LAB WORK 1. PART 1.TEAM GAMES.

LAB WORK 1. PART 1.TEAM GAMES.

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Half way, hit, to be held, kick, to draw up, to invent, last, score, goals, teams, head, kick off, shooting, dribbling, net, serving.

1. In volleyball you score points when the ball ___________ the floor on the opponent’s side of the ________.

2. Football is played by two ________________ of eleven players.

Each team tries to __________ or to __________ the round ball into the other team’s goal.

Forwards usually _________________.

3. A game of Rugby starts with a ____________ from the centre of the ____________ line.

4. James A. Naismith was asked ______________a new team game.

5.The World Cup __________ every four years in different countries.

6. In basketball you score points by __________________ the ball into the baskets.

7. In volleyball only the _____________ team can score points.

8. In basketball you move the ball along the court by bouncing it in front of you. It is called____________.

9.A group of young men met to ______________ one set of rules.

10. The game __________ for 90 minutes.

PART 2. ON YOUR OWN WITH THE BALL.

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Exciting, invent, surface, serve, net, bounce off, shuttlecock, score points, compete.

1. The ____________of a tennis court can be grass, cement or carpet.

2. The ball must go over the _______ and land in the service area on the other side of the court. (Lawn tennis)

3. To begin a game, one player ___________ the ball to their opponent.

4 Men and women in lawn tennis don’t usually ______________ against each other, except in mixed doubles.

5. The other player has to hit the ball back after the first ____________ the ground.

6. Badminton is a racket game where players hit a ________ back and forth over a high net.

7. Table tennis was probably _________ in the United Kingdom in the 1800s.

8. You ____________ by hitting the ball in such a way that your opponent cannot return it.

9. Today, the Wimbledon tennis tournament is one of the most ___________ in the world.

II. Translate into English.

прыжок с шестом, соревнование, игра закончилась в ничью, выиграть игру, лёгкая атлетика

III.Translate into Russian.

shot putting, ski-jump, indoor sports, spectator, to hold a tournament.

LAB WORK 2

PART 1. ATHLETICS

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Officials, courts, stadium, rink, athletes, field events, rings, track events, scoreboard, spectators.

There are many sports facilities in my city. There are football pitches, tennis and basketball ……, swimming pools, a sports hall with two boxing ……... and a skating …….. There is also an athletic ……., where 20, 000 ……. can watch the …….. on the track and the ……., such as jumping and throwing in the grass centre. The ……. get ready in modern changing rooms and the ……. time and measure the events with modern equipment. A huge electronic......... shows the results.

II track and field events, take part, equipment, track, field.

1. ________ events are made up of running and walking races.

2. The runners in modern races often finish so close together that the officials have to use complicated ___________to record the final results.

3. There are many sports that make up ___________________.

4. _________ events are made up of four jumping and throwing competitions.

II.Translate into Russian.

Track and field events, lanes, hurdles, relay races, a baton, shot.

II.Translate into English.

Побить рекорд, принимать участие в соревнованиях, соревноваться, толчковая нога.

IV. Match two parts.

1 to break	A) a stadium
2 track	B) the line
3 inside	C) a record
4 cross	D) races
5 relay	E) and field

PART 2. GYMNASTICS

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Equipment, take part, swing, perform, pommel horse, rings

1. The floor exercise is ________to music on a mat.2.Men and women __________ in separate competitions on different pieces of apparatus. 3.On the ___________the gymnast supports his weight on his hands, then performs different leg swings without stopping. 4. On the -------, the gymnast performs handstands and swings.5.A German school teacher, named Friedrich Jahn, built the first modern gymnastics ____________ in the early 1800s.6. On the uneven parallel bars, the gymnast _________from bar to bar, performing many difficult exercises without stopping.

II. Translate into Russian.

Beam, uneven parallel bars, side horse vault, pommel horse, rings, floor exercises, parallel bars. III. Translate into English. Гимнастические снаряды, удариться (ушибиться), хорошо выполнять упражнения, выполнять упражнения под музыку.

IV. Match two parts.

1 pieces of	A) bars
2 to perform	B) apparatus
3 parallel	C) exercises
4 floor	D) horse
5 pommel	E) well

LAB WORK 3

PART 1. ON SNOW AND ICE.

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Take part, ice, protective, glide, substituted, competitions, to be held, face-off, balance.

