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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
THE CONSTRUCTION-RELATED ENGINEERING PROFESSIONСтр 1 из 2Следующая ⇒
УДК 802 (076.5) Практикум для самостоятельной работы студентов строительных специальностей / Е. С. Быкадорова, С. А. Веселова. – Новосибирск: Изд-во СГУПСа, 2013.
Цель практикума – овладение терминологией в строительной области. Практикум является неотъемлемым приложением к учебному пособию “Английский язык для строителей и архитекторов. English for Builders and Architects” и включает такие темы как профессия инженер-строитель; ранняя христианская и византийская архитектура; ордеры архитектуры; строительные растворы; применение стекла; строительство лестниц; двери; экологически чистые здания. Практикум предназначен для студентов 1 и 2 курса строительных специальностей СГУПСа.
Практикум рассмотрен и рекомендован к печати на заседании кафедры «Иностранные языки».
О т в е т с т в е н н ы й р е д а к т о р к.пед.н., доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки»СГУПСа О. А. Дёмина
Р е ц е н з е н т: к. филол. наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языковНГАВТа Е. И. Мартынова
© Быкадорова Е. С., Веселова С. А., 2013 © Сибирский государственный университет путей сообщения, 2013 Contents. Содержание
Foreword. Введение В соответствии с учебной программой дисциплин по направлению подготовки 270800 «Строительство» практикум для самостоятельной работы студентов строительных специальностей направлен на формирование у студентов первого и второго курсов общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций. Являясь неотъемлемой частью учебного пособия “Английский язык для строителей и архитекторов. English for Builders andArchitects”, практикум для самостоятельной работы направлен на овладение студентами терминологии в области строительства. Комплексный подход, представленный в практикуме, определяет структуру и логику предъявления содержательной учебной информации. Базовые тексты сопровождаются заданиями, направленными на максимально полное их понимание. В практикуме для самостоятельной работы задания представлены системно и наглядно от «простого к сложному»; предлагается достаточно заданий на отработку вокабуляра, орфографии, произношения, стилистики, сочетаемости слов; в зависимости от целевой установки студентам предлагается просмотровое, ознакомительное, изучающее и поисковое чтение, ориентирующее студентов на выполнение профессионально-ориентированных заданий; материалы отражают современные разработки в строительных технологиях. Практикум ориентирован на студентов 1 и 2 курса строительных специальностей СГУПСа. Предлагается использовать с учебным пособием «English for Builders andArchitects. Английский язык для строителей и архитекторов». “An architect knows something about everything. An engineer knows everything about one thing.” Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 1 WORD LIST
“Any design decision should be justifi ed in at least two ways.” Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 2
Figure 1.1Saint-Sophia Cathedral, Kiev WORD LIST
Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 3
Fig 2.1 Orders of Architecture ORDERS of ARCHITECTURE Read the text: (§1) The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones, and the translation of the carpentry and brick structural forms into stone equivalents. This provided an opportunity for the expression of proportion and pattern. This expression eventually took the form of the invention or evolution of the stone “orders” of architecture. These orders, or arrangements of specific types of columns supporting an upper section called an entablature, defined the pattern of the columnar facades and upperworks that formed the basic decorative shell of buildings. (§2) The Greeks invented the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. The Romans adapted all the Greek orders and also developed two orders of their own, the Tuscan and the Composite (Fig 3.1.). (§3) The oldest order, the Doric, is subdivided into Greek Doric and Roman Doric. The first is the simplest and has baseless columns as those of the Parthenon. Roman Doric has a base and was less massive. (§4) Both the Doric and the Ionic order appear to have originated in wood. The Temple of Hera in Olympia is the oldest well-preserved temple of Doric architecture. It was built just after 600 BC. The Doric order long remained the favourite order of the Greek mainland and western colonies, and it changed little throughout its history. The Ionic order evolved later, in eastern Greece. About 600 BC, in Asia Minor, the first intimation of the style appeared in stone columns with capitals elaborately carved in floral hoops. The order was always fussier, less stereotyped than Doric. The Ionic temples of the 6th century exceed in size and decoration even the most ambitious of their Classical successors. Such were the temples of Artemis at Ephesus in Asia Minor and the successive temples of Hera on the island of Samos. (§5) The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century BC in Athens. It had Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. In its general proportions it is very like the Ionic. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for temple exteriors. Due to its advantage of facing equally in four directions it was more adaptable than Ionic for corners. There are not many Greek examples of the Corinthian order. The Romans widely used it for its showiness. The earliest known instance ofthe Corinthian order used on the exterior is the monument of Lysicrates in Athens, 335/334 BC. (§6) A simplified version of the Roman Doric is the Tuscan order which has a very plain design, with a plain shaft, and a simple capital, base, and frieze. The Tuscan order is characterized by an unfluted shaft and a capital that only consist of an echinus and an abacus. In proportions it is similar to the Doric order, but overall it is significantly plainer. The column is normally seven diameters high. Compared to the other orders, the Tuscan order looks the most solid. It has a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice. (§7) The Composite order is also a late Roman invention, combining the volutes of the Ionic with the leaves of the Corinthian order. Until the Renaissance it was not ranked as a separate order. Instead it was considered as a late Roman form of the Corinthian order. The column of the Composite order is ten diameters high.
