PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

Рабочая тетрадь

по дисциплине Б.1.Б.2 «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции»

Направление: 081100 - Юриспруденция

Квалификация: бакалавр

_______ курс _______ группа

________________________ (Ф.И.О.)

Ставрополь 2015

Рабочая тетрадь является приложением к учебно - методическому комплексу по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции».

Она предназначена для самостоятельной и аудиторной работы во 2-м семестре и предполагает дальнейшее совершенствование письменной иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции, ранее сформированных умений письменной речи и их интеграцию, а также формирование устойчивого навыка употребления изучаемых грамматических явлений, характерных для письменной речи и письменной коммуникации.

Содержание

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1.Практическое занятие № 1 Introduction to Law

2.Практическое занятие № 2 Why do we need law?

3.Практическое занятие №3 Law and Society

4.Практическое занятие № 4 Legal professions

5.Практическое занятие № 5 Legal skills

6.Практическое занятие № 6 Applying for a job

PART 2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

1.Практическое занятие № 7 Legislation in Russia

2.Практическое занятие № 8 Law-making procedure in the USA

3.Практическое занятие № 9 The United Kingdom legislation

4.Практическое занятие № 10 The Constitution of the Russian Federation

5.Практическое занятие № 11 Constitutions of the USA and the UK

6.Практическое занятие № 12 E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

7.Глоссарий

PART 3. ПРИЛО

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

Практическое занятие № 1 (4 часа)

INTRODUCTION TO LAW

1. Посмотрите на рисунки. Опишите, что изображено на них. Как Вы думаете, каким образом они связаны с понятием «право». Какие сферы взаимоотношений в обществе и между людьми регулируются правом?

A B C

D E F

G H

2. Прочитайте данные ниже определения слова «law», которое переводится на русский язык как «право, закон». Как Вы думаете, какое из определений этого слова больше всего подходит к каждому из рисунков?

1. A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority.

2. A set of rules or principles dealing with a specific area of a legal system.

3. A way of life.

4. A statement describing a relationship observed to be invariable between or among phenomena for all cases in which the specified conditions are met.

5. A principle of organization, procedure, or technique.

6. A generalization based on consistent experience or results.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного из выражений, данных в рамке.

In my opinion - по моему мнению I can’t make up my mind, but - не могу принять решение, но I am keeping an open mind for the moment - пока у меня нет никакого мнения на этот счет I’m (not) sure that - я (не) уверен, что Firstly, (secondly) - во-первых, (во-вторых) Finally - наконец

1. Can we live without laws?

2. Why do we need the law?

3. What spheres of life are regulated by law?

4. Must people obey laws?

5. What rules of behavior are accepted in the society?

6. Do you share the idea that people should look only after themselves and take no care about others?

7. What rules do you obey willingly?

8. What rules would you abolish if you could?

9. Do laws limit your personal freedom?

10. Must all people study law at school?

11. Do you feel that laws protect you?

12. What law would you suggest if you were a Member of Parliament?

4. Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения со словом «law». Составьте предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы - это устойчивые по составу и структуре лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения, выполняющие функцию словарной единицы).

1. law and order - правопорядок

2. the law of the jungle - закон джунглей

3. to lay down the law- a) устанавливать правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не допускать возражений

4. Necessity knows no law - нужда не знает закона.

5. Посмотрите на карикатуры. Нарисуйте или опишите устно картинку или карикатуру, которая ассоциируется у вас с одним или несколькими из данных ниже устойчивых словосочетаний.

1. to make laws - издавать, принимать законы

2. to repeal laws - отменять законы

3. to break laws - нарушать законы

4. to obey laws - соблюдать законы

5. to enforce laws - обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона

6. to apply laws - применять законы

7. to be against the law - быть противозаконным

8. to study law - изучать право

9. to amend the law - вносить поправки в закон

6. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу глаголами из упражнения 5

1. The State Duma of the Russian Federation ____ laws.

2. The government ___ laws and ___ them if they are bad.

3. The police ___ laws.

4. Courts and judges ___ laws.

5. Law-abiding people ___ laws.

6. Criminals ___ laws.

7. The students of universities ___ law.

Практическое занятие № 2 (4 часа)

WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules -- those made by the state or the courts -- are called " laws". Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behavior. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law -- whether you like that law or not -- you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law? we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people -- to live in society --laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals' rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals., despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

4. Подберите к английским словосочетаниям из текста русские эквиваленты

the purpose of law	a) уважать права отдельного человека
to live in society	b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества
to choose at random	c) иметь разногласия и конфликты
to safeguard our personal property and our lives	d) верить в верховенство закона
to have disagreements and conflicts	e) защищать основные права и свободы
to resolve disputes peacefully	f) назначение (цель) права
to turn to the law	g) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение
to respect individual rights	h) жить в обществе
to arrest and punish people without trial	i) выбирать что-либо наугад
to believe in the Rule of Law	j) стремиться изменить закон мирными средствами
in accordance with the law	k) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия
to protect basic individual rights and freedoms	l) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь
to reflect the changing needs of society	m) в соответствии с законом
to have the right to speak out publicly	n) обращаться к закону
to seek to change the law by lawful mean	o) разрешать споры мирными средствами

5. Закончите предложения в соответствии с текстом.

1. Almost everything we do is governed by) rules imposed by morality) the courts) some set of rules

2. If we didn’t live in a structured society with other people ) we would simply do as we please) we would simply do with little regard for others) laws would not be necessary

3. Laws against criminal conduct help) to protect our property) to take advantage of other individuals) to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

4. We turn to the law) to resolve the dispute peacefully) to decide who is the real owner) to force people keep their promises

5. Another goal of the law is) to protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms) fairness) to provide for benefits.

6. Замените русские слова в скобках английскими эквивалентами из текста

The aim of (права) is to regulate the conduct of human beings in society. The aim of (правовой) theory is (рассмотреть) the nature, origin and classification of law. The theory of natural law is based on the belief that there is a set of perfect (юридических норм) for human conduct and (законы) devised by men must be induced by these rules. (Закон) is a term which is used in many different senses. To (юриста) law has far narrower meaning - the principle recognized and applied by the state in (суде). The English (правовая система) has still been copied by many nations. (Судебный процесс) becomes the center of a contest between both parties in which one emerges the winner. By the time of (судебного разбирательства) each (сторона дела) should gain as much information as possible.

7. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What kind of society do we live in?

2. What is the society governed by?

3. What is the difference between laws and rules of morality?

4. Why do rules of morality and custom play an important role in our life?

5. Why are laws designed to control our behavior?

6. What are the goals of law?

7. When do people turn to law?

8. Why do we need the law?

Практическое занятие 3 (2 часа)

LAW AND SOCIETY

1. Прочитайте текст” Law and society”

The world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. Things never stay the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved. Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action.

We have made laws of community living. Laws are based on the reasonable needs at the community we often don’t notice them. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to watch. When a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday activities. May wish to take legal action to recover your loss.

You may sue against Bert who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which was not to be returned. The court after the listening to the testimony of both sides and considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment be entered in favor of you against Bert.

Transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. The whole it seems that people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.

2. Ответьте на вопросы

1. Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?

2. Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?

3. Do we notice laws? Why?

4. When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?

3. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель

Model:

a) I think it is true. The text tells us that ………

b) To my mind, it is false because …………

1. We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities.

2. Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice.

3. People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to regulate their relations with each other.

4. Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return your money or replace the TV set, we don’t start thinking of taking legal advice.

5. When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal obligations.

6. You may not sue against the person who didn’t pay his debt.

7. You can testify at the doctor’s.

8. A defendant can accuse a plaintiff.

9. The court may listen to testimony of one side.

10. All transactions in modern society are very complex.

11. Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.

4. Прочитайте определения слов и догадайтесь, о каких словах из текста идет речь

1. _____ is the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil offence.

2. _____ is the party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company.

3. _____ is a civil legal proceeding against someone.

4. _____ is an official court decision on the case.

5. _____ are an official body whose job is to make sure that people obey the law, to catch, and to protect people and property.

6. _____ is someone whose job is to advise people about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court.

7. ______ is a house or a room where all the information about the crime is given so that it can be judged.