1. Skiing ________began in Switzerland, where the first slalom race________ in 1921.

2. Ice hockey begins with a __________ when the referee throws the puck between two forwards from opposing teams. 3. During the game of ice hockey players can be changed or__________ with other players. 4. Skiers also carry two slim poles to help them keep their _______. 5.Ice hockey players need to wear ________ clothing because they bump into each other a lot and this can be dangerous. 6. In countries where there’s snow and ice, people __________in sports that suit the cold weather. 7.Skiing is a sport where you ________over snow on skis.

II. Translate into Russian.

Ice hockey, curved stick, puck, team’s goal, rink, speed skating, glide, figure skating. skiing competitions, pastime, glide over snow on skies, special boots, two slim poles, downhill skiing, cross country skiing, schussing, turning, traversing.

III. Translate into English.

Хоккей на льду, составить свод правил, носить защитную одежду, опасная игра, команда-противник, 20 минутный период игры, ждать очереди выхода на лёд, проводить замену игроков, НХЛ, лучшие футбольные команды, конькобежный спорт, фигурное катание, скользить по льду, яркие костюмы, одиночное фигурное катание, парное катание, путешествие из одной местности в другую по снежной земле, проводить соревнования, носить специальные лыжные ботинки, которые крепятся к лыжам, спускаться на скорости 100 километров в час.

PART 2 SWIMMING.

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

take part, fit, pleasure, pastime, meets, lie, to be held, records.

1. Men’s international swimming ___________ began in the first modern Olympic Games.

2. For the backstroke you _________on your back in the water.

3. You need to be a good swimmer to _________in water sports such as rowing, canoeing and water skiing.

4. Swimming is a popular sport and ____________.

5. Swimming makes you ________and healthy.

6. Many people swim for _________.

7. Swimming ___________can only be set in 50-metre or ‘long course’ pools.

II. Translate into Russian.

Swimming, rowing, canoeing, water skiing, pastime, crawl, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly stroke, record, lane.

III. Translate into English.

Быть здоровым и в хорошей форме, плавать для удовольствия, проводить соревнования по плаванию, 50 метровый бассейн.

IV. Continue the following sentences.

1. The basic strokes in swimming are:

2. The most difficult stroke to learn is_________

3. The water sports are:

LAB WORK 4.

PART 1. JUDO, KARATE

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

Martial art, hurting, belts, strike, opponent.

1. You can tell the rank of the judoka by the color of their _______.

2. The most important thing the judoka learn is how to fall without _________ themselves.

3. Judo comes from an ancient Japanese _________ called Jujitsu.

4. In karate, opponents use their hands, feet, knees and elbows to ______each other.

II. Translate into English.

Стрельба из лука, фехтование, популярный спорт в Японии, вывести из равновесия, удариться, удар, пояс в карате.

III. Continue the following sentences.

1.” Judo” means _____________.

2. You can tell the rank of the judoka by _________________.

3. There are seven main belt colours: ________________________.

4. You start with a beginner’s ___________ belt and work up the scale.

5. Karate means ________________.

6. Two kinds of karate contests are ________________.

PART 2. CYCLING

I. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form. Translate the sentences into Russian.

road racing, track racing, velodrome, take place, brakes

1. Some races ___________against the clock.

2. Track racing takes place on an oval track called a _________.

3. Two main types of cycling are _______ and ___________.

II. Translate into English.

Проводить захватывающие велосипедные гонки, носить специальную форму, защищать от ветра, тормоза, шины, индивидуальные гонки, командные гонки.

IN THE WORLD OF SPORT.

UNIT 1. TEAM GAMES.

In team games, the players need to be fit and skilful – that’s obvious. But they also have to learn to work as part of a team. They have to help each other, not just play for themselves. Lots of team games are played with a ball.

TEXT 1 FOOTBALL/SOCCER

Soccer, or association football, is an exciting ball game played by two teams. It’s also the most popular team sport in the world.

The Chinese played a kind of football over 2, 300 years ago. But the rules most people follow today were first invented in Great Britain. Football was very popular with the British people, but not so popular with their rules. King Edward II banned football in the 1300s because the players made too much noise! But, by 1800s, football was played in schools all over Great Britain. Games were played with many different sets of rules. So a group of young men met at Cambridge to draw up one set of rules that everyone could use. The Football Association was formed in 1863 and took on the ‘Cambridge’ rules. Soon, the game we call association football, or soccer, spread across the world.