Assignments: 1 Present phonetic reading of § 4. 2 Find equivalents in the text and give your own variants (paraphrase) to the following: initial, substitution, foundation, arise, adjustable, finding, suppose.
3 Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you. 4 Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-6): 1. What determined the design of the order? 2. What is the order in Classical architecture? 3. Which orders were invented by the Greeks? 4. What is the difference between Greek Doric and Roman Doric? 5. What can be said about the evolution of the Ionic order? 6. Why did the Romans often use the Corinthian order?
5 Say whether these sentences are true or false: 1. The first step in architecture was simply the replacement of wooden pillars with stone ones. 2. Greek Doric has a base. 3. Doric changed a lot throughout its history. 4. The Ionic order evolved in eastern Greece. 5. The Corinthian order originated in the 5th century BC. 6. For the first time the Corinthian order was used for the temple interiors.
6 Give a literary translation of §§5, 6, 7. 7 What is your impression of the information given in the text? Express your ideas in 3-4 sentences. 8 In a paragraph of 70-100 words, and using your own words, as far as possible, summarize what the text tells us about orders of architecture. 9 Find and present additional information on any type of orders you like. WORD LIST
“Most architectural forms can be classified as additive, subtractive, shaped, or abstract. Additive forms appear to have been assembled from individual pieces. Subtractive forms appear to have been carved or cut from a previously “whole” form. Shaped or molded forms appear to have been formed from a plastic material through directly applied force. Abstract forms are of uncertain origin”. Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 4
MORTARS Read the text: (§1) Mortar is the matrix used in the beds and the side joints of brickwork and for plastering walls and floors. Its functions are as follows: 1. To distribute the pressure throughout the brickwork; 2. To adhere and bind together the bricks; 3. To act as a non-conductor and prevent the transmission of heat, sound, and moisture from one side of wall to the other. (§2) Mortar consists of an inert aggregate bound by a cementing material. The cementing material is most important in determining characteristics of the mortar. The usual cementing materials used for constructional work are hydraulic limes or Portland cement. (§3) Clean, sharp pit sand is the best aggregate. Old bricks, burnt ballast or stones ground in a mortar mill may be used as substitutes for sand. (§4) Mortars may be classified as follows: a) cement mortars; b) cement-lime mortars; c) lime mortars. (§5) Lime Mortar. This is a mixture of quick lime and sand in the proportion of 1 part lime to 2 or 3 parts sand in addition to water. It is the principal material used for bedding and jointing bricks, stones etc. (§6) Non-hydraulic Lime Mortars must be well slaked before use. This type can be stored in a heap for several days after mixing. These mortars are not suitable for work below ground level, especially if the ground is water-logged. (§7) Hydraulic Lime Mortars should be used within an hour after being mixed. Any mortar which has stiffened and cannot be knocked up by means of a trowel to a sufficiently plastic condition should never be used. (§8) Cement Mortars. It is stronger than lime mortar and it is used in the construction of piers and load-bearing walls; it is also employed for work below ground level and for external walls. Cement Mortar is extensively used during winter, owing to its relatively quick-setting property. (§9) Lime-Cement or Compo Mortars . Compo is a mixture of lime, cement and sand. It is usual to mix the lime mortar and then to gauge this mixture with the necessary proportion of Portland cement immediately before the mortar is required for use. (§10) Cement Mortar produces the strongest brickwork; non-hydraulic lime mortar is approximately half the strength of that in cement mortar; hydraulic mortars are intermediate between that of cement and non-hydraulic lime mortars. The strength of compo mortars depend upon the cement content and may be very little less than that of cement mortar.
