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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
ПСЕВДОИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЛЕКСИКА ИЛИ «ЛОЖНЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА»Стр 1 из 2Следующая ⇒
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАЛИИ I. Найдите в предложениях слова, обозначающие американские или британские реалии. Используя толковый и лингвострановедческий словари, найдите о них информацию. Как они переводятся? 1. Many banks now pay interest on current accounts as a result of competition from the building societies. 2. In the USA, people can retire at 62 or 65, when they qualify for Social Security payments. 3. People who do not pay tax by the PAYE method normally fill in a statement of their earnings and pay tax directly to the Inland Revenue. 4. The number of people who qualify for Medicaid has been rising steadily. 5. There are many people who believe that if only the rich were got at the state could collect all the money it needs for a bigger health service, more council houses, better pensions and so on. 6. Chicago Housing Authority is cleaning up public housing projects by throwing out people who are caught with drugs. 7. Non-for profit companies are providing job placement for welfare recipients.
II. Заполните таблицу, используя названия реалий, приведенных ниже. Отметьте, какие из них являются американскими/британскими реалиями. Как они переводятся на русский язык? Знаете ли вы русские реалии, аналогичные этим?
Federal Reserve System, Fort Knox, Treasury, Great Depression, Big Bang, City, Savings and Loan Association (S& L), Lloyd's, British Telecom, Small Business Administration (SBA), Black Monday, Wall Street, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Customs and Excise, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Inland Revenue, East End, Budget Day, Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, Secretary of the Treasury, Bank of England, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Securities and Exchange Commission.
III. Найдите информацию о данных реалиях. Как они переводятся на русский язык? Знаете ли вы аналогичные русские реалии? NASDAQ, Social Security, National Insurance, Medicare, AFL-CIO, National health Service (NHS), Medicaid, Health maintenance organisation (HMO), , Federal Reserve Bank, British Petroleum, Budget Speech.
IV. Какие из нижеприведенных реалий являются американскими, а какие британскими? Каковы их русские аналоги? Department of the Treasury - Treasury Inland Revenue — Internal Revenue Service Secretary of the Treasury - Chancellor of the Exchequer Social security - welfare Savings and Loan Association - building society National Health Service - Health maintenance organisation Bank of England - Federal Reserve System
V. Подберите определение из правой колонки к каждому слову из левой.
VI. О каких британских и американских реалиях идет речь в нижеприведенных определениях? 1. the government department that collects income taxes in Britain; 2. a system in the US by which the government helps to pay the cost of medical treatment for poor people; 3. the world stock market crash of October 19, 1987; 4. the severe economic problems that followed the Wall Street crash of 1929. In the early 1930s, many banks and businesses failed, and millions of people lost their jobs in the US and the UK and the rest of Europe; 5. the government department in Britain that controls the money that the country collects and spends; 6. the British government minister in charge of taxes and government spending; 7. a street in New York which is the most important financial center in America; 8. in America a famous count of people's opinions on a subject, especially to find out how they will vote in an election; 9. the department that collects national taxes in the US; 10. a system of insurance run by the American government, into which workers make regular payments, and which provides money when they are unable to work, especially because they are old. VII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя слова из рамки.
1. In the U.S. retired people are entitled to certain benefits. One of these is (1)................which provides subsidised medical care for people aged 65 and over. 2. In Britain, the central bank is (2).............The main banks are also known as (3).............. 3. On Monday October 19, 1987, the value of stocks plummeted on markets around the world, with (4)............- the main index measuring market activity in the U.S. - falling 508.32 points to close at 1738.42. This day is known as (5)................... 4. (6)..................arose in Britain in the 19 century and their prime function is to provide mortgages, i.e. they lend money to home-buyers on the security of houses and flats. 5. The (7)..............is an independent federal agency, which provides professional expertise and financial assistance to those wishing to form small businesses or to those already operating such businesses. 6. In Britain, employees pay income tax through the (8)..............by which tax is deducted by the employer from weekly or monthly earnings and paid to the (9)............- the government body responsible for collecting taxes on income and capital. 7. The British financial year runs from April to March and in March each year the (10)................presents a budget for the coming year in the House of Commons. 8. The U.S. equivalent of British building societies are the (11)..............., known as " the thrifts". 9. In the U.S. income tax is collected by the (12)............. 10. The (13)............., also known as the " Fed", is an independent U.S. government agency. It includes 12 regional (14)............. and its most important function is to manage the country's supply of money and credit. 