8. ______ is a sum of money that you owe somebody.

9. _____ is a formal statement that something is true, such as the one a witness makes in court of law.

10. ______ is money that has been lost by a business, a person or a government.

11. ______ is legal means (documents) regulating relations between companies.

5. Расположите предложения в логической последовательности так, чтобы получился краткий пересказ текста. Озаглавьте его.

1. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal rules of conduct already existing in society

2. The player might face prosecution for attacking the referee under law.

3. When governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts.

4. Governments consider anti-social behavior as a danger to the well-being and order of society.

5. This relationship can be demonstrated using the example of a sports club.

Практическое занятие № 4 (4 часа)

LEGAL PROFESSIONS

LANGUAGE IN USE

В английском языке существует группа так называемой интернациональной лексики. К ней относится, например, слово “legal”. О значении слов этой группы нетрудно догадаться, так как в русском языке есть однокоренные аналоги. Однако в специализированной литературе интернациональные слова могут образовывать терминологические словосочетания (клишированные формы), отличные от их однокоренных аналогов.

правовой~ document - правовой документ ~ obligation - правовое обязательство ~ system - система права

судебный~ action -судебный иск ~ costs - судебные издержки ~ decision -решение суда ~ procedure - судопроизводство ~ remedy - средство судебной защиты

юридический~ person - юридическое лицо ~ profession - профессия юриста ~ advisor - юрисконсульт ~ ethics - профессиональная этика юриста ~ department - юридический отдел ~ language - юридический язык, язык юристов ~ aid - бесплатная юридическая помощь малоимушим

законный~ government - законное правительство ~ foundation - законное основание ~ owner - законный владелец

1. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские предложения, обращая особое внимание на словосочетания со словом “legal”.

1. To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.

2. Every legal system has many shortcomings.

3. Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.

4. Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobody’s fault.

5. There is a large information gap in people’s awareness of their legal rights.

6. Such legal knowledge as people had come largely from newspapers and television.

7. The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.

8. Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of tens of thousands of pounds.

9. Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.

10. Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.

2. Прочитайте интернациональные слова, обращая внимание на их правильное произношение по-английски, и переведите их на русский язык:

а) словом с тем же корнем;

б) в значении, в котором они встречаются в тексте.

advocate, licensed, clients, jurisdiction, specialization, profession, qualification, training, examinations, office, type, business, contracts, audience, normally, options, career, private, civil, criminal, faculty, college, dissertation, prosecutor, arbitrator, professor, politician.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст”Legal professions” со словарем

A lawyer is a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients.

The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization.

In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work. Solicitors deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court.

Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts.Educational requirements to becoming a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law, which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree. In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes.

In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Jurist Doctor /Doctor of Jurisprudence) (as opposed to the Bachelor of Laws as the practitioner's law degree. However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research.

Methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).

In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician.

In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.

4. Найдите в тексте английские слова и словосочетания, соответствующие следующим словосочетаниям

. консультировать клиентов по вопросам права

. выполнять все виды юридической работы

. солиситоры и барристеры

. сдавать квалификационные экзамены

. право преподается на юридическом факультете

. университетский колледж, готовящий бакалавров

. степень магистра

. добиваться получения степени бакалавра

. присвоить ученую степень доктора юриспруденции (США)

. защита диссертации

. научно- исследовательская работа

. учебная практика

. ученичество, место начального практического обучения

. штатный юрисконсульт компании

. страны общего права (англо-саксонской системы права)

. страны романо-германской (континентальной) системы права

5. Дайте дефиниции следующим понятиям из текста, связанным с профессиями юриста. Воспользуйтесь толковым словарем или Интернет-ресурсом (Wikipedia).

1. Prosecutor ___________________________________________

2. Government counsel ___________________________________

3. Corporate in-house counsel ______________________________

4. Judge _______________________________________________

5. Arbitrator ____________________________________________

6. Law professor _________________________________________

7. Politician_____________________________________________

6. Ответьте на вопросы теста “CAN YOU BE A LAWYER? ”

1. Do you love to argue?

Please answer this question

o Yes.

o Not really.

