General Vocabulary and Expressions

 

1. law – закон, право

to break the law – нарушать закон

to obey the law – выполнять предписания закона

law and order – закон и порядок

law-abiding – законопослушный

2. lawyer (syn. legal adviser) – юрист, адвокат, консультант по вопросам права, юрисконсульт

to become a lawyer – стать юристом

to obtain a lawyer – пользоваться услугами юриста

3. legal(ant. illegal) – законный, правомерный, легальный, юридический

legal training – юридическая подготовка

legal qualification – юридическое образование

legal profession (e. g. solicitor, barrister) – юридическая профессия

legal adviser – юрисконсульт

legal suit – дело (в суде)

4. solicitor (Br. E) – солиситор, адвокат(консультант, подготавливающий дела для барристера и выступающий только в судах низшей инстанции)

5. barrister(Br. E) – барристер, адвокат, уполномоченный представлять своих клиентов в судах высшей инстанции (e. g. Crown Courts)

Bar – адвокатура, коллегия адвокатов

to be at the Bar – быть барристером

6. attorney (Am. E) (syn. advocate) – 1) атторней, уполномоченный, доверенный; 2) поверенный (в суде); юрист, адвокат; 3) прокурор.

prosecuting attorney – обвинитель, адвокат обвинения

defense attorney– адвокат защиты, поверенный

district attorney (Am. E) – прокурор округа (в США)

7. advocate – адвокат

advocacy – 1) адвокатская деятельность; 2) адвокатура; 3) защита

to advocate – выступать в роли адвоката, защитника

advocatura – адвокатура

8. judge(syn. Justice) – судья

presiding judge – председательствующий судья

9. magistrate (syn. Justice of the Peace) – мировой судья, судья суда низшей инстанции

lay magistrate (Br. E) – мировой судья, работающий без анкеты на добровольных началах

stipendiary magistrate (Br. E) – мировой судья, получающий жалование

metropolitan magistrate (Br. E) – мирровый судьи, работающие в судах крупных городов Британии

10. notary(syn. Notary public) – нотариус

notary’s office – нотариальная контора

a Notarial Seal – нотариальная печать

11. investigator– следователь

investigation – следствие. расследование

12. jury– суд присяжных

a juror – присяжный, член суда присяжных

13. to defend ( a client in court) – защищать права (клиента в суде)

defense (Am. E) – defence (Br. E)- защита

defendant – подзащитный

counsel for defense – адвокат защиты, защитник

14. to prosecute – обвинять

prosecutor– обвинитель, прокурор

prosecution - обвинение, сторона обвинения

counsel for the prosecutor – адвокат обвинения, обвинитель

the prosecuted – обвиняемый

15. to accuse – обвинять

the accused – обвиняемый

16. to sentence (syn. to convict) – приговаривать, выносить приговор в суде

sentence (syn. verdict) – приговор, вердикт

to pass the sentence – выносить приговор

to sentence to death – выносить смертный приговор, приговаривать к смерти

17. to commit a crime– совершать преступление

18. to sue – возбуждать дело против кого-либо

a suit – дело с суде

a law suit (syn. legal suit) – дело в суде

a suitor – истец

19. to try a case – слушать дело в суде

trial (hearing) – судебный заседания, слушания дела

to conduct the trial – вести судебное заседание

20. to suspect (smb of smth) – подозревать

a suspect – подозреваемый

21. offence (Br. E) – offense (Am. E) – правонарушение

minor/petty offence – незначительное правонарушение

serious/grave offence – серьезное, тяжкое правонарушение (преступление)

22. crime– преступление

criminal – 1) уголовный, криминальный; 2) преступник

crime rate – уровень преступности

23. punishment (syn. penalty) – наказание

to punish (smb. for smth.) – наказывать

24. verdict – приговор, вердикт

to reach a verdict – вынести приговор, вердикт (в суде присяжных)

unanimous verdict – единогласный вердикт

majority verdict – вердикт большинства

25. court– суд

 

26. litigation – тяжба, судебное разбирательство

to litigate – вести тяжбу, судиться

27. guilt – вина

to prove guilt– доказать вину

the guilty – виновный

to plead guilty/not guilty – признать вину/не признавать вину

plea-bargain (Am. E) – сделка адвоката обвинения и защиты

28. innocence – невиновность

innocent – невиновный

to prove innocence – доказать невиновность

29. case – дело

civil case – гражданское дело

criminal case – уголовное дело

administrative case – административное дело

30. evidence– доказательства, подтверждения, улика, свидетельское показание

to collect evidence – собирать доказательства.