11. The (15)..............., often described as a " watchdog" agency of the federal government, was created during the Great Depression to regulate securities and protect investors not only from fraud but also from problems of misunderstandings associated with inadequate or unusual data-reporting. VIII. Дайте полное название нижеприведенных британских и американских реалий и заполните пропуски в предложениях. NYSE, S& L, AFL-CIO, NHS, HMO, BP, SEC, SBA, OMB, IRS, S& P 500, PAYE, SS. 1. Lord Browne, the boss of........, gave a sunny speech insisting that without petroleum " the world would be a dark, cold and miserable place". 2. With a few exceptions - such as Harry Truman's surprise victory in 1948, which sent the........tumbling almost four percent in one day - America's elections generally have a scant short-term impact on financial markets. 3. The massive scale of manufacturing plants closings and job layoffs is a major blow for working families and their communities. The...........and affiliated unions are urging several strategies to revive manufacturing. 4. The Baby Boomers are beginning to retire. When.........began in 1935 there were 16 workers for every one retiree. 5. Citicorp's stock closed at $ 9.75 per share on the.............6. The....... is one of the top preoccupations for the British Government. 7. The......... will help each business to develop a sound business plan. 8. Traditionally, ......... collected small savers' deposits and invested them in long-term home mortgages. At one time or another, almost all Americans got..........financing for buying their homes. X. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на название экономических реалий. Какое значение они имеют для понимания общего смысла текста? 1. Wall Street has traditionally greeted presidential elections with a yawn. With a few exceptions - such as Harry Truman's surprise victory in 1948, which sent the S& P 500 tumbling almost four percent in one day - America's elections generally have a scant short-term impact on financial markets. In ten out of 14 presidential elections since the Second World War, the S& P 500 moved less than 1% on the day after polling 2.(from the radio address of George W. Bush) To help our young people we must also fix the long-term problems in the Social Security system. Workers in their mid-20s today will find Social security bankrupt when they retire, unless we act to save it. As we reform and strengthen the system we will deliver all the benefits owed to current and near retirees. We must not increase payroll taxes. And we must give the young workers the option of saving some of their payroll taxes in a personal investment account, a nest egg they call their own, which the government can never take away 3. Retailing giant Wal-Mart won the 2004 Grinch of the Year award, an annual contest to highlight the corporation that most harms workers and their families. The overwhelming vote to name Wal-Mart Grinch of the Year reflects the growing concern that working families have with this mega-corporation. Despite $9 billion in profits, Wal-Mart pays workers poverty wages. The largest retailer in the world and the largest employer in the United States, Wal-Mart sets a low standard for corporate practices across the country. Studies have demonstrated how Wal-Mart's practices drive down wages and benefits of service-sectors jobs. Despite its huge profits Wal-Mart wages are so low that many employees are eligible for food stamps. Wal-Mart has not only fooled the people who work there, it has fooled the public into believing it's good. Wal-Mart has the American public in a death grip - many working people can't afford to shop elsewhere, because their own wages aren't keeping up with the cost of living, thanks to the Wal-Marting of American jobs. 4. The signing of the new Medicare legislation in late 2003 has not removed the program from the election-year political debate. Why? Opinion polls and surveys by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Gallup Organisation have found that Medicare recipients are confused about the way system will work, and also skeptical of the new program's benefits. And seniors vote at a much higher rate than the rest of the American population. Medicare has often been referred to as the " third fail" of American politics; touch it at your peril. It was Franklin Delano Roosevelt who first suggested that the government should pay a role in health care for Americans. Every Democratic administration after FDR's tried to introduce some form of assisted health coverage, but it wasn't until the 1965 passage of the Mills Bill that Medicare was created, amending FDR's first safety-net legislation, The Social Security Act of 1935. Today Medicare provides coverage to one-in-seven Americans. 5. The Baby Boomers are beginning to retire. When SS began in 1935 there were 16 workers for every one retiree. Plus, the average American lived less than ten years after retirement. Today, there are only three workers for every retiree. Plus, the average American is living about twenty years beyond retirement. Plus, the payouts from SS are not just worker retirements. Disability and survivor benefits have been added. The final coffin nail is the retirement of the Boomers. 6. If the euro is to become a long established and effective currency Britain can not avoid handing its primary powers of taxation towards a central European government. No currency can have more than one Chancellor of the Exchequer and no Chancellor of the Exchequer can be worthy of that name if he does not have a currency of his own. 7. History is littered with examples of trade disputes turning into war. One of the most vivid is the trade war of the 1930s when countries competed to raise trade barriers in order to protect domestic producers and retaliate against each others' barriers. This worsened the Great Depression and eventually played a part in the outbreak of World War 2. 