Word building. International vocabulary

There is a group of international vocabulary in English. It includes, for example, the word “legal”. It is easy to guess about the meaning of these words, because we have the analogues of the same root in Russian. However, in the specialized literature international words can form a terminological word combinations (cliched forms) that differ from their analogues. Fr example: · правовой ~ document - правовой документ ~ obligation - правовое обязательство ~ system - система права; · судебный ~ action -судебный иск ~ costs - судебные издержки ~ decision -решение суда ~ procedure - судопроизводство ~ remedy - средство судебной защиты; · юридический ~ person - юридическое лицо, ~ profession - профессия юриста, ~ advisor – юрисконсульт, ~ ethics - профессиональная этика юриста, ~ department - юридический отдел, ~ language - юридический язык, язык юристов, ~ aid - бесплатная юридическая помощь малоимущим; · законный ~ government - законное правительство, ~ foundation - законное основание, ~ owner - законный владелец.

 

Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences with the word “legal”.

1. To the rest of the world the English legal profession is very strange because historically there were two types of lawyers: barristers and solicitors.

2.Every legal system has many shortcomings.

3. Criminal charges and divorce are normally seen as matters needing legal help and advice.

4. Not every accident victim has a legal remedy. Some accidents are nobody’s fault.

5. There is a large information gap in people’s awareness of their legal rights.

6. Such legal knowledge as people had came largely from newspapers and television.

7.The new Community Legal Service aims to provide legal information as well as legal advice and representation.

8.Newspapers regularly carry frightening stories about losers in legal actions who face bills of tens of thousands of pounds.

9. Legal costs of the lowest income group are paid by the state.

10. Legal aid is usually granted as long as financial test is satisfied.

 

Exercise 2. Read and translate some international words.

Advocate, licensed, clients, jurisdiction, specialization, profession, qualification, training, examinations, office, type, business, contracts, audience, normally, options, career, private, civil, criminal, faculty, college, dissertation, prosecutor, arbitrator, professor, politician, constitution.

 

Vocabulary

 

1. a person learned in law — специалист в области права

2. an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law — человек, получивший государственную лицензию на ведение юридической практики

3. on behalf of − от лица, от имени (кого-л.)

4. on my (his, her) behalf − в моих (его, её) интересах; от моего (его, её) имени

5. for and on behalf of − за и от имени (подпись на документах)

6. jurisdiction (n.) − юрисдикция

7. environment (n.) − окружение, окружающая обстановка, среда

8. permit − разрешать

9. a range of work –большой объем работы

10. to be tried in courts – рассматриваться в судах

11. to do all the legal work — заниматься всеми видами юридической работы

12. solicitors and barristers — солиситоры и барристеры

13. preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts — подготовка дел, которые должны слушаться в судах гражданской и уголовной юрисдикции

14. to have rights of audience — иметь право выступать в суде

15. arrangement (n.)− договорённость, соглашение, приведение в порядок; урегулирование; come to an arrangement — прийти к соглашению

16. (v.) assist a will − составлять завещание

17. Law School Admission Test − экзамен для поступающих в юридические заведения США, Канады и Австралии.

18. (n.) eligibility – право на избрание, пригодность

19. (v.) receive a license − получить лицензию; a licensed specialist дипломированный специалист

20. (v.) meet certain standards –соответствовать определенным стандартам

21. (v.) achieve a passing score on the bar examination достичь проходного балла на экзаменах

22. courtroom lawyer − адвокат с правом выступления в суде

23. (v.) conduct cases in court − вести дела в суде

24. (n.) requirement − требование

25. university's general undergraduate college – университетский колледж, ведущий подготовку бакалавров

26. (n.) Bachelor (LLB) / undergraduate − бакалавр

27. Master of Laws (LLM) − магистр права

28. to pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master (LLM) of Laws degree — добиваться получения степени бакалавра или магистра права

29. (n.) degree − степень

30. (n.) apprenticeship − обучение, учение, срок учения, период обучения

31. to require extensive clinical training in a form of apprenticeships — требовать прохождения юридической практики широкого профиля в форме ученичества

32. a series of advanced examinations — ряд экзаменов повышенной сложности

33. legal education around their chosen specialty — юридическое образование, смежное с выбранным направлением

34. Doctor of Jurisprudence (Jurist Doctor) − доктор юридических наук

35. (n.) submission подчинение, повиновение, покорность, послушание, представление, подача документов

36. government counsel − адвокат правительства; обвинитель (в федеральном суде)

37. corporate in-house counsel – внутренний адвокат компании

38. law professor (academic lawyer) − преподаватель юриспруденции

39. (n.) politician − политик

40. be constrained – быть вынужденным (делать что-л.)

 

 

Exercise 3. Read and translate the underlined words. Then read and translate the text.

Legal professions

A lawyer is a person learned in the law. A lawyer, also known as an attorney, a counselor, a solicitor, a barrister or an advocate, is an individual licensed by the state to engage in the practice of law and advise clients on legal matters. Lawyers act as both advocates and advisors on behalf of their clients. The role of the lawyer varies significantly across legal jurisdictions, and therefore can be treated in only the most general terms. Lawyers’ roles vary greatly, depending upon their practice environment and field of specialization.

In most countries there is only one legal profession. This means that all the lawyers have roughly the same professional education leading to the same legal qualifications, and they are permitted to do all the legal work. In England the system is different. Here the profession is divided into two types of lawyers, called solicitors and barristers. Solicitors and barristers are both qualified lawyers, but they have different legal training; they take different examinations to qualify; and once they have qualified, they usually do different types of legal work. As for solicitors they deal with a range of legal work: preparing cases to be tried in the civil or criminal courts; giving legal advice in the field of business and drawing up contracts; making all the legal arrangements for the buying and selling of land or houses; assisting employees and employers; making wills.

The path to becoming a lawyer in the United States usually involves completing a four-year college program, demonstrating strong academic skills, taking the Law School Admission Test (LSAT), completing law school (usually a three-year program), and passing a state-administered bar examination. The rules for eligibility to take the bar and to qualify for bar admission are set by each state. However, to receive a license to practice law, one must be a graduate of a law school that meets certain standards, and one must achieve a passing score on the bar examination.

There are mainly “courtroom lawyers” who actually conduct cases in court. Unlike solicitors, they have rights of audience (rights to appear) in any court of the land, and so barristers are those lawyers who appear in the more difficult cases in the higher courts. The educational requirements to become a lawyer vary greatly from country to country. In some countries, law is taught by a faculty of law which is a department of a university's general undergraduate college. Law students in those countries pursue a Bachelor (LLB) or a Master of Laws (LLM) degree.

In some countries it is common or even required for students to earn another bachelor's degree at the same time. Besides it is often followed by a series of advanced examinations, apprenticeships, and additional coursework at special government institutes. In other countries, particularly the United States, law is primarily taught at law schools. Most law schools are part of universities but a few are independent institutions. Law schools in the United States (and some in Canada and elsewhere) award graduating students a J.D. (Jurist Doctor / Doctor of Jurisprudence) as the practitioner's law degree. However, like other professional doctorates, the J.D. is not the exact equivalent of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), a university degree of the highest level, since it does not require the submission of a full dissertation based on original research.

The methods and quality of legal education vary widely. Some countries require extensive clinical training in the form of apprenticeships or special clinical courses. Many others have only lectures on highly abstract legal doctrines, which force young lawyers to figure out how to actually think and write like a lawyer at their first apprenticeship (or job).

In most common law countries lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can always aspire to becoming a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, judge, arbitrator, law professor, or politician. In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely constrained.

 

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