Assignments: 1 Present phonetic reading of §§ 5 – 8. 2 Explain the expressions in bold from the text and make up sentences of your own. Use English-English dictionaries to help you. 3 Give the English equivalents: строительный раствор; состоять из; обычные материалы; гасить; болотистая местность; с помощью кельмы; свойство; зависеть от содержания цемента; разнообразные цели; заменитель песка; строительство плотин; Портленд цемент; предотвращать трансмиссию. 4 Read the text again and answer the questions that follow (1-9): 1. What is the definition of mortar? 2. What are the functions of mortar? 3. What does mortar consist of? 4. What material can be used instead of sand? 5. How can mortars be classified? 6. What are the types of lime mortar? 7. What are the peculiarities of cement mortar? Compo mortar? 8. What mortar is the strongest one? The weakest one?
5 Say whether these sentences are true or false: 1. Old bricks can be used instead of sand. 2. One of the functions of mortar is to prevent porosity of mortars. 3. Non-hydraulic mortar is the weakest one. 4. Compo mortar is the mixture of lime, brick and water. 5. The usual cementing materials used for constructional work are hydraulic limes or Portland cement. 6. The strength of compo mortars doesn’t depend upon the cement content.
6 Give a literary translation of §§7 – 10. 7 Fill in the table using the information from the text:
8 What is your impression of the information given in the text? Express your ideas in 3-4 sentences. 9 In a paragraph of 70-100 words, and using your own words, as far as possible, summarize what the text tells us about mortars. 10 Find and present additional information on any type of mortars you like. WORD LIST
“Gently suggest material qualities rather than draw them in a literal manner.” Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 5 GLASS
Figure 4.1 Glazed Facade (Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge) (§1)The term glass refers to materials, usually blends of metallic oxides, predominantly silica, which do not crystallise when cooled from the liquid to the solid state. It is the non-crystalline or amorphous structure of glass that gives rise to its transparency. Glass made from sand, lime and soda ash has been known in Egypt for 5000 years, although it probably originated in Assyria and Phoenicia. The earliest man-made glass was used to glaze stone beads, later to make glass beads (circa 2500 BC), but it was not until about 1500 BC that it was used to make hollow vessels. (§2)For many centuries glass was worked by drawing the molten material from a furnace. The glass was then rolled out or pressed into appropriate moulds and finally fashioned by cutting and grinding. Around 300 BC the technique of glass blowing evolved in Assyria, and the Romans developed this further by blowing glass into moulds. Medieval glass produced in the Rhineland contained potash from the burning of wood rather than soda ash. Together with an increase in lime content this gave rise to a less durable product which has caused the subsequent deterioration of some church glass from that period. (§3)The various colours within glass derived from the addition of metallic compounds to the melt. Blue was obtained by the addition of cobalt, whilst copper produced blue or red and iron or chromium produced green. In the fifteenth century white opaque glass was produced by the addition of tin or arsenic, and by the seventeenth century ruby red glass was made by the addition of gold chloride. Clear glass could only be obtained by using antimony or manganese as a decolouriser to remove the green colouration caused by iron impurities within the sand. (§4)By the late twentieth century, with the advent of fully glazed facades, as illustrated by the Faculty of Law building at the University of Cambridge (Figure 4.1.), the construction industry had become a major consumer of new glass, and a proactive force in the development of new products. (§5)The glass products fall into principal two types: non-sheet products and sheet products. (§6)One of the non-sheet product examples is glass blocks. Glass blocks for non-load-bearing walls and partitions are manufactured by casting two half-blocks at 1050 °C, joining them together at 800°C, followed by annealing at 560 °C. The standard blocks (Figure 4.2.a) are 115, 190, 240 and 300 mm square with thicknesses of 80 and 100 mm, although rectangular and circular blocks are also available. Walls may be curved as illustrated in (Figure 4.2.b). The variety of patterns, offering differing degrees of privacy, include clear, frosted, Flemish, reeded, and crystal designs with colours ranging from blue, green and grey to pink and gold. Blocks with solar reflective glass or incorporating white glass fibres offer additional solar control; colour may be added to either the edge coating or the glass itself. Special blocks are also available to form corners and ends also for ventilation.
