Подбор подходящих по смыслу слов в предложениях текста

 

Teст 15a

 

 Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово (a-j) в пропуски предложений (1-10) в тексте:

 

                                  a) safeguarding         f) financing                           

                                   b) credit                   g) interest

                                   c) mortgage              h) lending                            

                                   d) securities             i) capital                                                  

                                   e) debt                      j) conditions                              

                                    

    With the (1) ……… crunch, Fannie and Freddie, the country’s (2)…………. giants, have become more important than ever, (3) ………… some 80% of mortgages. So they will need to keep (4) .………….. . Nor is the scope to offload their portfolios of mortgage-backed

(5) …………. , given that there are scarcely any buyers of such (6)……… . And if the Fed has to worry about (7) ………………... . Fannie and Freddie, can it afford to raise (8) …………… rates to combat inflation? American monetary policy may be constrained. Fannie and Freddie can survive without raising (9) …………… until market (10) …………….. improve.

 

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Teст 15b                                                                     

Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово (a-j) в пропуски предложений (1-10) в тексте:

 

                     a) developed                               f) employees  

                     b) reason                                g) training                              

                     c) workers                                   h) staff

                     d) retirement                        i) generation                               

                     e) losing                                      j) unemployment

                                 

In France the (1) ……….. age is 60, not 65 as in most (2) ………… countries. The main (3) …………… is that in the 1980s, when there was high (4) ………………., the government promoted early retirement. That entrenched the idea that older (5) ………………. were less productive. Now companies are worried about (6) ……………… their most skilled workers, especially as the baby-boom (7) …………… nears retirement. Areva, a nuclear-power group, recently launched a scheme to address the needs of older (8) ……………, and plans to use about 100 retired people a year through Experconnect. Areva stopped (9) ……….. engineers, so that much of its expertise lies with its (10) ………… .

 

 

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Te ст 15 c

Вставьте подходящее по смыслу слово (a-j) в пропуски предложений (1-10) в тексте:

 

                                        a) decrease              b) increase

                                        c) cost                     d) reasons

                                        e) prices                  f) suppliers

                                        g) economists          h) a shortage

                                         i) wages                  j) customers  

    Inflation is an overall (1) ……… in prices over a certain period of time. In most of Europe, for example, (2) …….. have risen year after year for at least the last 50 years. Deflation

is an overall (3) ……….. in prices, but the trend is mostly for the (4) ………… of living to increase.

    Inflation can happen for a number of (5) …………, but the (6) …………. say there are two main culprits. These are demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation can happen when the economy is growing fast. Aggregate demand begins to grow faster than (7) ………… can cope with. This causes (8) ………….. and prices rise. At first,

( 9) ……….. may be able to pay the higher prices, and demand grows again. Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, occurs when prices rise without an increase in demand. This happens when suppliers’ variable costs increase sharply. For example, workers may demand higher (10) ……….. or raw materials may become more expensive. Producers then pass these increases on to consumers by raising prices. So, as usual, we are ones to pay.

 

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 Teст 15d

Вставьте в пропуски (1-10) предложений в тексте подходящее по смыслу слово (a-j):

                                            a) interest     f) influence

                                              b) income      g) to spend

                                              c) economy    h) products

                                              d) consumer  i) producers

                                              e) resources   j) businesses

 

    Most people earn their (1) .……… from the work they perform. Some people also receive income by renting or selling land and other natural (2) ……… they own, as profit from a business or entrepreneurial venture, or from (3) ………… paid on their savings accounts or other investments.

In a market (4) …………, the basic resources used to make the goods and services that satisfy (5) ………. demands are owned by private consumers and households. Payments or incomes that households receive for these resources rise and fall – and that fluctuation has a direct (6) ………… on the amount consumers are willing (7) ………… for the goods and services they want.

    Whether consumers are young or old; male or female; rich, poor or middle class, every dollar or pound they spend is a signal – a kind of economic vote telling (8) ………….. what goods and services they want to see produced. Consumer spending represents the basic source of demand for (9) …………. sold in the marketplace, which is half of what determines the market prices for goods and services. The other half is based on decisions (10) ……. make about what to produce and how to produce it.

 

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 Teст 15e

 Вставьте в пропуски (1-10) предложений в тексте подходящее по смыслу слово (a-j):

a) a profit          f) to earn

b) a bank         g) offer

       c) business        h) government

d) provide        i) deposits

   e) growth          j) to achieve

 

The way in which (1) ………. is organized and operates is determined by its objectives and by the type of economy in which it conducts its (2) ……….. . A bank may not necessarily be in business to make (3) ……….. . Central banks, for example, (4) …………. a country with a number of services, while development banks exist to increase the economic (5) ………… of a country and raise the living standard of its population. On the other hand, the aim of commercial banks is (6) ……….. profits. They therefore provide and develop services that can be sold at a price that will yield a profit.

Many banks (7) ………… a combination of wholesale and retail banking. The former provides large-scale services to companies, (8) ………….. agencies and other banks. The latter mainly provides smaller-scale services to the general public. Both types of banking, however, have three essential functions, which are: (9) …………… , payments, credits. These three functions are the basis of the services offered by banks. They make it possible for banks to generate profits and (10) ……………. their operating aims.

        

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