THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING VOCABULARY

To know a language means to master its structure and words. Thus, vocabulary is one of the aspects of the language to be taught in school. The problem is what words and idioms pupils should retain. It is evident that the number of words should be limited because pupils have only 2—4 periods a week.

The vocabulary, therefore, must be carefully selected in accordance with the principles of selecting linguistic material, the conditions of teaching and learning a foreign language in school.

Scientific principles of selecting vocabulary have been worked out.1 The words selected should be: (1) frequently used in the language (the frequency of the word may be determined mathematically by means of statistic data); (2) easily combined (nice room, nice girl,); (3) unlimited from the point of view of style (oral, written); (4) included in the topics the syllabus sets; (5) valuable from the point of view of word-building (use, used, useful, useless,).

The first principle, word frequency, is an example of a purely linguistic approach to word selection. It is claimed to be the soundest criterion because it is completely objective. It is derived by counting the number of occurrences of words appearing in representative printed material comprising novels, essays, plays, poems, newspapers, textbooks, and magazines.

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The role of Sound Phenomena in Communication. Phonetics as a science. Phonetics as a science is concerned with the human noises by which the thought is actualized or given audible shape: The term “phonetics” comes from the Greekword “phone” translated as “sounds”.Phonetics studies the sound system of the language, that is segmental phonemes, word-stress, syllabic structure and intonation.Depending on which of sound phenomena is studied, phonetics is subdivided into four main branches:• articulatory phonetics• perceptual (auditory) phonetics• acoustic phonetics• phonology (functional phonetics)The distinctive function of the phoneme is subdivided into:• morpheme-distinctive• word-distinctive• sentence-distinctive

The Most Common Difficulties in Speaking a Foreign Language. Speaking a foreign language is the most difficult part in language learning because pupils need ample practice in speaking to be able to say a few, words of their own in connection with a situation. How to teach oral language In teaching oral language the teacher has the techniques the teacher uses for teaching oral language:1. The teacher uses the foreign language:

a) when giving the class instructions;b) when presenting new language material (words, sentence patterns);c) when checking pupils’ comprehension;d) when consolidating the material presented;e) when checking pupils' assimilationof the language material covered.Techniques the Teacher Uses for Teaching Speaking m There are two forms of speaking: monologue and dialogue. In teaching monologue we can easily distinguish three stages according to the levels which constitute the ability to speak: (1) the statement level; (2) the utterance level; (3) the discourse level. A dialogue consists of a series, of lead-response units. The significant feature of a lead-response unit is that the response part may, and usually does, serve in its own turn as a fresh inducement leading to further verbal exchanges, i.e., lead – response, inducement - response.

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Varieties of English Pronunciation. The Orthoepic Norm. There exist numerous varietiesof pronunciation in any language, the English language as well. The pronunciation of almost of every locality in the British Isles has peculiar features that distinguish it from the pronunciation of other localities. Besides, pr-n is socially influenced. ... But the pronouncing dictionaries do not and cannot reflect all these variants. PronunciationVarieties of British English. It is generally considered that the orthoepic norm of British English is “Received Pronunciation” (RP), though as many scholars state, it is not the only variety of British English pr-n that is recognized as the orthoepic norm in present-day Britain. RP was accepted as the phonetic norm of English about a century ago. The varieties that are spoken by a socially limited number of people and used only in certain localities are called dialects. There are local and social dialects. Dialects have some peculiarities in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical structure. Every dialectal pronunciation is characterized by features that are common to all the other dialects of the language, and by a number of specific peculiarities of its own, that set it apart from all the other dialects.

The orthoepic norm of a language is the standard pronunciation adopted by the native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking.The orthoepic norm of a language comprises the variants of pronunciation of vocabulary units and prosodic patterns which reflect the main tendencies in pronunciation existing in a language.The orthoepic norm is based on the variants ofpronunciation that are widely used in actual speech, reflects the main phonetic tendencies, and is considered to be acceptable by the educated. The orthoepic norm involves prosodic phenomenon as well (e.g. generally agreed norm of loudness, recognized norm of tempo).The orthoepic norm is not isolated from non-standard pronunciations that are in current use. In British English phoneticians generally distinguish three main regional types of pronunciation: Southern, Northern and Scottish regional types of English pronunciation. It is generally considered that the orthoepic norm of British English is "Received Pronunciation" (RP). Received Pronunciation is mainly based on the Southern English regional type of pronunciation, but it has developed its own features which have given it a non—regional character. RP is spoken all over Britain by a comparatively small number of Englishmen who have had the most privileged education in the country. American English (AE), which is a variant of the English language, has developed its own peculiarities in vocabulary, grammatical structure and pronunciation. The most widely used regional types of AE pronunciation are the Eastern, the Southern, and the General American types (GA). The peculiarities of GA lie in:

1. the pronunciation of sounds and sound combinations

2. the stress patterns of words

3. intonation

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