(§7)The variety of sheet products is determined by the new techniques development and cannot be described in one unit. Some types of glass are presented below. (§8)Sheet products are manufactured in the form of float glass. The standard thicknesses for float glass are 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19 and 25 mm to maximum sheet sizes of 3× 12 m. Thicker grades are available to smaller sheet sizes. (§9)Traditional blown and drawn glasses are available commercially both clear and to a wide range of colours. Drawn glass up to 1600× 1200 mm is optically clear but varies in thickness from 3 to 5 mm. It is suitable for conservation work where old glass requires replacement. Blown glass contains variable quantities of air bubbles and also has significant variations in thickness giving it an antique appearance. Where laminated glass is required, due to variations in thickness, these traditional glasses can only be bonded to float glass with resin. (§10) Self-cleaning glass has an invisible hard coating which incorporates two special features. The surface incorporating titanium dioxide is photocatalytic, absorbing ultra-violet light, which with oxygen from the air, breaks down or loosens any organic dirt on the surface. Additionally, the surface is hydrophilic, causing rainwater to spread evenly over the surface, rather than running down in droplets, thus uniformly washing the surface and preventing any unsightly streaks or spots appearing when the surface dries. Self-cleaning glass has a slightly greater mirror effect than ordinary float glass, with a faint blue tint.
Figure 4.3 Screen printed glass facade (John Lewis Department Store, Leicester) (§11)White or coloured ceramic frit is screen printed onto clear or tinted float glass, which is then toughened and heat soaked, causing the ceramic enamel to fuse permanently into the glass surface. Standard patterns or individual designs may be created, giving the required level of solar transmission and privacy. Screen printed glass, which is colourfast and abrasion-resistant, is usually installed with the printed side as the inner face of conventional glazing (Figure 4.3). Assignments: 1. Present phonetic reading of §§ 1 –2. WORD LIST
“Always place fi re stairs at opposite ends of the buildings you design, even in the earliest stages of the design process.” Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 6 STAIRS Read the text: (§1) Buildings have stairs so that people can gain access to the upper floors. Stairs should be designed so that they are convenient for the majority of people to use. (§2) The staircases can be built out of timber, reinforced concrete, steel or stone. Figure 5.1 illustrates many of the important parts of a staircase.
Figure 5.1 Staircase Parts (§3) Timber staircase usually consists of two strings, treads and risers, a balustrade and a handrail. Reinforced concrete staircases are increasingly popular. They are usually cast in situ on formwork. The treads and risers are cast in one piece so they do not have strings. Steel staircases are normally used for fire escapes or for external access. A typical metal staircase has metal strings with steel treads fixed to metal brackets, steel staircases usually do not have risers. (§4) The first principle in staircase design is that a person should be able to move comfortably from one step to another. The design must be conform to the typical step pattern of an average person. (§5) As the going increases, then the riser height decreases. The reverse is also true. Increased riser height means a decreased tread length. The goal is to find the compromise between tread length and riser height using a standard formula. Formula for calculating stair dimensions: the going plus the height of two risers must be: · Maximum of 700 mm; · Minimum of 550 mm. To ensure that stairs are not steeper than 42° the relationship between the riser and the going must be based on the measurements in Table 4.1. Each riser in a flight of stairs must be the same height. Each tread must be the same length. The total number of risers depends on the height of the vertical rise of each flight. Table 4.1 Riser and Going Dimensions
(§6) As timber staircases are most traditional, here the steps of how to put a timber staircase together from the timber pieces are described: 1. Glue the treads and rises. 2. Insert the treads and risers in the grooves in the strings. Lightly nail them together. Insert and glue two wedges in each tread to strengthen the joint. Press the structure together with a cramp iron. 3. If the staircase is more than 1 metre wide, then a support called a carriage fixed to the floor at each end: this is a piece of timber with brackets fixed on alternate sides to support the middle of each tread. 4. Fix a 75× 75 mm newel post at the top and bottom of both strings. Make a slot in all the newel posts for the strings and adjacent treads and risers. Make a small slot in the upper newel post to fit the first floor trimmer joist. 5. Glue and screw all the parts of the staircase together. 6. Fit the handrail in position about 850 mm above the slope of the tread nosings and insert it into the newel posts. 7. Insert the balusters into the handrail and the string at less than 100 mm intervals. 8. Transport it to the site and put the complete staircase into the building.
