, called prides, which consists of eighteen adult females. - Lions live in groups, called prides, which consists of eighteen adult females with their cubs, and one to nine adult males.

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