8. It is a mystery as to why so many people think Roosevelt's policies pulled the US out of the Great Depression. The problem was that you had unemployed machines and unemployed people. Roosevelt's policies in the New Deal amounted to bringing them together by forming industrial cartels and keeping prices and wages up. Essentially, increasing the role of the government, enhancing the monopolistic position of labour, and creating the equivalent of price fixing cartels made things worse. So most of his policies were counterproductive. СОКРАЩЕНИЯ I. Расшифруйте сокращения. Дайте их перевод. PLC, Ltd, R& D, SME, GNP, VAT, CEO, IOY, GAAP, PAYE, IT, GDP. II. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя нижеприведенные сокращения. GDP, CEO, PLC, VAT, GAAP, SME, SWOT, MBA. 1........is a degree offered by business schools. 2. The multinational company ВТ, British Telecommunications...... offers a high variety of high quality products and services to customers and business both in the UK and abroad. 3...... has overall responsibility for the running of the business. 4. Before producing a business development plan, it may be helpful to carry out a...... analysis. 5.......is a general tax, which is levied on the difference between the sale price of the goods or services to which the tax is applied and the cost of goods and services bought in for use in this production. 6. New York state now requires the city to balance its budget on the basis of.......7. Canada's...... will decline to about 1% next year. 8. The program is designed to inform and encourage American.....s to look at exporting to Singapore. МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ
1. Какие названия международных организаций обозначают данные сокращения? Как они переводятся? IBRD, FAO, GATT, IMF, ISO, OECD, G-7, OPEC, WTO, ILO. II. Как переводятся названия следующих европейских организаций? Что вы о них знаете? European Central Bank (ECB), European Commission, European Economic Area, European Investment Bank (EIB), European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Union (EU), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), III. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя нижеприведенные названия международных организаций. WTO, OPEC, G8, European Parliament, World Health Organisation, OECD, European Central Bank, IMF, EMU, EU. 1. Explosions in London coincided with a meeting of the leaders of the..... at Gleneagles in Scotland. 2. The......'s and UN's animal health agencies announced a $250 m strategy to combat bird flu, which is still ravaging South-East Asia. 3. The....... said that Africa's economic activity rose last year by 5%, its best performance for eight years. But it said that only six countries in the African Union will meet the UN's millennium development goals. 4. The...... rejected legislation intended to provide a European Union-wide standard for software patents. 5. The Treasury believes that remaining outside...... would not jeopardise London's pre-eminence as a financial centre. 6. 66% of the world's official foreign-exchange holdings are still in dollars, compared with 25% in euros, 4% in yen and 3% in pounds, according to figures published last week by the..... 7. With the start of the Single Currency, control over participating countries' tax and spending passes to the..... 8. With oil consumption and prices rising briskly, Saudi Arabia and other members of the.....have promised to pump more oil. 9. There were a lot of expectations that the introduction of the euro would be associated with problems. It was a success that the.....managed to introduce notes and coins without major problems. 10. The number of members of the....., or its predecessor, the GATT, rose from 18 in 1948 to 146 in 2003 and the number of regional trade agreements in the world ballooned from only 1 in 1958 to 161 in 2003. IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык. 1. МВФ тесно сотрудничает с Всемирным Банком в вопросах борьбы с бедностью. 2. Одна из самых молодых международных организаций, ВТО, является преемником Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле, подписанного после второй мировой войны. 3. Дополнительное финансирование программ МВФ осуществляется такими международными организациями, как Европейский союз, Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития и Всемирный банк. 4. Маастрихтский договор, в соответствии с которым предусматривалось создание Европейского союза, вступил в силу 1 ноября 1993 года. 5. Доля стран-членов ОПЕК в общем объеме нефтедобычи в мире составляет около 40%, а их общие запасы нефти составляют 3/4 общемирового запаса. 6. Взрывы в лондонском метро совпали с началом саммита большой восьмерки в Шотландии.7. Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР), так же известный под сокращенным названием «Всемирный банк», представляет собой межгосударственное финансовое учреждение со штаб-квартирой, находящейся в Вашингтоне. 8. Европейский банк реконструкции и развития (ЕБРР), является одним из банков регионального развития. 9. Основная цель Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития -содействовать расширению международной торговли и инвестиций, а также оказывать помощь развивающимся странам. 10. В период с 1948 по 1951 гг. в рамках «Плана Маршалла» 17 европейских стран получили от США помощь в размере более 12 миллиардов долларов. V. Заполните таблицу, используя нижеприведенные сокращения.