Football is played by two teams of 11 players. Each team tries to kick or head the round ball into the other team’s goal. Players on the field must not touch the ball with their hands. A game starts with a kick-off from the centre of the half-way line and lasts for 90 minutes. It is divided into two 45-minute halves and teams play towards opposite ends of the field, changing at half time. The team that scores the most goals wins the game.

There are four main positions in a football team – forward, midfield, defence and goalkeeper. Forwards usually score goals and are often called strikers. Midfield players help both the forwards and the defenders. Defenders try to stop goals being scored. They tackle the other team’s forwards and kick the ball away from the penalty area. All these players can score goals. The goalkeeper’s job is to stop shots at goal. Goalkeepers are the only players who can touch the ball with their hands.

Which is the best soccer team in the world? That’s a difficult question which is decided by the greatest football championship in the world – the World Cup.

The first World Cup competition was held in 1930 in South America. The World Cup is held every four years in a different country.

Early soccer teams from South America and Europe did not always agree on rules for tackling from behind and shoulder charging. But the differences were sorted out, and now teams all round the world play soccer by the same rules.

TEXT 2 RUGBY

In 1823, an English schoolboy named William Webb Ellis was playing soccer at his school in Rugby. He became bored with the game, so he picked up the ball and ran with it down the field. William’s teachers were not very pleased with him, but some schoolboys thought it made the game more exciting. A Cambridge University student named Arthur Pell agreed with them. In 1839, he and his friends formed a club to play ‘Rugby’. They drew up rules that were similar to soccer rules but which included running with the ball. Soon many schools played the game.

The English Rugby Union was formed in 1871. Today, Rugby is popular in countries such as South Africa and Australia.

A game of Rugby starts with a kick-off from the centre of the half-way line. Each team tries to move the ball towards the goal line of the other team so it can score a try, worth four points. When a try is converted into a goal, it is worth six points. Players can either kick, carry or pass the ball to move it forward. If the game is stopped, play may start again with a scrummage, a line-out or a kick. A game is divided into two 40-minute halves and the teams change ends at halftime. The team that scores the most points wins the game.

A Rugby team is made up of forwards and backs. The forwards should be big, strong and tough, but the backs are usually lighter and very quick. Both backs and forwards must be able to run with the ball, pass accurately and tackle fearlessly.

TEXT 3 BASKETBALL

Basketball began in the United States of America in 1891. A physical education teacher named James A. Naismith was asked to invent a team game that could be played indoors in the winter. He looked for two boxes that he could use as goals. But, instead, he found two baskets. He attached these to the railings of his gymnasium. Then he found a football, which was a good size for throwing and catching. He decided that players would score points by throwing the ball into the raised baskets.

James Naismith’s pupils thought this new game was great fun. So he drew up a set of rules and soon, basketball was played all over the world.

To play basketball you need two teams of five players. Teams play on an indoor court with two baskets at each end, raised three metres above the floor. You score points by shooting the ball into the baskets. Even very tall players need to jump high to reach them! Players move the ball along the court by bouncing it in front of them. This is called dribbling. Or they can pass the ball to each other. Games last for 40 minutes or more and the team that scores the most points wins.

There are five players in a basketball team – a centre, two forwards and two guards. The centre and forwards need to be tall and agile, so they can shoot and reach for the ball. The guards are usually smaller and quicker. They need to be good at dribbling and passing. But during a game, basketball players move all over the court. So every player must be good at both attacking and defending.

TEXT 4 VOLLEYBALL

Volleyball was invented in the United States of America in 1895 by a physical education teacher called William Morgan. He wanted to find a new team game for his keep-fit class. He liked basketball, but he thought it was too tiring for his students. So he invented a game where the players hit a basketball to each other over a net with their hands, instead of throwing it into a basket. His students enjoyed his new game, so William Morgan drew up a set of rules.

Soon, volleyball became popular all over the world, particularly in Russia and Japan. Today, people play volleyball on the beach for fun, as well as for trophies at the Olympic Games.

Volleyball is played by two teams of six players. There are three forward positions and three backs. The game can be played outside on sand or grass, or on an indoor court. The court is divided by a net which is 2.4 metres high. Players try to hit the ball over the net in such a way that the other team cannot return it. They score points when the ball hits the floor on their opponents’ side of the net. Only the serving team can score points.