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LEGAL PROFESSIONS IN RUSSIA

The law and lawyers have not traditionally been accorded much power or status in Russia. During his travels to London in 1698 Peter the Great encounted some English barristers wearing wigs and gowns. “Who are those men? ” Peter inquired of his escort. “Lawyers” was the reply. “Lawyers! ” exclaimed Peter, “What is the use of so many? I have only two in my whole empire, and I mean to hang one of them as soon as I return”.

Yet, a current generation of Russian politicians wishes to reform and modernize the legal system of our country, and at the heart of these reforms is the need to create a society based on the rules of law. The Russian legal tradition like Russian society in general, is neither Western-oriented, nor wholly Eastern, thus Russian legal culture is assumed to be a mix of numerous traditions and influences.

Currently, justice in the Russian Federation is treated as a special type of independent state activity. The aim of justice in Russia is to safeguard the citizens’ rights and interests as well as those of the state and of individual institutions, enterprises and organizations.

Justice in the Russian Federation is administered by the courts of law only, whereas the court system depends on the legal profession to make it work. Russia is similar to many other European countries in having different kinds of lawyers, and consequently various types of state and privately-owned legal institutions that form the basis of the country’s legal system.

A diploma in law enables you to make a career of a judge, an attorney, a legal adviser, a procurator, a notary or an investigator. Citizens of the Russian Federation, who have reached the age of twenty five, have a higher legal education, and a record of work in the legal profession of no less than five years, may become judges and work in all levels of courtsof the Russian Federation.

One more option of a law-school graduate is to work at the Procuracy, which, like all Russian courts, protects legality, law and order in the country. Its main function is to supervise the implementation of laws by local legislative and executive bodies, administrative control organs, legal entities, public organizations, and officials, as well as the lawfulness of their acts. The Procurator-General (The Prosecutor-General) of the Russian Federation is nominated by the President and serves a five-year term. Procurators of republics, regional and city prosecutors are appointed by the Russian Prosecutor-General.

Nowadays, numbers of Russian people are attracted by the glamour of legal practice, which is only strengthened by its financial rewards. A career of an attorney is usually started in advocaturaor Russian Bar with its main function to provide representation to citizens in courts in both civil and criminal cases. Professional attorneys in Russia form the so-called colleges - professional unions of about 150 lawyers each. These colleges maintain consultation bureaus in virtually every town and city throughout the country. At the consultation bureaus citizens may seek legal advice on a vast array of questions: divorce, custody, inheritance, property rights, housing disputes, labor conflicts and so forth. The colleges also provide legal defense for people accused of criminal offences. The constitution provides that a defendant is guaranteed the right to legal counsel and the legal assistance will be provided free of charge if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer.

Currently, Russian attorneys are establishing their own law firms, independent of the colleges and consultation bureaus, and the rate at which this profession grows is really great. This is happening due to the fact that salaries of successful lawyers are substantially greater than those of many other professionals.

Lawyers are also widely employed by militia organs of the Russian Federation as investigators. Investigators are responsible for conducting criminal investigation, collecting the evidence, finding witnesses and providing for the documentative basis of any criminal case.

A notary is another important type of a legal profession. The most common function of a notary is to notarize documents. They are also authorized to witness and attest signatures, to take acknowledgements and certify or attest copies.

It is widely acknowledged that the profession of a lawyer is one of the most important and diversified professions in any law-governed state. The main purpose of this profession is to protect the rights and legal interests of citizens, institutions and organizations, as well as to educate people in the spirit of strict observance of all laws and the norms of behavior.

