IV. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words.

1. The list of their... may seem....

2. People... to various newspapers and..., but they have one... aim.

3. Newspapers and magazines inform the... of the... events and home and international....

4. As our press is..., following the principle of..., of... it makes readers acquainted with different... on various problems.

5. As for me, I... to....

V. Answer the following questions.

1. Is it easy to say how many newspapers and magazines are issued in our country?

2. What kinds of newspapers and magazines are issued in our country?

3. Why do people subscribe to newspapers and magazines?

4. What kind of information can they find there?

5. Is our press democratic?

6. What is your favourite newspaper (magazine)?

The History of the Newspapers

The earliest attempts to circulate news were made in ancient Rome. In Rome the Daily Events was published from early days of the Empire until its fall in A.D. 476 and, besides its general circulation, was used as a medium of communication between military officers and their armies.

In Western Europe, mass communication began in the 15th century when the German printer Johannes Gutenberg (1398-1468) invented the process of movable type. Movable type allowed molds of alphabet characters to be rearranged to form any message desired. Then the letter molds could be reused to form new words and pages.

Prior to that time, most books were handwritten and very time-consuming to produce. Printing from carved wooden blocks was attempted in the 14^th century, but did not become a popular form of mass communication.

By the end of the 16^th century several printers in Germany, Holland and Belgium were producing pamphlets and announcements of great battles or sensational events, often called " relations". There were also pocketsize " newsbooks" of 8, 16, or 24 pages., summarizing the events of the past six months. These two types were the two forerunners of the later newspaper.

In the 16^th century an official newspaper was issued in Venice with accounts of battles and other matters of public interest. This paper was circulated throughout Europe, and originally sold for a small coin called a " gazetta". In time the paper was called " gazetta", a name which is still used.

movable type – разборная печать

letter mold – буквенная матрица

time-consuming – требующая затрат времени

scarce - редкий

torelate- излагать, рассказывать

relation - повествование, изложение

forerunner – предшественник

1. Find the English equivalents to the following words:

распространять новости, опубликовать, опубликовать, средство общения, разборная печать, литера (буква), переставить, рукописный, занимать много времени, деревянные блоки, объявление, предшественник, издать.

2. Answer the questions:

· What was the process of distributing news in ancient Rome?

· What were the books like before the Gutenberg’s invention?

· What did the Gutenberg’s invention consist in? What opportunities did it give?

· What were the forerunners of the later newspapers?

· Why was the paper called “gazetta”?

Make the summary of the text.

Inform your group about the history of the newspaper.

Kinds of Newspapers

Newspapers of any country can be classified into two major groups: quality and popular papers. A quality paper is a serious national paper that aims at the educated reader, who wants to read about politics and foreign affairs. Quality papers contain detailed news coverage and comment written by experts in their field, arts and literary reviews and much professional advertising. These papers are bigger in size than popular papers with longer articles and a wider coverage of events. They have different pages for home news foreign affairs, fashion, business, sport and so on. The most famous British quality newspapers are The Daily Telegraph, The Times, The Guardian, The Independent and The Financial Times.

A popular paper is a newspaper whose format and content are designed for the undemanding reader. Most popular papers and tabloids (i. e. papers with small-size pages, usually about 30 cm by 40 cm) with lots of pictures, big headlines and short articles. They are easy to read and often contain little real information; sometimes they give more space to opinions than to news. They usually have " human interest" stories, stories about ordinary people and events, which are included because they are amusing or odd. Emphasis is put on sensational stories, especially involving a figure in the public eye such as a member of the royal family; importance is also given to sports and to cartoons and contests. Examples of this type of newspapers are The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Mirror, which exist in Great Britain.

The newspapers which are sold all over the country with a large readership or circulation are called the national papers; they are usually produced in the capital city. In addition to national daily newspapers there are national papers published on Sundays. Most of " Sundays" contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them include " colour supplements".

1. Find the English equivalents of the words:

качественные газеты, популярная газета, национальная газета, нацелить на, образованный читатель, события за рубежом, внутренние события, детальное освещение событий, эксперт, рецензия, формат, содержание, заголовок, статья, знаменитость, тираж, круг читателей, ежедневная газета, публиковать.

2. Answer the questions:

· What groups can the newspapers be classified into?

· What is the difference between quality and popular newspapers?

· What readers do quality / popular papers cater for?

· What information do quality / popular papers contain?

· Can you give some examples of quality and popular newspapers?

Types of Magazines

According to Mass Media scholars John Merrill and Ralph Lowenstein, all magazines may be classified according to their specialization into those that have unit specialization or internal specialization. Unit specialization occurs in magazines that target audience with special interest (for example, American PC Magazine - magazine about computers). Most magazines produced in the USA today fall into this category. Internal specialization magazines are general-interest publications that appeal to a larger audience and offer a wider variety of articles. The readers select the articles that are of interest to them.

But according to the classification given by US Industrial Outlook (1992) all magazines in the USA break down into three broad categories: consumer magazines (65%), business publications (34%) and farm magazines (1%). Within these categories are numerous subcategories: health and fitness, sports, travel / leisure, lifestyles, ethnic, regional, business, age-specific women's and men's magazines and others. Among the new business publications, subject area included medicine, technology, business management, computers software. Let's turn to some of the narrow special-interest categories of magazines.

Family Magazines - it is one of the newest categories of magazines to become popular. These publications reflected a revived interest in the family. Magazines in this category include Parenting, Fathers, Child, Children and Grandparents.

Sports magazines - these publications range from the specialized general-interest magazines (like Sports Illustrated) to more specialized publications covering just one sport - such as Boating, Flying, Skiing. Some sports magazines are designed just for women.

Women's Interest magazines have been popular since the nineteenth century and today include some of the highest circulating magazines in the country. With more than 50 titles devoted to women's interests, there are actually subcategories within this one: women's general interest, health, parenting, style and fashion, women's career magazines. Vogue, Cosmopolitan, Family Circle, Elle, Working Mother may be named among the most popular.

Ethnic Magazines - all ethnic minorities have found magazines to be an effective way to communicate with one another.

Magazines can be classified in a variety of ways, but what is abundantly clear is that there seems to be a magazine for just about every interest and taste in both popular and elite cultures.

1. Find the English equivalents in the text:

классификация, категории, подкатегории, специализация, целевая аудитория, статья, читатель, потребительские журналы, деловые журналы, фермерские журналы, подкатегории, публикация, отражать, тираж, возрожденный интерес к, этническое меньшинство, эффективное средство общения.

2. Answer the questions:

· What classifications of magazines do you know?

· What kinds of magazines are singled out by John Merrill and Ralph Lowenstein?

· How can the Unit /Internal specialization magazines be described?

· What classification was proposed by US Industrial Outlook in 1992?

· What topics can magazines be devoted to?

Television

A TV aerial, remote control, a video tape, cassette, on/off button, satellite dish.camcorder, TV set, headset, headphones.

B plug it in, turn it on, turn it off, turn it up, turn it down, turn over, switch on, switch off, or switch over

C Types of TV programmes: documentaries, news broadcasts, series, serials, current affairs programmes, soap operas, quizzes, sitcoms, drama, chat shows, detective stories, sports programmes, weather forecasts, music programmes, game shows, variety shows, commercials.

D TV in Great Britain

At the moment there are five 'terrestrial' channels (or stations) on TV (BBC 1, BBC 2, ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5). If you pay extra, you can have a satellite dish and receive satellite TV; or pay to have cable TV - there are many channels available.

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