A game begins when the right back of the serving team hits, or serves, the ball over the net. The receiving players try to hit the ball back with their hands. They cannot catch, lift, scoop or throw the ball. If a team hits the ball more than three times before sending it back over the net, the other team wins a point. If the serving team fails to return the ball, there is a side out and the other team serves the ball. After a side out, all the players move around one position, and a different player becomes the right back. This way, everyone has a chance to serve. The first team to score 15 points wins the game, but it must lead by two points.

TEXT 1 LAWN TENNIS

About 800 years ago, the first tennis players used the palms of their hands to bat the ball back and forth over a net. Later on, players began to use rackets to hit the ball. But modern tennis came from a game invented in the United Kingdom in 1873 by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield. His game was played with a ball and rackets on a grass court. It became known as lawn tennis. The first major tennis tournament was held in 1877 at Wimbledon in the United Kingdom. Today, the Wimbledon tennis tournament is one of the most exciting in the world.

You need two or four people to play tennis. When two players compete against each other, the game is called singles. When there are four players, it is called doubles. Men and women don’t usually compete against each other, except in mixed doubles. You can play tennis either indoors or outdoors. The surface of a tennis court can be grass, clay, cement or carpet. To begin a game, one player serves the ball to their opponent. The ball must go over the net and land in the service area on the other side of the court. The other player has to hit the ball back after the first bounce off the ground. Both players keep hitting the ball back and forth over the net until one of them hits it out of the court or fails to return it. Players try to score points by hitting shots that will force their opponent to make a mistake. Each player serves for one game, then it’s the other player’s turn to serve.

A tennis match is divided into three or five sets. The first player to win two or three sets wins the match. A set is divided into games and you need to win six games, with a lead of two games, to win a set. To win a game, you must score four points. You start with a score of zero, which is called love. The first point is called 15, the second point is 30, the third point is 40 and the fourth point is called game point.

TEXT 2 BADMINTON

Badminton is a racket game where players hit a shuttlecock back and forth over a high net. It came from the game of battledore, which began in Ancient Greece and China. The first players used simple wooden bats and shuttlecock. Shuttlecocks are made of either goose feathers or plastic feathers, which are stuck into a cork base. Badminton is played on an indoor court with a net that is 1, 5 metres high. You can play either singles or doubles. The game begins with a serve, and only the player or team serving can score points. When you serve, you must hit the shuttlecock over the net into your opponent’s service court. If you miss, then the other player, or team, takes over the service.

You score points when your opponent either lets the shuttlecock fall to the floor, or makes a fault such as hitting the shuttlecock into the net. Men’s singles games go up to 15 points and women’s singles go up to 11 points. A match is the best of three games.

TEXT 3 TABLE TENNIS

Table tennis, or ping-pong, is like a miniature form of tennis. Players use wooden bats to hit a small ball over a net on a table. Table tennis was probably invented in the United Kingdom in the 1800s. Today, this lively indoor sport is still very popular with young people.

A game begins with one person serving. After every five points, the other player serves. You score points by hitting the ball in such a way that your opponent cannot return it. The first player to reach 21 points, with a lead of two points, wins the game.

UNIT 3 ATHLETICS.

Many of the different kinds of running, jumping and throwing that we call athletics started out as ordinary activities. Over the years, athletes have become fitter and more skilful at their sports. Hardly a year goes by without someone breaking a record!

UNIT 4 GYMNASTICS

TEXT 1 GYMNASTICS.

Gymnastics perform difficult exercises on different pieces of apparatus. A German school teacher, named Friedrich Jahn, built the first modern gymnastics equipment in the early 1800s. Gymnastics has been part of the modern Olympic Games since they began in 1896. Men and women take part in separate competitions on different pieces of apparatus.

If you want to be a good gymnast, it is important to begin while you are young and supple and you can move and bend easily. You should never practice gymnastics alone in case you fall and hurt yourself. When gymnasts are practicing on high equipment, they have a helper, called a spotter, to catch them if they fall. You can learn gymnastics at school or by joining a club.

- To perform well on the beam, you need skill, strength and good balance.

- On the uneven parallel bars, the gymnast swings from bar to bar, performing many difficult exercises without stopping.

- For the side horse vault, the gymnast leaps off a springboard and vaults over the horse using both hands.