NYSE, РАО, AFL-CIO, S& L, GATT, IMF, NHS, HMO, ISO, SBA, IRS, OECD. IR, OPEC, WTO, PAYE, BP, S& P 500, IBRD, Ltd, EU, EFTA. VI. Переведите текст. Что вы знаете о реалиях и международных организация, упоминающихся в тексте? Использовали ли вы эти знания при переводе текста? Как? 1. George Bush will meet many dignitaries during his three days in Brussels next week. These will include the secretary-general of NATO, the king of Belgium and heads of government from 25 European Union countries. Also waiting to receive him are the secretary-general of the EU's council of Ministers, the President of the European Council (that is, the leader of the country that holds the union's rotating chair) and the president of the European Commission. 2. Cutting back on early retirement is a key element of averting a " financial crisis and drastic cuts in future pension levels", according to a new report from a European Commission, which evaluates the national pension systems of member states. While member states were described as having generally adopted effective policies to tackle rising demographic pressures, further radical steps will be needed to make pensions sustainable, said the Commission. The challenges facing pensions arise from the post-war " baby boom generation" reaching retirement age over the next 10 to 15 years, low birth rates and lengthening life expectancy. This will lead to the number of people over 65 doubling in proportion compared with those of working age. 3. Leading oilmen gathered this week in London for the " Oil and Money" . conference, an annual expense-account jamboree often preoccupied With the industry woes. This year, though, the tone was cheerful. Lord Browne, the boss of BP, gave a sunny speech insisting that without petroleum " the world would be a dark, cold and miserable place." So oil's well, then? Not quite. Despite their current profitability, the majors face big trouble in three areas: rapidly declining reserves; soaring costs; and lack of access to cheap new reserves. The last spectacular wave of growth for the big western firms came several decades ago after they were kicked out of the giant fields of the Persian Gulf. Out of desperation, Exxon, BP and others poured billions into non-OPEC areas such as the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea and Alaska. Alas, those fields are now ageing and their reserves rapidly declining. 4. The constitutional structure of the European Union was designed for six and it worked reasonably well for six. It doesn't work for the ten, or twelve, or fifteen and it could not conceivably work for 27 or 28 or anything of that kind. So there has to be a decision whether Europe is going to develop as a single state, a huge state governed centrally with tax powers and everything else operated centrally. Or whether it has got to be fundamentally redesigned into something much more like the North American Free Trade Association or the old EFTA. My own belief is that sooner or later the United Kingdom would have to get out of the federal manger. We are a dog in the manger at the moment always objecting to what the others want to do. And we either got to surrender to their will or persuade them to change the nature of the community entirely or to face the fact that there is not really a place in their kind of Europe for us. 5. Question 1: In your view, what is the real motivation for the Bush Administration to start a war with Iraq? Answer 1: You don't seem to buy the notion that Saddam is the Butcher of Baghdad. He's Bush's Butcher of Baghdad. The most important phrase from Condi Rice was when she said it's immoral to leave Saddam in power for 12 years. Of course, it's been 24 years. He was their favorite dictator. They kept him in power because he was against the Unicycle of Evil, Iran. Saddam is a killer, a murderer. A Frankenstein created by Bush. He hired him, so I guess he has the right to fire him. Q2: What's changed? A2: One, Saddam's gone renegade. Two, the war on Iraq is the weapon of mass distraction. When you say attack Osama, he says attack Iraq. It's bait and switch. Don't watch that man behind the curtain. Bush put a turban and a beard on Saddam. Now most Americans believe Saddam played a part in the Sept. 11 attacks. Bush also wants an endless war economy. We have an economy completely in the toilet, the same thing that defeated his daddy. But if you have an endless war economy, you create a distraction through patriotism, and you boost the economy, by spending money on the military. Q3: Does all that mean oil is not the main motivator here? A3: Bush is oil. His number one donor is the petroleum and energy industry. We didn't hold an election. We held an auction, and they put up the money. And you can't look at Iraq alone. You have to look at the entire picture, including Venezuela, which is a swing nation in OPEC. Q4: Some conservatives would argue that if it was all about oil, we'd be cutting deals with Saddam, not attacking him. A4: He cut his deal with the French and the Russians. Exxon and British Petroleum [BP] are sliced out of the action. It is not true that without a war we would have access to Iraqi oil. Q5: What is motivating Tony Blair to stand with Bush on the war? Are they political, economic or moral considerations? A5: BP has been cut out of the action. And remember that Iraq was a British colony created for BP out of nothing, by Winston Churchill drawing mad lines on a piece of paper. So they're upset, they want it back. It's a definite economic interest. 6. The Treasury believes that remaining outside EMU would not jeopardise London's pre-eminence as a financial centre. (International banks are not troubled by what currency their employees use to buy their tube tickets.) London is the world's largest centre for currency, insurance and bond trading. The bulk of its trading is carried out in US dollars. Although Great Britain is the world's second largest exporter of financial services, the Single Market has had almost no effect on this sector. Europe accounts for just four per cent of Britain's turnover in banking and two per cent in life assurance. The City can only lose if Britain joins the euro. 7. Once it had happened, it produced an awful feeling of inevitability. The series of terrorist attacks on London's Underground and bus system at the end of the morning rush hour on July 7th were presumably timed to coincide with the opening meetings of the G8 rich-country summit at Gleneagles in Scotland. ФОНОВЫЕ СЛОВА
I. Найдите в предложениях понятия, которые могут иметь разную трактовку в условиях российской, американской и британской действительности. Переведите предложения. Чем вы руководствовались при переводе? Каким образом можно передать в переводе специфику понимания носителями исходного языка данной ситуации/ явления / понятия? 1. One year we totaled up and found we had earned enough to have to pay an income tax. 2. He had received an advance on his wages. 3. An ageing population creates greater expenditure on healthcare. 4. If you retire at 55 you can expect your pension to be half the size it would be at 65. 5. The Labor party was opposed to the privatisation of water and electricity. 6. Chicago Housing Authority is cleaning up public housing projects by throwing out people who are caught with drags. 7. Non-profit companies are providing job placement for welfare recipients.