2. Can you manipulate things for your benefit?

Please answer this question.

o Yes, why not?

o Not sure.

3. Is your mind sharp like a knife?

Please answer this question.

o Yes, it can cut even iron!

o It is more like a butter knife.

4. How good are your lying abilities?

Please answer this question.

o Well honed.

o Not worth mentioning.

5. How good are you at convincing people?

Please answer this question.

o Very good.

o Barely ok.

6. Can you twist the truth in your favour?

Please answer this question.

o Maybe.

o Not sure.

7. What genres of movies/novels do you like most?

Please answer this question.

o Detective and crime thrillers.

o Romantic and comic stories.

Answers:

. a) 10; b) 0 2. a) 10; b) 0 3) a) 10; b) 0 4. a) 10; b) 0 5. a) 10; b) 0 6. a) 10; b) 0 7. a) 10; b) 0: 1. 0 -30. You can't become a lawyer.don't have the qualities of becoming a lawyer. Forget it!

. 40- 70. You can become a lawyer. Why not try to be one?

Практическое занятие № 5 (4 часа)

LEGAL SKILLS

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение грамматики: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Прочитайте прилагательные и сформулируйте основное правило образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке:

а) в положительной степени

б) в сравнительной степени

в) в превосходной степени.

many, more, the most, wise, wiser, the wisest, competitive, more competitive, the most competitive, clear, clearer, the clearest, concise, more concise, the most concise, bad, worse, the worst, simple, simpler, the simplest, complex, more complex, the most complex, little, less, the lest (least), persuasive, more persuasive, the most persuasive, good, better, the best, efficient, more efficient, the most efficient, far, farther (further), the farthest (furthest), effective, more effective, the most effective.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, содержащие сравнительные обороты.

1. This method is as effective as the previous one.

2. The period is twice as long as a semester.

3. Inform us as soon as possible.

4. His job is not so efficient as his colleague’s one.

5. The more you work, the better you study.

6. The document is as concise as possible.

7. Her resume is not so clear as required.

8. His career promotion is twice as quick as that of the friend.

9. The better you communicate with people, the more clients you will have.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем.

TOP TEN LEGAL SKILLS

While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market.

1. Oral Communications - one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must:

· Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

· Communicate persuasively.

· Advocate a position or a cause.

· Master legal terminology.

· Develop keen listening skills.

2. Written Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must:

· Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.

· Master the fundamentals of grammar.

· Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.

· Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions andlegal agreements.

3. Client Service. In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success.

4. Analytical and Logical Reasoning. Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.

5. Legal Research. Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill.

6. Technology. Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including e-mails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology.

7. Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.

8. Time Management. In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads.

9. Organization. In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop top-notch organizational skills.

10. Teamwork. Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям

. профессиональные компетенции юриста

. представлять информацию в ясной и краткой форме

. овладеть юридической терминологией

. развивать способность внимательно слушать собеседника

. составлять сложные юридические документы

. овладеть основами грамматики

. составлять ходатайства, записки по делу

. обслуживать клиента честно и ответственно

. просматривать и усваивать большой объем информации

. навыки логического рассуждения

. делать выводы и умозаключения

. осваивать технологии общения (коммуникации)

. на нижней ступеньке карьерной лестницы

. знания материального права и судопроизводства

. выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки

. почасовая оплата

. развивать навыки самоорганизации высокого класса

. работа в команде

5. Прочитайте дефиниции и соотнесите их со словами из рамки.

1. An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.___________

2. To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.______________

3. A piece of paper that gives official written information about something._____________

4. Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________

5. Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas. ____________

6. Having the highest quality or standard. ______________

7. The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.___________

1. DOCUMENT 2. COMMUNICATION 3. CLIENT 4. TOP -NOTCH 5. DRAFT 6. SKILL 7. RESEARCH

Практическое занятие № 6 ( 2 часа)

APPLYING FOR A JOB

1. Работа в парах. Прочитайте и обсудите с партнером последовательность действий, которые необходимо совершить в поисках работы.