- On the pommel horse, the gymnast supports his weight on his hands, then performs different leg swings without stopping.

- On the rings, the gymnast performs handstands and swings, and holds difficult positions while keeping the rings still.

- The floor exercise is performed to music on a mat. The gymnast does tumbles, handsprings, and dance movements.

- On the parallel bars, the gymnast uses his hands to support his weight, then performs swings, twists and handstands.

UNIT 5 ON SNOW AND ICE.

Some sports have developed to suit a particular kind of weather. You can’t swim in a frozen lake, and you can’t ice-skate without ice. So in countries where there’s snow and ice, people take part in sports that suit the cold weather.

TEXT 1 ICE HOCKEY

Ice hockey is the fastest of all team sports. It is played on ice with a long, curved stick and a small, rubber disc, called a puck.

Ice hockey probably came from a British game called bandy. It became very popular in Canada in the 1800s, where the cold winters provided plenty of firm ice to play on. In the 1870s, the first set of ice hockey rules were drawn up by students at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. The game soon became popular in the United States of America as well. In 1904, the International Pro Hockey League was formed, which included teams from both countries.

An ice hockey team is made up of six players. There are three forwards, two defenceman, and goalkeeper. The forwards are the main goal-scorers and the defencemen try to stop the other team from scoring, but they can score goals, too. The goalkeeper tries to stop the fast-moving puck from crashing into his goal. Ice hockey players need to wear protective clothing because they bump into each other a lot and this can be dangerous.

A game begins with a face-off when the referee throws the puck between two forwards from opposing teams. Then each team tries to hit the puck towards the other team’s goal. During the game, players can be changed, or substituted, with other players. The rest of the team sit on bench by the side of the rink, waiting for their turn to go on. Games are divided into three 20-minute periods and the team that scores the most goals wins the game.

In Canada and USA, the top teams play in the National Hockey League, or NHL. This is made up of 21 teams with players from all over the world.

Ice hockey is also very popular in Sweden, Finland, Czech Republic and Russia. The top teams in these countries compete in international competitions such as the World Ice Hockey Championships and the Olympics.

TEXT 2 SKIING

Skiing began thousands of years ago in northern Europe and Asia. People used skis as a way of travelling from one place to another across snowy ground. Skiing competitions began in Switzerland, where the first slalom race was held in 1921. Today, skiing is an Olympic sport. It is a popular pastime in most European countries as well as North America, Japan, Argentina, Chile, Australia and New Zealand.

Skiing is a sport where you glide over snow on skis. Skiers wear special boots onto which they clamp their skis. They also carry two slim poles to help them keep their balance. There are two different kinds of skiing – downhill skiing and cross-country skiing.

Downhill, or Alpine, skiing is the fastest way to ski. Good downhill skiers can race down mountains at speeds of up to 100 kilometres per hour. But you need to learn the correct moves first.

Cross-country skiers use the diagonal stride to move forwards. It looks a bit like jogging on skis.

For the faster skate stride, you glide on one ski and kick the other ski sideways while pushing with your poles.

Schussing is skiing straight down the mountain without turning. You bend at the ankles, knees and hips.

Turning is changing direction by putting weight only one ski. The wedge, or snowplough, is the easiest way to turn.

Traversing is skiing at an angle to the slope, so your towards the slope, so your skis will grip the snow.

Cross-country, or Nordic, skiing is a way of traveling across flat or hilly ground. It’s easy to learn, but you need strong leg muscles to ski long distances.

UNIT 6 IN AND ON THE WATER.

TEXT 1 SWIMMIMG.

Many people enjoy swimming in the water. Swimming is a specially important sport because it not only makes you fit and healthy, but it could save your life! You need to be a good swimmer to take part in water sports such as rowing, canoeing and water skiing.

People swim for lots of reasons. Many people swim for pleasure. Swimming became a popular sport and pastime almost 200 years ago. At that time, a swimming style called the breaststroke became popular. Then, at the end of the 1800s, a faster swimming stroke called the Australian crawl was invented. In the early 1900s, a famous American swimmer called Johnny Weissmuller developed the stroke into the front crawl that is still used today.

Men’s international swimming meets began in 1896, in the first modern Olympic Games. Women’s meets were added in 1912. Today, swimming is one of the most popular sports in the world.

