Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА

по дисциплине: Деловой английский язык

PRICES AND MARKETS

Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения.

Determinant-определить, valuable-ценный, commodity-товар, subjective- субъективный, worth- стоящий, ценность, transaction- сделка, reveal- раскрывать, nowadays- в настоящее время, kind- вид, arise- возникнуть, necessarily- обязательно, familiar- знакомый, meaning- значение, arrangement- договоренность, requirement- требование, efficiently- эффективно, foreign-иностранный, participants- участники, commodity- товар, countrywide- по всей стране, world-wide- по всему миру, foodstuff's- пищевые продукты, the same thing- та же самая вещь, the basic determinants of price-базовое определение цены, subjective value- субъективная ценность, the economic worth of value-экономически обоснованная цена, market transactions- рыночные сделки, exchange of goods and services- обмен товарами и услугами, a much wider meaning- намного более широкое значение, the small ad. Columns-маленькая колонка объявлений, on a countrywide basis-общенациональное значение, under market conditions-под действием рыночных условий.

К каждому термину из левой колонки подберите русский перевод. Запишите получившиеся пары и выучите слова и выражения.

ad.	Рекламный
buyer	покупатель
commodity	товар
concern	забота; интерес; дело; отношение; касательство
consumer goods	потребительские товары
dealing	сделка, операция
ease	легкость
imply	заключать в себе, значить; подразумевать
kind	вид
meaning	значение
participant	участник
particularly	особенно
represent	представлять, означать
reveal	раскрывать
seller	продавец
separate	отдельный
supply	предложение
transaction	сделка

Внимательно прочитайте текст № 1, переведите его устно.

Price and Value

In this chapter we discuss the basic determinants of price. Price is not the same thing as value. Things are 'valuable' because people think they are, and for no other reason. The 'value' which an individual places on a commodity can not be measured; its value will be different for different people. This kind of subjective value is not the concern of the economist who is interested only in 'value in exchange'. The economic worth of value of a good can only be measured in some kind of market transaction which reveals the value of the good in terms of what is offered in exchange for it. If 5 Ib of potatoes will exchange for 5 Ib of sugar, then the 'price' of 1 Ib of sugar is 5 Ib of potatoes. Nowadays practically all exchanges represent an exchange of goods and services for money, and prices in terms of money are the market valueofthe things they buy.

Markets

Prices arise in exchange transactions and this implies some kind of market. This need not, necessarily, be a fixed location - a building, or a market place. We are all familiar with the open and covered markets in the centres of our towns, but in the modem world the word 'market' has a much wider meaning. Any effective arrangement for bringing buyers and sellers into contact with one another is defined as a market. The small ad. columns of the local newspaper provide a very efficient market for second-hand cars. Face to face contact between buyers and sellers is not a requirement for a market to be able to operate efficiently. In the foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers are separated by thousands of miles, but the knowledge of what is happening in the market is just as complete, and the ease of dealing is just as effective as if the participants were in the same room.

For some commodities, notably fresh fruit and vegetables, the traditional market is still the normal arrangement, but for most goods the market is a national one. Most consumer goods, in developed countries, are bought, and sold on a countrywide basis. For other commodities the market is world-wide. This is particularly true of the more important primary products such as rubber, tin, copper, and oil, and of the basic foodstuff's such as meat, wheat, sugar, tea, and coffee. Most of the products of advanced technology also have world markets, for example, computers, aeroplanes, ships, and motor cars.

The price of any economic good, under market conditions such as we find in the capitalist world, is determined by the forces of supply acting through the sellers and the forces of demand acting through the buyers, determine the market price.

4. Найдите в тексте слова из задания № 2. Выпишите предложения с ними и переведите их письменно на русский язык.

1. The small ad. columns of the local newspaper provide a very efficient market for second-hand cars.

Маленькая колонка объявлений местной газеты обеспечивает очень эффективный рынок для подержанных автомобилей.

2. Any effective arrangement for bringing buyers and sellers into contact with one another is defined as a market.

Любая эффективная договоренность относительно того, чтобы свести покупателей и продавцов друг с другом рассматривается как рынок.

3. The 'value' which an individual places on a commodity can not be measured; its value will be different for different people.

'Ценность' на ценнике на товаре не могут быть измерена; его ценность будет различна для различных людей.

4. This kind of subjective value is not the concern of the economist who is interested only in 'value in exchange'

Этот вид субъективной ценности - не беспокоит экономиста, который заинтересован только в ' ценность в обмене '

5.Most consumer goods, in developed countries, are bought, and sold on a countrywide basis.

Большинство товаров народного потребления, в развитых странах, куплено, и продано на общенациональном рынке.

6. Face to face contact between buyers and sellers is not a requirement for a market to be able to operate efficiently.

Свести лицом к лицу покупателя и продавца- не обязательное требование для рынка, чтобы он работал эффективно.

