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Any и его производные имеют другое значение в утвердительном предложении.
Come and see me any time Приходите навестить меня (-it doesn't matter when). в любое время. 2. Some в вопросительном предложении употребляется, когда мы Would you like some coffee? Вы хотите кофе? Can I have some milk in my Можно взять (немного) молока coffee? . для кофе? 3. Someone/somebody/anyone/anybody являются местоимениями единст- Someone wants to see you. Кто-то хочет вас видеть. Is anybody there? Кто-нибудь есть там? После этих слов часто употребляется they/them/their. If шугае waits to leave Если кто-нибудь хочет уйти early, they can (" he or рано, он (она) может she can). сделать это. ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 1. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слом: [л] — crust, des 'tractive, 'substance, re'suit, 'other [э: ] — salt, form, be'cause, cause, coarse [ae] — 'fragment, 'magma, 'glacier, 'gravel, 'angular, sand [i: j — heat, sea, peat, feet, meet [ei] — main, grain, change, shale, 'layer, clay [ф] — 'picture, 'structure [э: ] — Earth, 'surface, firm, 'firmly 6) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение: igneous ['ignias], metamorphic [jneta'mafik], sedimentary [^edi'mentan], sediment ['sedimsnt], conglomerate [kan'gbmant], sandstone ['saen(d)stoun), calcium carbonate ['kaelsiam 'kabanit], dolomite f'dobmait], schist [fist] Z. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их. cause [ko: z] v заставлять; вызывать; force [fo: s] v заставлять, принуж- влиять; причинять; л причина, дать; ускорять движение; л си- основание; дело; общее дело; ла; усилие 'syn reason glacier ['glaesjs] я ледник, глетчер clay [klei] л глина; глинозем grain [grein] л зерно; angular grains затвердевать, уплотнять(ся); grained а зернистый укреплять; syn solidify gravel f'grsevel] л гравий, крупный кора internal [m'ta: nl] а внутренний decay [di'kei] v гнить, разлагаться; intrusive [m'trursiv] а интрузив- л выветривание (пород); рас- ный, плутонический пад, разложение iron [ 'aisn] л железо derive [di 'raiv] v (from) происхо- layer [ 'leis(r)] л пласт лить, вести свое происхожде- like [talk] а похожий, подобный; ние (от); наследовать syn similar; ant nnUke; adv no- destroy [di'stroi] v разрушать; унич- добно тожать; destructive а разруши- lime [laim] л известь; limestone л тельный. известняк dtsMhre [di'zalv] v растворять loose [lu: s] а несвязанный, свобод- поверхность); обнажаться; ex- make up ['meik 'лр] v составлять; рмиге л обнажение л состав (вещества) extend [iks'ta: nl] а внешний particle ['pa: Ukl] л частица; вклю- ный, излившийся(о горной peat [pi: t] л торф; торфяник породе) represent [.repn'zent] v представ я представитель; representative ible ~, oil ~ горючий сланец а характерный, типичный siltstone ['siltstounj л алеврит rock [role] л горная порода; igneous stratification [.straetifl'kei/an] л на- ~ изверженная порода; sedi- пластование, залегание mentary - осадочная порода stratify [ 'strastifai] v напластовы- sand [send] л песок ваться; отлагаться пластами; sandstone ['s«n(d)stoun] л песча- stratified а пластовый; syn lay- sediment ['sediment] л отложение; value ['vaclju: ] л ценность; важность; осадочная порода; sedimentary величина; значение; valuable a а осадочный; sedimentation л ценный (о руде) образование осадочных пород vary [ 'vesrl] v изменяться); отли- schist [Jlst] л (кристаллический) чать(ся); syn differ, change shale (Jeil) л сланец, сланцевая гли- ous а различный; syn different 3. а) Переведите слом с префиксом т-: unconsolidated, uncemented, unusual, undeformed, unsatisfactory, unnecessary, unlike б) Переведите предложения: 1. The results of the experiments were unsatisfactory. 2. Gravel, sand and clay are unconsolidated mechanical sedi
3. They are called so because they are composed of loose 4. The geologists found the old structures which were unusual
4. Переведите следующие слота с префиксом prt-: 5. Определите значения like:
1. The rm'ner we met at the colliery has three sons. His elder 2. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, me 6. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите не valuable minerals various discoveries the accumulation of sediments the Earth's crust the destructive action of water pre-existing rocks available resources the internal structure of racks consolidated and unconsolidated firmly cemented sediments fire damp successful prospecting mineral substances exposed rocks surface exposure organic decay loose sediments solidified rocks igneous rocks stratified deposits sedimentary rocks 7. Определите значения выделенных слов по схмстиу ни арией с three main groups of rocks, the most important cftnvactaristic of sediments, the destructive mechanical action of water, die aecamu-lation of materials, the usual cementing substance, tfae decay of organisms, organic sediments, mineral oil, large practical value 8. Прочитайте текст А. Перечислите основные смевйн •••вэвшня ТЕКСТ А Sedimentary Rocks The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks represent one of the three major groups of rocks that make up the crust of the Earthf Most sedimentary rods have originated by sedimentation. They are layered or stratified. Thus, stntification is the most important characteristic of sediments and sedimentary rocks j It is necessary to note that the processes which lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks are going on around us. Sediments are formed at or very near the surface of the Earth by the action of heat, water (rivers, glaciers, seas and lakes) and organisms. Fig. 1 shows relative abundance1 of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. It should be noted that 95 per cent of the Earth's crust is made up of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 left) and that only 5 per cent is sedimentary. 11n contrast, the amount of sedimentary rocks on the Earth's surface is three times that of igneous rocks (see Fig. 1 right)-: Strictly speaking, sedimentary rocks form a very small proportion by volume of the rocks of the Earth's crust. On the contrary, about three quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by sedimentary rocks. It means that most of sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments, accumulations of solid material on the Earth's surface.
Fig. 1. Relative abundance of sedimentary and igneous rocks The thickness of the layers of sedimentary rocks can vary greatly from place to place. They can be formed by the mechanical action of water, wind, frost and organic decay. Such sediments as gravel, sand and clay can be transformed into conglomerates, sandstones and clay schists as a result of the accumulation of materials achieved by the destructive mechanical action of water and wind. Mechanical sediments can be unconsolidated and consolidated. For example, gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated mechanical sediments, because they consist of loose unce-mented particles (grains). On the Earth's surface we also find consolidated rocks, which are very similar to the loose sediments whose particles are firmly cemented to one another by some substance. The usual cementing substances are sand, clay, calcium carbonate and others. Thus sandstones are consolidated rocks composed of round or angular sand grains, more or less firmly consolidated. Like sand, sandstones can be divided into fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained. On the other hand, chemical sediments are the result of deposits or accumulations of substances achieved by the destructive 92______________________________________________ Unit 4 chemical action of water. The minerals such as rock salt, gypsum and others are formed through sedimentation of mineral substances that are dissolved in water. Sediments can also be formed by the decay of the remains of organisms, by the accumulation of plant relics.2 They are called organic sediments. Limestones, peat, coal, mineral oil and other sediments may serve as an example of organic sediments. The most principal kinds of sedimentary rocks are conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone and dolomite. Many other kinds with large practical value include common salt, gypsum, phosphate, iron oxide and coal. As is known, water, wind and organisms are called external forces, because their action depends on the energy which our planet receives from the Sun. ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ 1. relative abundance — относительная распространенность (минералов в земной коре) 2. plant relics (plant remains) — растительные остатки УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 9. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. 1. The rocks of the Earth's crust are divided into two main 2. Igneous rocks are composed of particles of pre-existing 3. Sedimentary rocks are stratified. 4. Sediments are formed by the action of glaciers. 5. Igneous rocks make up 75 per cent of exposed rocks. 6. Conglomerates are formed as a result of the accumulation 7. Sandstones are consolidated rocks. 8. Clays are unconsolidated mechanical sediments. 9. Chemical sediments are formed by the destructive chemical
10. Peat and coal are the organic sediments which иге of great 11. Clay schist was formed at the beginning of the sedimenta Unit 4______________________________________________ 93 10. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What main groups of rocks do you know? 2. Do sedimentary rocks consist of particles of pre-existing Популярное:
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