VII. Переведите текст. 1. Next week George Bush braves the wilds of Brussels at the start of the European tour of his own, in order, as his new secretary of state put in Paris, " to continue our conversation". How reassuring that the United States and Europe are conversing again, not shouting as they did before and after the war in Iraq. But how deep does this new warmth go? And if it is only skin-deep, how much does the continuing chill matter? 2. The Federal Reserve System is generically described as the central bank of the United States. It represents the third attempt to establish a central bank. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States and the Second Bank of the United States, but neither institution lasted more than twenty years. The Bank's very existence was controversial and went to the heart of the great national debate, which continues to this day, over which responsibilities and powers should be granted at the federal level and which should be left to the states. A series of financial panics in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, revived the idea of creating a central bank to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. But suspicion of centralised power remained at the core of the American psyche, and so the institution that the Federal Reserve Act established in 1913 was a central bank that assigned significant responsibilities for monetary policy-making to regional Federal Reserve Banks. 3. While Wal-Mart boasts that it creates jobs, many workers are questioning its employment practices. Wal-Mart's policies force its employees to turn to taxpayer-funded public programs for their health care and violate workers' rights. In Chicago, Latasha Barker made such low wages as an employee of Wal-Mart that she was forced to rely on public health care for herself and for her two children. 4. " Lord Tebbit, were you always a Eurosceptic? " " Not at all. In my earlier days I believed that the European project would work. And in fact I was a very strong Europhile, not only did I think Britain should join the Community but it should develop in much the same way which people like Giscard d'Estaing are now suggesting. After having become a Minister and going very regularly back and forth to Brussels I discovered two things which I haven't been sufficiently aware of before. One was the essentially corrupt nature worked, the scheming and the backbiting and the backscratching which went on there. I also discovered that the gap between the way, in which we in the UK have been governed and the way in which people on the continent are ruled was far wider than I have ever realised. 5. More than 70 m people in Central Europe will wake up on May 1st to find themselves citizens of the European Union. Eight countries in the region, along with the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta, will become the EU's newest members. European laws will take precedence over national ones, customs codes will be replaced by the rules of Europe's single market, and Brussels will have the last word on matters ranging from competition policy and value-added tax to sex discrimination in the work place. 6. The sharp increases and extreme volatility of oil prices have led observers to suggest that some part of the rise in prices reflects a speculative component arising from the activities of traders in the oil markets. How might speculation raise the price of oil? Speculative traders who expect oil in increasingly short supply and oil prices to rise in the future can back their hunches with their money by purchasing oil futures contracts on the commodity exchange. Oil futures contracts represent claims to oil to be delivered at a specified price and at a specified date and location in the future. If the price of oil rises as the traders expect - more precisely, if the future oil price rises above the price specified in the contract - they will be able to re-sell their claims to oil at a profit. ТЕРМИНЫ-СИНОНИМЫ Термины-синонимы - это термины, совпадающие семантически полностью (абсолютные синонимы, обозначающие одно и то же понятие и не имеющие никаких различий в семантике) или различающиеся дополнительными семантическими характеристиками, которые могут проявляться в разной сочетаемости. Для англоязычной экономической терминологии характерна развитая синонимия. Нередки случаи, когда 1-2 русским терминам соответствует 4-5 английских, каждый из которых имеет более дифференцированное значение. Соответственно при переводе не следует безоговорочно полагаться на двуязычный словарь и для правильного выбора эквивалента необходимо исходить из анализа контекста и объема значения слова. I. Найдите в предложениях соответствия нижеприведенным русским словам. Сопоставьте их значения. Какие еще английские термины могут использоваться для обозначения этих понятий? Доход, стоимость, расходы, оценивать. 1. The mechanic estimated the cost of repairs at $150. 2. He always thought he'd be satisfied even if his earnings didn't reach $ 20, 00 a year. 3. The alterations doubled the value of the house. 4. If no scholarships or other aid are available, students will have to pay the full cost of their education. 5. At this rate we'll barely cover our costs. 6. B& L has an annual revenue of about $ 8 mln. 7. The total expenditure on defense has dropped since 1989. 8. Allied-Signal was planning to use the proceeds from the sale of Union Texas to reduce debt. 9. We went to a lot of expense to provide the safety equipment, so please take care oа it. 10. They assessed the value of the house at over $250, 000. 11. The casino reported income of $ 21.8 mln on revenue of $ 269 mln. 12. You can get cars in Europe at very low prices. 13. Foreign capital has been trickling back as investors seek higher returns than they cam find at home. 14. Employers now want to evaluate candidates on intangible qualities, such as flexibility, creativity, etc.