7. In the foreign exchange market, buyers and sellers are separated by thousands of miles, but the knowledge of what is happening in the market is just as complete, and the ease of dealing is just as effective as if the participants were in the same room.

На валютном рынке покупатели и продавцы отделены тысячами миль, но знают то, что случается в рынке, столь же полно, и легко проведут сделку, как будто участники находятся в одной комнате.

8. We are all familiar with the open and covered markets in the centres of our towns, but in the modem world the word 'market' has a much wider meaning.

Мы все знакомы с открытыми и крытыми рынками в центрах наших городов, но в современном мире у слова 'рынок' есть намного более широкое значение.

9. This is particularly true of the more important primary products such as rubber, tin, copper, and oil, and of the basic foodstuff's such as meat, wheat, sugar, tea, and coffee.

Это особенно верно для более важных первичных продуктов, таких как каучук, олово, медь, и нефть, и основных продуктов питания, как мясо, пшеница, сахар, чай, и кофе

10. Nowadays practically all exchanges represent an exchange of goods and services for money, and prices in terms of money are the market valueofthe things they buy.

В настоящее время фактически все обмены представляют обмен товарами и услугами за деньги, и цены в денежном выражении - рыночная стоимость вещей, которые они покупают.

11. The economic worth of value of a good can only be measured in some kind of market transaction which reveals the value of the good in terms of what is offered in exchange for it.

Экономическое значение цены товара, может только быть измерено в некоторой рыночной сделке, которая показывает ценность товаров при условии того, что предлагается в обмен на них.

12. The price of any economic good, under market conditions such as we find in the capitalist world, is determined by the forces of supply acting through the sellers and the forces of demand acting through the buyers, determine the market price.

Оценка любой экономической пользы, при рыночных условиях, таких как мы находим в капиталистическом мире, определена предложениями продавцов и спросом покупателей, что и определяет рыночную цену.

Demand

The first thing to understand is that demand is not the same thing as desire, or need, or want. We are looking for the forces which determine price, and the strength of the desire for something will not, in itself, have any influence on the price. Only when desire is supported by the ability and willingness to pay the price does it become an effective demand and has an influence in the market. Demand, in economics, means effective demand, and may be defined as 'the quantity of the commodity which will be demanded at any given price over some given period of time'.

Consider the following statements:

1. The demand for commodity X is 1 000 units.

2. The demand for commodityX, at a price of 6 p per unit, is 1 000 units.

3. The demand for commodityX, at a price of6p per unit, is 1 000 units per week.

Note that only the third statement is meaningful. The first statement is incomplete because the quantity demanded will be different at different price. The second statement tells us the quantity demanded at given price, but it does not tell us how long it will take to sell 1 000 units. Any definition of demand must say something about the quantity, the price, and the time period.

For the great majority of goods and services, experience show that the quantity demanded will increase as the price falls. This particular characteristic of demand may be illustrated by a table described as a demand schedule, or, as is more usual, by a demand curve, which is a graphical representation of the date in the demand schedule.

15. Составьте и напишите пересказ текста №2, используя данные ниже клише. Будьте готовы передать основное содержание текста на английском языке на основе составленного пересказа устно.

The headline of this text is demand. It deals with for the forces which determine price, and the strength of the desire for something will not, in itself, have any influence on the price.

The author starts by telling the reader that demand is not the same thing as desire, or need, or want. According to the text only when desire is supported by the ability and willingness to pay the price does it become an effective demand and has an influence in the market. The text also includes demand, in economics, means effective demand. Further the author states that demand may be defined as 'the quantity of the commodity which will be demanded at any given price over some given period of time'.

The text goes on to say that any definition of demand must say something about the quantity, the price, and the time period. In conclusion, for the great majority of goods and services, experience show that the quantity demanded will increase as the price falls.

I think the text is addressed to students. It will be particularly useful for those who study economics.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА

по дисциплине: Деловой английский язык

PRICES AND MARKETS

Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и выражения.

Determinant-определить, valuable-ценный, commodity-товар, subjective- субъективный, worth- стоящий, ценность, transaction- сделка, reveal- раскрывать, nowadays- в настоящее время, kind- вид, arise- возникнуть, necessarily- обязательно, familiar- знакомый, meaning- значение, arrangement- договоренность, requirement- требование, efficiently- эффективно, foreign-иностранный, participants- участники, commodity- товар, countrywide- по всей стране, world-wide- по всему миру, foodstuff's- пищевые продукты, the same thing- та же самая вещь, the basic determinants of price-базовое определение цены, subjective value- субъективная ценность, the economic worth of value-экономически обоснованная цена, market transactions- рыночные сделки, exchange of goods and services- обмен товарами и услугами, a much wider meaning- намного более широкое значение, the small ad. Columns-маленькая колонка объявлений, on a countrywide basis-общенациональное значение, under market conditions-под действием рыночных условий.

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