The Earth’s Contamination

1. Water in many third world countries is contaminated with toxic chemicals, also known as toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.1 billion people in those countries have little or no access to clean water. In many of these regions the water that is used for drinking, cooking, and washing is the same water that is used for dumping sewage and hazardous waste. Approximately 80% of infectious diseases in the world are caused by contaminated water.

2. Indoor air pollution is one of the leading causes of lung cancer. Families in developing countries use open stoves for cooking and heating their homes. The smoke, which is full of chemicals and carcinogens, gets trapped inside where families eat and sleep. Outdoor pollution also causes disease and illness, especially in industrial cities such as Beijing, China, where cancer is the leading cause of death.

3. Pollutants such as metals and pesticides seep into the earth's soil and contaminate the food supply. Soil pollution causes major health risks to entire ecosystems. This type of pollution reduces the amount of land suitable for agricultural production and contributes to global food shortages.

 

1. Содержанию текста соответствуют утверждения... Выберите не менее двух вариантов

o Most urban dwellers in China breathe clean air.

o Indoor air pollution is not so dangerous as outdoor air pollution.

o Soil contamination cuts the amount of fertile land.

o Most developing countries suffer from lack of clean water.

2. Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста. People in developing countries have a slight opportunity to... Выберите не менее двух вариантов

o wash with unsafe water

o cook food in usable water

o drink potable water

o use harmful water

3. Ответьте на вопрос: Which pollutants contaminate soil? Укажите один вариант ответа

o Fossil fuels do.

o Exhaust fumes do.

o Chemicals do.

o Greenhouse gases do.

4. Основной идеей текста является... Укажите один вариант ответа

o Most developing countries cannot afford water treatment facilities.

o The earth’s pollution affects badly people’s life and health all over the world.

o Air pollution can cause fatal diseases such as lung cancer.

o Dumping of sewage produces much of the world’s soil pollution.

 

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Fashion

1. The concept of fashion implies a process of style change, because fashions in dress, as well as in furniture and other objects, have taken very different forms at different times in history. Most people follow fashion to some extent, because fashion refers to much more than the haute couture, the exclusive and expensive clothing produced by leading designers. Even schoolchildren are aware that fashions exist. Nevertheless, we do tend to distinguish between basic clothing, such as blue jeans, parkas and T-shirts, and the latest trendy fashions created by fashion designers. Fashion reflects the society of which it is a part. It has been influenced by wars, conquests, laws, religion, and the arts. Individual personalities have also had an impact on fashion. Royalty and heads of states have set fashion, and in the 20th century media stars have emerged as leaders of fashion. French writer Anatole France said that if he could come back to Earth 100 years after his death and have only one thing to read, he would choose a fashion magazine because that would show him the way people lived.

2. Fashion also has its critics, who have at times denounced fashion as irrational, frivolous, tyrannical, and immoral. Why should pink be in fashion one season and grey the next season? Why do people follow fashion like sheep when they have enough clothes already? A common accusation is that fashion designers accelerate fashion change to create new business. Yet no new fashion succeeds until people are ready to accept it. The final decision about what to buy, or whether to buy anything at all, belongs to the consumer. Ultimately, fashions change because many people like new and different styles.

 

1. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение...

Укажите один вариант ответа

o Fashion is often criticized for its rapid change.

o Fashion is considered to refer mostly to the haute couture.

o Fashion is absolutely free from the influence of the society.

o Most people think that fashion is frivolous and immoral

2. Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

Most people follow fashion because… Укажите один вариант ответа

o they prefer new and different styles

o they want to have the exclusive and expensive clothes

o they want to have an impact on it

o they like to wear blue jeans and T-shirts

3. Ответьте на вопрос: What is the main, determining in the success of the new fashion? Укажите один вариант ответа

o The main thing that determines new fashion success is people’s readiness to accept it.

o The main thing that determines new fashion success is consumer’s hesitation about what to buy.

o The main thing that determines new fashion success is severe fashion critics’ position.

o The main thing that determines new fashion success is people’s reading fashion magazines.

4. Основной идеей текста является... Укажите один вариант ответа

o Fashion is a social phenomenon reflecting different aspects of people’s life.

o Fashion is popular as it helps people to break the monotony of their lives.

o Most people take great interest in fashion and usually try to follow it.

o Fashion is closely connected with the development of business.

 

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Family

1. The family, a basic social group united through bonds of kinship or marriage, has been present in all societies. Ideally, the family provides its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization. The structure of the family and the needs that the family fulfils vary from society to society. The nuclear family – two adults and their children – is the main unit in some societies. In others, it is a subordinate part of an extended family, which also consists of grandparents and other relatives. A third family unit is the single-parent family, in which children live with an unmarried, divorced, or widowed mother or farther.

2. Historical studies have shown that family structure has been less changed by urbanization and industrialization than was once supposed. The nuclear family was the most prevalent pre-industrial unit and is still the basic unit of social organization. The modern family differs from earlier traditional forms, however, in its functions, composition, and life cycle and in the roles of husbands and wives.

3. The only function of the family that continues to survive all change is the provision of affection and emotional support by and to all its members, particularly infants and young children. Specialized institutions now perform many of the other functions that were once performed by the agrarian family: economic production, education, religion, and recreation. Jobs are usually separate from the family group; family members often work in different occupations and in locations away from the home. Education is provided by the state or by private groups. The family is still responsible for the socialization of children.

 

1. Содержанию текста соответствует утверждение...

Укажите один вариант ответа

o As to the structure of the family, there are three different family units in the society.

o The modern family has the same functions as earlier traditional forms.

o The nuclear family consists of two adults, their children, and other relatives.

o One of the main functions of the modern family is to provide children with education.

2. Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.

The main unit of social organization is associated with the… Укажите один вариант ответа

o nuclear family

o single-parent family

o family consisting of many relatives

o agrarian family

3. Ответьте на вопрос: What is the most important function of the family? Укажите один вариант ответа

o The most important function of the family is to provide its members with affection and emotional support.

o The most important function of the family is to provide its members with education, work, recreation and socialization.

o The most important function of the family is to perform economic production, education, religion, and recreation.

o The most important function of the family, as historical studies have shown, is to be the basic unit of social organization.

4. Основной идеей текста является... Укажите один вариант ответа

o All societies have regarded the family as a basic unit of social organization to provide its members with protection, companionship, security, and socialization.

o In all societies the family as a basic social group must pay particular attention to the emotional support of infants and young children and their socialization.

o The functions of the family, its composition, structure, life cycle and the roles of husbands and wives have been thoroughly studied in all societies.

o Earlier traditional families usually performed many of the functions which are now performed by specialized institutions, such as education, religion, recreation, etc.

 

 

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