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАЛИИ I. Найдите в предложениях слова, обозначающие американские или британские реалии. Используя толковый и лингвострановедческий словари, найдите о них информацию. Как они переводятся? 1. Many banks now pay interest on current accounts as a result of competition from the building societies. 2. In the USA, people can retire at 62 or 65, when they qualify for Social Security payments. 3. People who do not pay tax by the PAYE method normally fill in a statement of their earnings and pay tax directly to the Inland Revenue. 4. The number of people who qualify for Medicaid has been rising steadily. 5. There are many people who believe that if only the rich were got at the state could collect all the money it needs for a bigger health service, more council houses, better pensions and so on. 6. Chicago Housing Authority is cleaning up public housing projects by throwing out people who are caught with drugs. 7. Non-for profit companies are providing job placement for welfare recipients.
II. Заполните таблицу, используя названия реалий, приведенных ниже. Отметьте, какие из них являются американскими/британскими реалиями. Как они переводятся на русский язык? Знаете ли вы русские реалии, аналогичные этим?
Federal Reserve System, Fort Knox, Treasury, Great Depression, Big Bang, City, Savings and Loan Association (S& L), Lloyd's, British Telecom, Small Business Administration (SBA), Black Monday, Wall Street, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Customs and Excise, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Inland Revenue, East End, Budget Day, Internal Revenue Service, Department of the Treasury, Secretary of the Treasury, Bank of England, New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Securities and Exchange Commission.
III. Найдите информацию о данных реалиях. Как они переводятся на русский язык? Знаете ли вы аналогичные русские реалии? NASDAQ, Social Security, National Insurance, Medicare, AFL-CIO, National health Service (NHS), Medicaid, Health maintenance organisation (HMO), , Federal Reserve Bank, British Petroleum, Budget Speech.
IV. Какие из нижеприведенных реалий являются американскими, а какие британскими? Каковы их русские аналоги? Department of the Treasury - Treasury Inland Revenue — Internal Revenue Service Secretary of the Treasury - Chancellor of the Exchequer Social security - welfare Savings and Loan Association - building society National Health Service - Health maintenance organisation Bank of England - Federal Reserve System
V. Подберите определение из правой колонки к каждому слову из левой.
VI. О каких британских и американских реалиях идет речь в нижеприведенных определениях? 1. the government department that collects income taxes in Britain; 2. a system in the US by which the government helps to pay the cost of medical treatment for poor people; 3. the world stock market crash of October 19, 1987; 4. the severe economic problems that followed the Wall Street crash of 1929. In the early 1930s, many banks and businesses failed, and millions of people lost their jobs in the US and the UK and the rest of Europe; 5. the government department in Britain that controls the money that the country collects and spends; 6. the British government minister in charge of taxes and government spending; 7. a street in New York which is the most important financial center in America; 8. in America a famous count of people's opinions on a subject, especially to find out how they will vote in an election; 9. the department that collects national taxes in the US; 10. a system of insurance run by the American government, into which workers make regular payments, and which provides money when they are unable to work, especially because they are old. VII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя слова из рамки.
1. In the U.S. retired people are entitled to certain benefits. One of these is (1)................which provides subsidised medical care for people aged 65 and over. 2. In Britain, the central bank is (2).............The main banks are also known as (3).............. 3. On Monday October 19, 1987, the value of stocks plummeted on markets around the world, with (4)............- the main index measuring market activity in the U.S. - falling 508.32 points to close at 1738.42. This day is known as (5)................... 4. (6)..................arose in Britain in the 19 century and their prime function is to provide mortgages, i.e. they lend money to home-buyers on the security of houses and flats. 5. The (7)..............is an independent federal agency, which provides professional expertise and financial assistance to those wishing to form small businesses or to those already operating such businesses. 6. In Britain, employees pay income tax through the (8)..............by which tax is deducted by the employer from weekly or monthly earnings and paid to the (9)............- the government body responsible for collecting taxes on income and capital. 7. The British financial year runs from April to March and in March each year the (10)................presents a budget for the coming year in the House of Commons. 8. The U.S. equivalent of British building societies are the (11)..............., known as " the thrifts". 9. In the U.S. income tax is collected by the (12)............. 10. The (13)............., also known as the " Fed", is an independent U.S. government agency. It includes 12 regional (14)............. and its most important function is to manage the country's supply of money and credit. 11. The (15)..............., often described as a " watchdog" agency of the federal government, was created during the Great Depression to regulate securities and protect investors not only from fraud but also from problems of misunderstandings associated with inadequate or unusual data-reporting. VIII. Дайте полное название нижеприведенных британских и американских реалий и заполните пропуски в предложениях. NYSE, S& L, AFL-CIO, NHS, HMO, BP, SEC, SBA, OMB, IRS, S& P 500, PAYE, SS. 1. Lord Browne, the boss of........, gave a sunny speech insisting that without petroleum " the world would be a dark, cold and miserable place". 