Task 6. Choose the synonyms from the box.

 

fulfill, power, disobedience, guarantee, form, cause, try, principle, restrict, reach, assist, subjugate, behaviour, establish, oblige, mean

 

mould – carry out – attain – subject – transgression – facilitate – limit – ensure –

conduct – precept – lay down – enforce – imply – authority – strive – reason –

 

Task 7. Write down the word families of the following words & translate them.

 

to obey   to guide   to approve

to agree   to order

Task 8. Translate into English .

1. Закон – це правила людської поведінки, що застосовуються членами суспільства певної держави.

2. Людина за природою – соціальна істота, що прагне товариства інших.

3. Щоб існувала спільнота людей, необхідний соціальний порядок.

4. Правила та закони створюються, щоб забезпечити мирне та впорядковане життя та роботу членів суспільства.

5. Право утворилось з традицій народу, але більша його частина створена законодавчою гілкою влади.

6. Загальне право та статутне право складають Англійське право.

7. Право слід відрізняти від інших законів соціального контролю та норм поведінки, таких як: мораль, етика, громадська думка, звичаї та традиції.

8. Право виконує такі функції:

а) підтримка порядку у суспільстві;

б) розв’язує суперечки цивілізованим шляхом;

в) сприяє економічній діяльності;

г) обмежує владу уряду, запроваджує свободу членів суспільства;

д) забороняє соціальну дискримінацію.

9. Право змінюється протягом історії.

10. Люди прагнуть справедливості у приватному, суспільному житті та економічній діяльності, а гарні закони допомагають цьому.

11. Справа громадян забезпечити прийняття мудрих законів та справедливе застосування їх у судах.

 

Task 9. Use the information given in the text to answer the questions. Discuss your answer with other members of the group.

1.Why did people tend to form tribes in primitive times?

2. What formed English Law?

3. Are legal rules and actions distinguished from other means of social control?

4. Do people suffer any penalty when they break moral rules and ethics?

5.Who formed rules and laid down laws in ancient times?

6. What factors brought changes into the law?

7. What are the main functions of the law?

8. Who develops the law in Great Britain nowadays?

9. Who is to ensure passing of wise laws in a democracy?

 

Task 10. Discuss your ideas in pairs & then exchange opinions with the whole group.

1. Can any society do without laws?

2. It is the business of citizens in a democracy to ensure that wise laws are passed.

 

Task 11. Read & translate the text.

THE NOTION OF LAW

The English word “law” refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave.

In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour.

If people break these rules they do not suffer any penalty, but they may be criticized by other members of the society. Moreover, the people who do not observe these unofficial rules of behaviour can remain in isolation as the people around them may refuse to deal with them.

Laws are rules that are supported by the power of government. The whole system of punishment exists for those who do not wish to obey these official rules.

The person who breaks the law is called an offender or a law-breaker.

There are offences against international law and order, offences against property, against public order, against the person, against the state, etc. Laws may be written and unwritten. These traditional terms are misleading, because the expression “written” law signifies any law that is formally enacted or passed by Parliament, and the expression “unwritten” law signifies all unenacted laws, that is the laws not passed by Parliament.

On the Continent the volume of written law is more than the volume of unwritten. It can be explained by the fact that under the influence of the Napoleon Code many continental countries have codified their law.

In England in accordance with the tradition many laws have never been enacted, they have derived from judicial precedent. That is why in Great Britain unwritten law is predominant.

This does not mean that none of English law is codified. It only signifies that though Parliament “produces” a lot of acts, there is no whole system of codification, which prevails in many continental countries.

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