· Write a resume. Even if the particular job you're looking for has an application process where a resume isn't necessary, the process of writing a resume can help sort your thoughts and prepare you for an interview. Having a written record of your work history makes filling out an application much easier, too. Tailor the resume to the type of job for which you are applying, emphasizing related skills and coursework the employer. Ask about the application process: " Good morning. My name is John Doe. I was wondering if you had any positions open and, if so, how I could apply." You will usually have your call routed to the hiring or human resources manager.

· If they have any openings, they'll either ask you to come in and fill out an application, or they'll ask you to send a resume and cover letter by mail or e-mail, in which case you should inquire " To whom should the letter be addressed? " They will give you their full name - write it down and ask them to spell it out if necessary.

· Write a cover letter if it's a part of the application process. Make sure it is specific to the job, with the company name and address and, if possible, the name of the person who will be receiving it. Two or three friends or family members to read over your resume and cover letter for typos. It's often difficult to see our own mistakes.

· Visit the employer to fill out your application form. It's usually best to go in the mid-morning, when they're not too busy, but before the day has worn them out. Ask to speak to the hiring manager and try to hand the form to him personally: " Hi, we spoke on the phone yesterday about the (job title) position. Here's my application. Let me know if you need anything else! " This will give the employer a chance to see you (so present yourself well) and put a face to a name.

· Send your cover letter and resume as instructed.

Follow up

· If you filled out an application but the hiring manager wasn't there at the time, call three days later, ask to speak to the manager, and confirm that the application was received: " Hello, this is (your name). I filled out an application on (day you came in) and I just wanted to confirm that it was received."

· If you sent a cover letter and resume by mail, call a week later to confirm their receipt. If you sent them by e-mail, call the day after.

Tips

· Always thank the employer for their time and consideration.

· Thank the manager.

· Follow up with a phone call.

· Always be honest when filling out a job application online.

2. Заполните типовую анкету для тех, кто ищет работу в США. Обратите особое внимание на то, что в анкетах на английском языке информация о соискателе дается в иной последовательности, нежели в анкетах, которые заполняются в России.

SAMPLE JOB APPLICATION FORM

Many employers require all applicants, regardless of the job they apply for, to complete a job application form. This way the employer will have consistent data on file for all prospective applicants. Print clearly in black or blue ink. Answer all questions. Sign and date the form.

INFORMATION:

___________________________Name_____________________________Address

_______________________________________________________, State, Zip Code_______________________________________________________Number

(___)___________________________________you eligible to work in the United States? _______ (Yes. No)

If you are under age 18, do you have an employment/age certificate? ___ (Yes. No)

Have you been convicted of or pleaded no contest to a felony within the last five years? _______ No_______yes, please explain: _________________________________________

__________________________________________________________/AVAILABILITY: Applied For

________________________________________: and Address Of School - Degree/Diploma - Graduation Date

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________and Qualifications: Licenses, Skills, Training, Awards

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________HISTORY: Or Last Position:: ___________________________________________________

Address: ______________________________________________________: ____________________________________________________: _______________________________: ________________________________Title: _________________________: ______________ To: ______________: _______________________________________________

Salary: _______________for Leaving: ____________________________________________

We Contact Your Present Employer? _____ No _____: /Title Address Phone

_____________________________________________________________

Date__________________________________

3. Самостоятельная работа. Заполнив анкету, продумайте ответы на вопросы, которые обычно задают соискателю на собеседовании

POTENTIAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS, not every item is a question; some are statements; but all are intended to prompt you for a response. Questions are not those that can be answered with a " yes" or " no, " but are open-ended questions that invite thoughtful response. Even if you are asked a question that can be answered with a " yes" or " no, " (e.g. " Are you comfortable with the amount of travel this job involves? " ), you can certainly add a word of explanation to back up your answer (e.g., " Yes. I actually look forward to the opportunity to travel and to work with the staff members in some of the other offices).

Best questions are those that ask you how you behaved in the past, because past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior.

Not every interviewer will ask you every one of these questions. However, if you are prepared to address these questions, you will leave the impression that you were prepared for your job interview, even if additional questions take you by surprise.

• What are your long-range goals and objectives for the next seven to ten years?

• What are your short-range goals and objectives for the next one to three years?

• How do you plan to achieve your career goals?