2. With a few exceptions - such as Harry Truman's surprise victory in 1948, which sent the........tumbling almost four percent in one day - America's elections generally have a scant short-term impact on financial markets. 3. The massive scale of manufacturing plants closings and job layoffs is a major blow for working families and their communities. The...........and affiliated unions are urging several strategies to revive manufacturing. 4. The Baby Boomers are beginning to retire. When.........began in 1935 there were 16 workers for every one retiree. 5. Citicorp's stock closed at $ 9.75 per share on the.............6. The....... is one of the top preoccupations for the British Government. 7. The......... will help each business to develop a sound business plan. 8. Traditionally, ......... collected small savers' deposits and invested them in long-term home mortgages. At one time or another, almost all Americans got..........financing for buying their homes. X. Переведите текст, обращая внимание на название экономических реалий. Какое значение они имеют для понимания общего смысла текста? 1. Wall Street has traditionally greeted presidential elections with a yawn. With a few exceptions - such as Harry Truman's surprise victory in 1948, which sent the S& P 500 tumbling almost four percent in one day - America's elections generally have a scant short-term impact on financial markets. In ten out of 14 presidential elections since the Second World War, the S& P 500 moved less than 1% on the day after polling 2.(from the radio address of George W. Bush) To help our young people we must also fix the long-term problems in the Social Security system. Workers in their mid-20s today will find Social security bankrupt when they retire, unless we act to save it. As we reform and strengthen the system we will deliver all the benefits owed to current and near retirees. We must not increase payroll taxes. And we must give the young workers the option of saving some of their payroll taxes in a personal investment account, a nest egg they call their own, which the government can never take away 3. Retailing giant Wal-Mart won the 2004 Grinch of the Year award, an annual contest to highlight the corporation that most harms workers and their families. The overwhelming vote to name Wal-Mart Grinch of the Year reflects the growing concern that working families have with this mega-corporation. Despite $9 billion in profits, Wal-Mart pays workers poverty wages. The largest retailer in the world and the largest employer in the United States, Wal-Mart sets a low standard for corporate practices across the country. Studies have demonstrated how Wal-Mart's practices drive down wages and benefits of service-sectors jobs. Despite its huge profits Wal-Mart wages are so low that many employees are eligible for food stamps. Wal-Mart has not only fooled the people who work there, it has fooled the public into believing it's good. Wal-Mart has the American public in a death grip - many working people can't afford to shop elsewhere, because their own wages aren't keeping up with the cost of living, thanks to the Wal-Marting of American jobs. 4. The signing of the new Medicare legislation in late 2003 has not removed the program from the election-year political debate. Why? Opinion polls and surveys by the Kaiser Family Foundation and the Gallup Organisation have found that Medicare recipients are confused about the way system will work, and also skeptical of the new program's benefits. And seniors vote at a much higher rate than the rest of the American population. Medicare has often been referred to as the " third fail" of American politics; touch it at your peril. It was Franklin Delano Roosevelt who first suggested that the government should pay a role in health care for Americans. Every Democratic administration after FDR's tried to introduce some form of assisted health coverage, but it wasn't until the 1965 passage of the Mills Bill that Medicare was created, amending FDR's first safety-net legislation, The Social Security Act of 1935. Today Medicare provides coverage to one-in-seven Americans. 5. The Baby Boomers are beginning to retire. When SS began in 1935 there were 16 workers for every one retiree. Plus, the average American lived less than ten years after retirement. Today, there are only three workers for every retiree. Plus, the average American is living about twenty years beyond retirement. Plus, the payouts from SS are not just worker retirements. Disability and survivor benefits have been added. The final coffin nail is the retirement of the Boomers. 6. If the euro is to become a long established and effective currency Britain can not avoid handing its primary powers of taxation towards a central European government. No currency can have more than one Chancellor of the Exchequer and no Chancellor of the Exchequer can be worthy of that name if he does not have a currency of his own. 7. History is littered with examples of trade disputes turning into war. One of the most vivid is the trade war of the 1930s when countries competed to raise trade barriers in order to protect domestic producers and retaliate against each others' barriers. This worsened the Great Depression and eventually played a part in the outbreak of World War 2. 8. It is a mystery as to why so many people think Roosevelt's policies pulled the US out of the Great Depression. The problem was that you had unemployed machines and unemployed people. Roosevelt's policies in the New Deal amounted to bringing them together by forming industrial cartels and keeping prices and wages up. Essentially, increasing the role of the government, enhancing the monopolistic position of labour, and creating the equivalent of price fixing cartels made things worse. So most of his policies were counterproductive. СОКРАЩЕНИЯ I. Расшифруйте сокращения. Дайте их перевод. PLC, Ltd, R& D, SME, GNP, VAT, CEO, IOY, GAAP, PAYE, IT, GDP. II. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя нижеприведенные сокращения. GDP, CEO, PLC, VAT, GAAP, SME, SWOT, MBA. 1........is a degree offered by business schools. 2. The multinational company ВТ, British Telecommunications...... offers a high variety of high quality products and services to customers and business both in the UK and abroad. 3...... has overall responsibility for the running of the business. 4. Before producing a business development plan, it may be helpful to carry out a...... analysis. 5.......is a general tax, which is levied on the difference between the sale price of the goods or services to which the tax is applied and the cost of goods and services bought in for use in this production. 6. New York state now requires the city to balance its budget on the basis of.......7. Canada's...... will decline to about 1% next year. 8. The program is designed to inform and encourage American.....s to look at exporting to Singapore. МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ И УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ
1. Какие названия международных организаций обозначают данные сокращения? Как они переводятся? IBRD, FAO, GATT, IMF, ISO, OECD, G-7, OPEC, WTO, ILO. II. Как переводятся названия следующих европейских организаций? Что вы о них знаете? European Central Bank (ECB), European Commission, European Economic Area, European Investment Bank (EIB), European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Union (EU), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), III. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя нижеприведенные названия международных организаций. WTO, OPEC, G8, European Parliament, World Health Organisation, OECD, European Central Bank, IMF, EMU, EU. 1. Explosions in London coincided with a meeting of the leaders of the..... at Gleneagles in Scotland. 2. The......'s and UN's animal health agencies announced a $250 m strategy to combat bird flu, which is still ravaging South-East Asia. 3. The....... said that Africa's economic activity rose last year by 5%, its best performance for eight years. But it said that only six countries in the African Union will meet the UN's millennium development goals. 4. The...... rejected legislation intended to provide a European Union-wide standard for software patents. 5. The Treasury believes that remaining outside...... would not jeopardise London's pre-eminence as a financial centre. 6. 66% of the world's official foreign-exchange holdings are still in dollars, compared with 25% in euros, 4% in yen and 3% in pounds, according to figures published last week by the..... 7. With the start of the Single Currency, control over participating countries' tax and spending passes to the..... 8. With oil consumption and prices rising briskly, Saudi Arabia and other members of the.....have promised to pump more oil. 9. There were a lot of expectations that the introduction of the euro would be associated with problems. It was a success that the.....managed to introduce notes and coins without major problems. 10. The number of members of the....., or its predecessor, the GATT, rose from 18 in 1948 to 146 in 2003 and the number of regional trade agreements in the world ballooned from only 1 in 1958 to 161 in 2003. IV. Переведите предложения на английский язык. 1. МВФ тесно сотрудничает с Всемирным Банком в вопросах борьбы с бедностью. 2. Одна из самых молодых международных организаций, ВТО, является преемником Генерального соглашения по тарифам и торговле, подписанного после второй мировой войны. 3. Дополнительное финансирование программ МВФ осуществляется такими международными организациями, как Европейский союз, Организация экономического сотрудничества и развития и Всемирный банк. 4. Маастрихтский договор, в соответствии с которым предусматривалось создание Европейского союза, вступил в силу 1 ноября 1993 года. 5. Доля стран-членов ОПЕК в общем объеме нефтедобычи в мире составляет около 40%, а их общие запасы нефти составляют 3/4 общемирового запаса. 6. Взрывы в лондонском метро совпали с началом саммита большой восьмерки в Шотландии.7. Международный банк реконструкции и развития (МБРР), так же известный под сокращенным названием «Всемирный банк», представляет собой межгосударственное финансовое учреждение со штаб-квартирой, находящейся в Вашингтоне. 8. Европейский банк реконструкции и развития (ЕБРР), является одним из банков регионального развития. 9. Основная цель Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития -содействовать расширению международной торговли и инвестиций, а также оказывать помощь развивающимся странам. 10. В период с 1948 по 1951 гг. в рамках «Плана Маршалла» 17 европейских стран получили от США помощь в размере более 12 миллиардов долларов. V. Заполните таблицу, используя нижеприведенные сокращения.
NYSE, РАО, AFL-CIO, S& L, GATT, IMF, NHS, HMO, ISO, SBA, IRS, OECD. IR, OPEC, WTO, PAYE, BP, S& P 500, IBRD, Ltd, EU, EFTA. VI. Переведите текст. Что вы знаете о реалиях и международных организация, упоминающихся в тексте? Использовали ли вы эти знания при переводе текста? Как? 1. George Bush will meet many dignitaries during his three days in Brussels next week. These will include the secretary-general of NATO, the king of Belgium and heads of government from 25 European Union countries. Also waiting to receive him are the secretary-general of the EU's council of Ministers, the President of the European Council (that is, the leader of the country that holds the union's rotating chair) and the president of the European Commission. |
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