Swimming is important for everyone to learn. Knowing how to swim can save your own life or someone else’s. It also allows you to compete safely in other water sports, such as sailing, surfing or diving.

There are four basic strokes in swimming. They are front crawl, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly stroke.

- For the backstroke you lie on your back in the water. It is a relaxing stroke because your face is out of the water and breathing is easier.

- Breaststroke is another relaxed stroke. It combines a sweeping arm movement with the breaststroke kick.

- The butterfly is perhaps the most difficult stroke to learn. It can look graceful if done well. You swing both arms over and down, and kick your legs together like a dolphin.

- The front crawl is the fastest stroke.

Swimming competitions are held in pools that are either 50 or 22.8 metres long. Swimming records can only be set in 50-metre or ‘long course’ pools. Each pool is divided into six, eight or ten lanes. Each swimmer uses one lane. A line of floats divides each lane and helps to keep the water calm. Close to each end of the pool a flag line is hung over the water to warn backstroke swimmers that they are getting close to the end of the pool.

UNIT 7 FIGHTING FIT

Skills which were once useful for training soldiers are now put into practice in such sports as archery, fencing and judo. And horse riding and cycling started out as ways of getting from one place to another. Just think how these sports have changed over the years!

TEXT 1 JUDO

Judo comes from an ancient Japanese martial art called Jujitsu. It was practiced by fierce Samurai warriors. Jujitsu techniques were dangerous and could even kill an opponent. So, in 1882, a Japanese teacher called Jigorokano took out the dangerous Jujitsu moves. He called this new sport “judo”, which means “the gentle way”. It became very popular in Japan and the rest of the world. In 1964, it was made an Olympic sport.

In judo, you try to throw or pin your opponent with the help of balance and timing. Judo students, called judoka, try to let their opponents think they are winning until it is the right time to strike back and they can surprise them. Then they use their opponents’ weight or movement to unbalance them. The most important thing the judoka learn is how to fall without hurting themselves.

You can tell the rank of the judoka by the color of their belts. There are seven main belt colours, white, yellow, orange, green, blue, brown and black. You start with a beginner’s white belt and work up the scale. Black belt is usually the highest level that experts reach.

The two types of judo contest are kata and randori.

- In kata, the contestants perform judo techniques in a set order.

- But in randori, you can use any technique you like.

Karate means “empty hand”. In karate, opponents use their hands, feet, knees and elbows to strike each other. There are four main types of karate – Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Oknawa. Chinse karate, called kung fu, uses flowing, circular motions. Korean karate, or tae known do, uses sharp, powerful movements.

There are two kinds of karate contest- form competitions and free fighting. A form is a series of karate moves. In free fighting, contestants can use any moves they like. They score points if the judges think a blow has been correctly carried out. A blow must begin with full force, but stop just a second before it touches the opponent.

TEXT 2 CYCLING

The first cycling club was the Picwick Bicycle club of London. It was formed in 1870. In those days, bicycles were much heavier than they are today. Modern racing bikes are lightweight and fast. Today, cycling is popular throughout the world and has been an event in the Olympic Games since the modern Games began in 1896. One of the most exciting cycling races is the Tour de France, which is held each year in France. Racers may cycle as many as 4, 000 kilometres through Europe in 24 days.

There are two main types of cycling. These are road racing and track racing. Road races take place over courses between two towns, or over a special route for a set number of laps or circuits. Many young people belong to cycling clubs where they train regularly and enter races.

A racing cyclist wears special, close-fitting clothing. This cuts down any wind-resistance which could slow the cyclist down. A hard helmet protects the cyclist in a tumble.

A road race bicycle is made of lightweight, metal tubing. It was brakes and narrow tyres. Most racing bikes have 10 gears. Cyclists choose a gear to help them to cycle easily up steep hills or build up speed on a flat road.

Track riders sometimes wear streamlined helmets that are shaped like teardrops. Track bikes have no brakes and just one gear. Sometimes, they have special, wind-resistant, solid wheels. Track racing takes place on an oval track called a velodrome. Velodromes can be covered or open-air, and they may be 140 to 500 metres long. Both ends of the track slope steeply inwards. There are races for individual cyclists or teams of two or four. Some races take place against the clock. Some are called pursuit races. In pursuit races, one rider tries to catch p with another after starting the race from the other side of the track.

LAB WORK 1. PART 1.TEAM GAMES.

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