Exercise.1. Pronounce the words:

status, politician, society, safeguard, enterprise, attorney, procurator, legislative, executive, legal entity, lawfulness, glamour, bureaus, substantially, due, militia organs, signature, acknowledgement, certify, diversified, law-governed, observance, behavior.

 

Exercise.2. Find in the text

 

a) English equivalents for the following Russian words and word combinations:

парики и мантии, современное поколение, реформировать правовую систему общества, правосудие, быть на страже прав и интересов граждан, юридическая профессия, государственные и частные юридические структуры, диплом по праву, судья, адвокат, прокурор, следователь, стаж работы по профессии, высшее юридическое образование, суды, прокуратура, правопорядок, закон и порядок, осуществлять контроль за применением законов, правозаконность действий, материальное вознаграждение, карьера адвоката, адвокатура, представительство граждан в суде, коллегия адвокатов, юридическая консультация, вопросы наследования, споры по недвижимости, трудовые конфликты, юридическая защита, уголовное расследование, свидетели, заверять подлинность копий документов, гражданское общество, соблюдение законов и норм поведения.

 

b) Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:

to reform and modernize the legal system, Russian legal tradition, a mix of traditions and influences, attorney, a record of work in the legal profession, a law-school graduate, to protect legality, legal entities, a five-year term, glamour of legal practice, consultation bureaus, colleges, vast array of questions, custody, free of charge, militia organs, criminal investigation, to notarize documents, law-governed state, strict observance of laws.

 

Exercise.3. Find in the text

a) synonyms to the following words:

lawyer –	to protect –
attorney –	to reform –
procurator –	to ensure –
advocatura –	to control –
help –	the accused–
protection –	experience –
variety –	benefits –

 

b) antonyms to the following words and word combinations:

privately-owned –

to differ –

to dismiss –

to weaken –

civil offence –

to fire –

 

Exercise. 4. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:

1. Traveling around Britain, Peter the Great encounted some English …….., wearing ….. and ……..

2. The purpose of democratic reforms is to ……… a society based on the rules of ……..

3. The Russian ……… tradition combines the features of numerous traditions and influences.

4. The …………. system depends on the legal profession to make it function.

5. A career of a ……… requires from a person to be older than 25, to have a higher legal education and a ………. of work in the legal profession of no less than 5 years.

6. Procuracy of the RF protects ………, law and ……. in the country.

7. The main function of the Russian Bar is to provide …….. to citizens in courts in both civil and criminal cases.

8. The …….. maintain consultation bureaus in almost every town or city throughout the country.

9. ……….. are involved in conducting criminal investigation, collecting the evidence etc.

10. The most common function of a notary is to ……..documents, to witness and ………signatures, to ………. or attest copies.

 

Exercise.5. Whose duty is to perform the following actions?

a) to conduct criminal investigation

b) to certify and attest copies

c) to provide representation to citizens in courts in both civil and criminal cases

d) to supervise implementation of laws

e) to notarize documents

f) to conduct the trial and pass the sentence

g) to provide for the documentative basis of any criminal case

h) to provide legal counsel free of charge if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer

i) to collect the evidence.

 

Exercise.6. Find if the following statements are True or False. Comment on them.

1. The law and lawyers have not traditionally been given much power in Russia.

2. During his travels to London in 1698 Peter the Great saw the first lawyers in Europe.

3. The Russian legal tradition is unique combining the features of Western and Eastern legal cultures.

4. Justice in the RF is treated as a special type of activity independent of the state.

5. The courts of law are the only instruments to administer justice in the Russian Federation.

6. Russia is the only country in the world to have different kinds of lawyers.

7. A judge in the RF must be no younger than 35 years old.

8. The main function of a Procuracy is to supervise the implementation of laws.

9. The President of the RF appoints the procurators of all levels.

10. Colleges, professional unions of attorneys, usually number about 150 members.

11. The salaries of successful lawyers are greater than those of many other professionals.

12. Only male lawyers are employed by militia organs of the Russian Federation as investigators.

The main purpose of lawyers is to defend people in courts of all levels.