• What are the most important rewards you expect in your career?

• Why did you choose the career for which you are preparing?

• What are your strengths, weaknesses, and interests?

• How do you think a friend or professor who knows you well would describe you?

• Describe a situation in which you had to work with a difficult person (another student, co-, customer, supervisor, etc.). How did you handle the situation?

• How do you determine or evaluate success?

• In what ways do you think you can make a contribution to our organization?

• Describe a contribution you have made to a project on which you worked.

• What qualities should a successful lawyer possess?

• Was there an occasion when you disagreed with a supervisor's decision or company policy?

Describe how you handled the situation.

• What two or three accomplishments have given you the most satisfaction? Why?

• Describe your most rewarding college experience.

• Why did you select your college or university?

• What led you to choose your major or field of study?

• What college subjects did you like best? Why?

• What college subjects did you like least? Why?

• If you could do so, how would you plan your academic studies differently?

• Do you think your grades are a good indication of your academic achievement?

• What have you learned from participation in extracurricular activities?

• In what kind of work environment are you most comfortable?

• How do you work under pressure?

• Describe a situation in which you worked as part of a team. What role did you take on? What went well and what didn't?

• In what part-time or summer jobs have you been most interested? Why?

• How would you describe the ideal job for you following graduation?

• Why did you decide to seek a position with our organization?

• What two or three things would be most important to you in your job?

• What criteria are you using to evaluate the organization for which you hope to work?

Legislation in Russia

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why do you think we have laws in our city, state, and country?

2. What would our country be like if there were no laws or rules to follow?

3. What do you know about legislation? What is the aim of this procedure?

4. What bodies in your country are responsible for making laws?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст со словарем:

LEGISLATION IN RUSSIA

Еhe doctrine of the separation of powers legislation is regarded as one of the three main functions of government. Those who have the formal power to create legislation are known as legislators. Legislation can have many purposes: to regulate, to authorize, to proscribe, to provide (funds), to sanction, to grant, to declare or to restrict. Federal Assembly of Russia is the law-making body of the Russian Federation, according to the Constitution of Russian Federation, 1993. It consists of the State Duma, which is the lower house, and the Federation Council, which is the upper house. Both houses are located in Moscow. State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. They are:

· consent to the appointment of the Prime Minister of Russia;

· hearing annual reports from the Government of the Russian Federation on the results of its work, including on issues raised by the State Duma;

· deciding the issue of confidence in the Government of the Russian Federation;

· appointment and dismissal of the Chairman of the Central Bank of Russia;

· appointment and dismissal of the Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounts Chamber;

· appointment and dismissal of the Commissioner for Human Rights, who shall act according to federal constitutional law;

· announcement of amnesty;

· bringing charges against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment (requires a two thirds majority);

The State Duma adopts decrees on issues referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma.

The Council is charged in cooperating with the State Duma in completing and voting on draft laws. Special powers of the Federation Council are:

· Approval of changes in borders between subjects of the Russian Federation;

· Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law;

· Approval of a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a state of emergency;

· Deciding on the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation;

· Declaring of elections of the President of the Russian Federation;

· Impeachment of the President of the Russian Federation;

· approving the President's nomination of judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, of the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation;

· approving the President's nomination of the Attorney General of the Russian Federation;

· Appointment of Deputy Chairman and half of the auditors of the Accounting Chamber.

To pass the law more than half of senators of the Federation Council must vote for it. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council’s votes are required for passage. Bills must first be considered by the State Duma. Upon adoption by a majority of the full State Duma membership, a draft law is considered by the Federation Council, which has fourteen days to place the bill on its calendar. The Federation Council cannot make amendments in bills passed by the Duma and can either approve or reject them. If the Federation Council rejects a bill passed by the State Duma, the two chambers may form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation. If two chambers cannot reach a compromise, or the Duma insists on passing the bill as is, the veto of the Federation Council can be overridden, if two thirds of the Duma's constitutional composition vote in favor of the bill. The State Duma and the Federation Council usually meet separately. Joint sessions are organized when the President of Russia delivers his annual address to the Federal Assembly and in some other very rare occasions.

3. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста

- to create legislation

- a law-making body

- to have special powers

- a dismissal of the Chairman

- to bring a charge against the President

- to adopt decrees on issues

- to vote on draft laws

- introduction of the law

- approval of changes

- to require

- to reject a bill

- to consider

- to make amendments in bills

- a chamber

- to override the veto

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям

- законодательная деятельность

- законодательный орган

- нижняя палата

- верхняя палата

- перечислять

- постановление, указ

- принимать закон

- военный

- одобрять

- выборы

- прийти к компромиссу

- вето

- назначение (на должность)

- вносить поправки

- разделение властей

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. What is the main legislative body in Russia? What does it consist of?

2. What powers of the State Duma are enumerated in the Constitution?

3. What are the special powers of the Federal Council?

4. How do the State Duma and the Federal Council meet?

5. Which chamber of the Federal Assembly is more powerful? Why?

6. Заполните пропуски словами и словосочетаниями в рамке.

1.bring charges against 2. elects 3. draft laws 4. the lower house 5. vetoed 6. issues 7. approve or reject 8. to override a presidential veto 9. the upper house 10. appoint or dismiss 11. Appointment

1. The 628-member law-making body, termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two chambers, the 450-member State Duma (_____) and the 178-member Federation Council (____).

2. The State Duma confirms the _______ of the prime minister, although it does not have the power to confirm Government ministers.

3. The two chambers of the legislature also have the power ______ of legislation.

4. Upon the advice of the prime minister, the president can _______ Government members, including the deputy prime ministers.

5. Under the 1993 constitution, if the president commits " grave crimes" or treason, the State Duma may _______ him with the parliament's upper house, the Federation Council.

6. Several bills that the President had ________ were taken up again by the new legislature.

7. The Federation Council deals primarily with such _______ as internal borders and decrees of the president establishing martial law or states of emergency etc.

8. All ________, even those proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma.

9. According to the 1993 constitution, the State Duma must decide within one week to __________ a candidate once the president has placed that person's name in nomination.

10.Each legislative chamber ______ a chairman to control the internal procedures of the chamber.

7. Замените русские слова и выражения в скобках соответствующими английскими эквивалентами

1. The State Duma (принимает постановления) on (вопросам) referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the Constitution. All (законопроекты) are first (одобряются) by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or (отклоняются)) by the Federation Council.

2. The (Государственная Дума) in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the (Федерального Собрания) of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the (Совет Федераций) of Russia.

3. The president (назначает) the prime minister, and the Duma (голосует) whether to confirm the appointment. The president has wide legislative powers, including the (право вето) and decree. The Federal Assembly may (преодолеть президентское вето) by a two-thirds vote of each chamber.

4. (Законодательная деятельность) originates in the Duma and, if passed, is sent to the Federation Council. If the Federation Council approves the legislation or fails to examine it within fourteen days, the legislation is sent to the president to be signed.

5. When considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council have to (проголосовать). If the Council vetoes a law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are mandated to form a (согласительную комиссию) in order to (прийти к компромиссу) and make up a document, which would again go under vote by both houses.

6. The two houses of the Federal Assembly (заседают раздельно), with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow. Sessions of the Federation Council are held in Moscow from January 25 to July 15 and from September 16 to December 31.

7. The State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. Among them there is the power to (выносить обвинение) against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment.

8. Самостоятельная работа. Изучите раздел Конституции, посвященный законодательной ветви власти в России, и найдите ответы на вопросы:

1. Who are the members of the Council of Federation?

2. Who does the State Duma consist of?

3. What term shall the State Duma be elected for?

4. Who can be elected a deputy of the State Duma?

5. What does it mean for deputies to enjoy immunity?

6. Who shall the Council of Federation and the State Duma elect from among its members?

7. What are the duties of the Chairman and his (her) deputies?

8. What are the responsibilities of committees and commissions? (Consult other sources)

9. In what cases may the State Duma be dissolved by the President?

Практическое занятие № 8 (4 часа)

THE US CONSTITUTION

The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787 which was adopted after the War of Independence. The US Constitution consists of 7 articles and 27 amendments. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of Rights and were adopted in 1791 under popular pressure.

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