Biography of Sigmund Freud

 

Sigmund Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856. His father was a small merchant, and Freud's mother was his second wife. Freud had two half-brothers some 20 years older than he was. His family moved to Vienna when he was four years old, and though he often said he hated the city, he lived there until it was occupied by Ger­many in 1938.

Freud was a good student, and very ambitious. In 1873 he entered the medical school of the University of Vienna. He hoped to go into neurophysiologic research, but pure research was hard to manage in those days unless you were independently wealthy. Freud was en­gaged and needed to be able to support a family before he could marry, and so he determined to go into private practice with a specialty in neurology.

During his training he made friends with Josef Breuer, another phy­sician and physiologist. They often discussed medical cases together. Freud went to Paris for further study under Jean-Martin Charcot, a neurologist known all over Europe for his studies of hysterics and use of hypnosis. In 1886, Freud returned to Vienna, opened a private practice specializing in nervous and brain disorders, and married.

In 1900, Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams, and intro­duced the public to the notion of the unconscious mind. In 1901, he published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, in which he theorized that forgetfulness or slips of the tongue (now called " Freudian slips" ) were not accidental at all, but it was the " dynamic unconscious" telling us something meaningful.

In 1902, Freud was appointed professor at the University of Vienna and began to gather devoted disciples who by 1906 formed a Psychoan­alytic Society. Other such groups emerged in other cities. But such dis­ciples as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung split from the group.

Freud continued working, developing his theories, and writing large volumes of work.

In 1923, he was diagnosed with cancer of the jaw, a result of years of cigar smoking. He was 67. He would have 30 operations over the next 16 years to treat the progressive disease. When Nazis took over Austria in 1938, Freud's passport was confiscated and his books burned. Freud left Austria and he and his family went to England. He died in London in September, 1939.

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торговец, коммерсант сводный брат несмотря на то что ненавидеть амбициозный чистый состоятельный быть помолвленным поддерживать, содержать частная практика специализация неврология специализироваться случай из практики понятие описать теорию забывчивость случайность имеющий значение преданный появляться последователи откалывать, отходить рак челюсть

Answer the following questions:

1. Where and when was Sigmund Freud born?

2. What was the profession of Freud's father?

3. How many children were there in Freud's family?

4. Where did Freud live most of his life?

5. Where did Freud study?

6. Why didn't he choose the career of a neurophysiologic researcher?

7. Why did Freud decide to go into private practice?          

8. Who was Martin Charcot?  

9. What did Freud do when he returned to Vienna?  

10. When did Freud publish his first book?

11. What famous phenomenon was analyzed in The Psychopathology of

Everyday Life?  

12. Where did Freud teach?  

13. Where did Freud's first international presentation take place?  

14. Why did Freud have to move to England?  

15. Where did' he spend the last years of his life?

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