 

Exercise.7. Answer the questions on the text:

1. When did the first lawyers appear in Russia?

2. What is characteristic for the Russian legal tradition?

3. What is the way to administer justice in any law-governed state?

4. What are the types of legal profession existing in Russia?

5. What is required to start a career of a judge?

6. What are the main functions of the Procuracy?

7. What is the procedure to appoint the Procurator-General?

8. What makes legal practice so attractive to numbers of Russian people?

9. What are the main functions of an attorney?

10. What professional units do the Russian attorneys form?

11. What legal issues can the citizens seek legal advice on in consultation bureaus?

12. What are the provisions of the RF Constitution in case if the accused of a criminal offence cannot afford a lawyer?

13. What structures are the investigators employed by?

14. What are the most common functions of a notary?

15. What make the profession of a lawyer so important in any law-governed state?

 

 

LEGAL SKILLS

Vocabulary

1. in scope – в пределах (возможностей, знаний)

2. responsibility − ответственность (за что-л.)

3. core legal skills − основные юридические навыки

4. a career in the law – карьера в области права

5. to excel – преуспеть, превосходить

6. competitive legal market – конкурентный рынок юридических услуг

7. Oral Communication − _ устное общение

8. fundamental tool –основное средство

9. Convey information – излагать (передавать) информацию

10. in a clear, concise, and logical manner − ясно, кратко и логично.

11. Communicate persuasively − говорить убедительно

12. Advocate a position or a cause – отстаивать позицию или довод

13. Master legal terminology – владеть юридической терминологией

14. Develop keen listening skills – развивать тонкий слух

15. Written Communication _ письменное общение

16. Correspondence − переписка

17. to draft complex legal documents − разрабатывать сложные правовые документы

18. integral − неотъемлемый, существенный, целый

19. Master the fundamentals of grammar − владеть основами грамматики

20. motion - мотив

21. briefs − краткое письменное изложение дела с привлечением фактов и документов, с которым сторона выступает в суде

22. memo – деловая записка

23. resolution – резолюция, решение, постановление

24. legal agreement – правовое соглашение

25. Client Service – обслуживание клиентов

26. client-focused legal industry – юридическая отрасль промышленности, ориентированная на клиента

27. capablе − способный

28. crucial – наиболее значительный, решающий, важный

29. Analytical and Logical Reasoning − Аналитическое и логическое мышление

30. assimilate large volumes of complex information − усваивать большие объемы сложной информации

31. in an efficient and effective manner − действенным и эффективным образом

32. include − включать

33. to review complex written documents – рассматривать сложные письменные документы

34. to draw inferences – делать выводы

35. and making connections among legal authorities − устанавливать связи между органами правопорядка;

36. develop logical thinking – развивать логическое мышление

37. problem-solving abilities – способность решать проблемы

38. inductive and deductive reasoning – индуктивное и дедуктивное мышление

39. reach a conclusion – прийти к выводу

40. case law − прецедентное право

41. judicial opinion − мнение судьи, судебное заключение или решение, судебная практика

42. statute − устав, договор, соглашение, конвенция, закон, статут

43. voice messaging system − система передачи голосовых сообщений,

44. Substantive Law – материальное право

45. Legal Procedure − судопроизводство

46. Time Management − управление временем

47. billable hours – почасовая оплата

48. to bill time – подсчитывать время (для оплаты труда)

49. manage large workloads − управлять большими нагрузками.

50. develop top-notch organizational skills – развивать первоклаасные организационные навыки

51. teamwork − работа в коллективе

52. solo practitioner – работающий в одиночку

53. rely on – полагаться на (что-л.)

54. support staff − обслуживающий персонал

55. team up with co-counsels, experts − объединиться с со-адвокатами, экспертами

56. to deliver legal services – предоставлять юридические услуги

 

Exercise 1. Read and translate the underlined words and word combinations. Then read and translate the text.

Top ten legal skills

While legal positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel in today’s competitive legal market.

1. Oral Communication is one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional. Legal professionals must:

· Convey information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

· Communicate persuasively.

· Advocate a position or a cause.

· Master legal terminology.

· Develop keen listening skills.

2. Written Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal professionals must

· Master the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.

· Master the fundamentals of grammar.

· Learn how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.

· Draft effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and legal agreements.

3. Client Service. In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and responsibly is crucial to success.

4. Analytical and Logical Reasoning. Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities; developing logical thinking, organization and problem- solving abilities; structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning to draw inferences and reach conclusions.

5. Legal Research. Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations and other information is an important legal skill.

6. Technology. Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must master communications technology including e-mails, voice messaging systems, videoconferencing and related technology.

7. Knowledge of Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.

8. Time Management. In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure to bill time and manage large workloads.

9. Organization. In order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must develop top-notch organizational skills.

10. Teamwork. Legal professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver legal services.

 

Exercise 2. Find the equivalents to these word combinations in the text:

· профессиональные компетенции юриста

· представлять информацию в ясной и краткой форме

· овладеть юридической терминологией

· развивать способность внимательно слушать собеседника

· составлять сложные юридические документы

· овладеть основами грамматики

· составлять ходатайства, записки по делу

· обслуживать клиента честно и ответственно

· просматривать и усваивать большой объем информации

· навыки логического рассуждения

· делать выводы и умозаключения

· осваивать технологии общения (коммуникации)

· на нижней ступеньке карьерной лестницы

· знания материального права и судопроизводства

· выдерживать большие рабочие нагрузки

· почасовая оплата

· развивать навыки самоорганизации высокого класса

· работа в команде

 

Exercise 3. Read the definitions and match them with the words from the box.

Inductive, document, oral, communication, deductive, client, top-notch, draft, skills, research

 

1. An ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it.___________

2. To write a plan, letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form.______________

3. A piece of paper that gives official written information about something._____________

4. Someone who pays for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________

5. Serious study of a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas. ____________

6. Having the highest quality or standard. ______________

7. The process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts or feelings.___________

8. The various methods of sending information between people and places, especially official systems such as post systems, radio, telephone, etc.___________

9. The method of using a particular set of facts or ideas to form a general principle of smth. __________

10. The method used to reach an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts.

Exercise 4. Agree or disagree with the statements using one of the models:

а) to express agreement:

· It goes without saying ….

· Exactly so …

b) to express uncertainty:

· I’m not quite sure about it because…

· That’s hard to tell…

c) to express disagreement:

· Nothing of the kind, I think …

· Surely not, I suppose …

 

1. Oral Communication skills are not important for Legal professionals.

2. Legal professional must be an adept in legal affairs.

3. It’s insignificant for a legal professional to have the abilities of writing legal documents.

4. It’s obligatory for a legal practitioner to have the skills of writing e-mails.

5. Each lawyer must have basic knowledge of substantive law and legal procedure.

6. Legal professionals can’t bill time because of large workloads.

7. Top-notch organizational skills are necessary to work with piles of documents.

8. Legal professionals work in their vacuum.

9. Solo practitioners must rely on themselves.

10. Support staff usually help the experts to deliver legal services.

11. Legal research is the only reliable tool of the legal profession.

12. In the first year students must read and brief hundreds of cases.

13. Experts say that the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.

14. We must know how to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base, draft inferences and reach conclusions.

15. You can brush up your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.

16. It is easy to learn legal English.

17. It is possible for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few days.

18. We must pace ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.

19. Top-notch organizational skills help to cope with a large amount of data and documents.

20. Reviewing complex written documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities are analytical and logical reasoning skills.

 

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Мы осваиваем юридическую терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.

2. К концу курса обучения вы научитесь представлять информацию в четкой и краткойформе.

3. На вчерашнем семинаре по теории государства и права студенты активно отстаивали свои позиции.

4. Только к концу прошлого семинара я понял, как составлять ходатайство.

5. На лекции преподаватель рассказывал об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в работе юриста.

6. Он занимается исследовательской работой по семейному праву.

7. Овладение современными технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой частью работы юриста.

8. Компании требуется юрист, владеющий навыками составления сложных юридическихдокументов.

9. Во многих компаниях существует почасовая оплата труда.

10. Главное правило нашей компании − обслуживать клиентов честно и ответственно.

 

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