Assignments: 1. Present phonetic reading of §§ 2 – 4. WORD LIST
“Our experience of an architectural space is strongly influenced by how we arrive in it.” Matthew Frederick (architect) Unit 7 DOORS Read the text: (§1) A door is a movable barrier that separates internal and external spaces. It is usually attached to a frameon one side by hinges. A door provides access, protection, security and privacy. The main parts of a door are labeled in Figure 6.1.
Figure 6.1 Standard Door Parts (§2) The doors can be made out of different structural pieces: 1. Ledges, braces and battens; 2. Frames, ledges, braces and battens. Making a ledged, braced and battened door (§3) This is a very simple door for internal or external use, which is cheap to make (Figure 6.2.) and it consists of the following pieces: · Tongued, grooved and V-jointed battens measuring 100× 10 mm that form the surface of the door. The joints should be vertical; · Horizontal pieces called ledges measuring about 100× 25 mm; · Diagonal pieces called braces that measure about 100× 25 mm. Braces should be fixed so that they slope up away from the hinges. (§4) When constructing this type of door the following steps should be followed: 1) assemble the battens so that they are the right size for the door. 2) glue the tongues and grooves together. 3) screw or nail the battens to the ledges. 4) cut out and fit the braces between the ledges. 5) nail the battens to the braces. This type of door does not have any special woodworking joints. Making a framed, braced, and battened door (§5) This door is stronger than the ledged, braced and battened door because the battens are set inside a timber frame (Figure 6.3).The framed, braced, and batteneddoor consists of these pieces: 1) battens that form the surface of the door; 2) a frame with a head rail, bottom rail and two stiles; 3) a ledge; 4) braces. (§6) The basic steps for constructing this type of door are to: 1) cut and assemble the pieces of the frame to fit the door size; 2) insert the head and bottom rail into recesses in the stiles; 3) fit the braces; 4) nail the battens on the braces and stile.
(§7) The other examples of doors are flush doors and panelled doors. Flush doors have no projections or recesses on either surface of the door. These doors are usually made of large sheets of plywood or hardboard. They may have glazed panels to allow in some light. Panelled doors are suitable for internal and external use. They are made from solid timber frames with solid or glazed panels.
Assignments: E) weather resistance F) fire resistance G) operation 1) External doors need a minimum gap of 2 mm for free movement. This gap should be sealed with suitable draught and water excluders to make the door weather-resistant. 2) The security of a door depends on the materials used, the quality of the frame and the ironmongery. Internal doors only need to provide minimum security, for example, a bathroom door might be fitted with a simple lock. External doors need to be constructed to high specifications and fitted with high-security locks. 3) Internal doors that separate spaces are usually made of materials that prevent the rapid spread of fire. They are also heavy enough to be self-closing. 4) Heavier doors provide better sound insulation. 5) Solid doors are most private. If some light is needed while retaining privacy, then obscure glass should be fitted. 6) Doors can swing on hinges fixed to door frames. Spring-loaded latches usually hold doors closed. The doors are normally opened with knobs or levers. 7) Doors are in constant use. Their construction should be strong enough to withstand considerable activity. A door should not fall off the edge fixed to a frame under its own weight. External doors should be able to resist climatic extremes, which can cause the shape to warp. 7 You’ve misheard the information from the previous assignment. Make it more exact, putting questions: Example: A: The security of a door depends on the materials used, the quality of the frame and the ironmongery. B: What does the security of a door depend on? WORD LIST
“Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context— a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan.” Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (architect) Unit 8 THIN-FILM INSULATION Insulating nanocoatings can also be applied as thin films to glass and fabrics. Masa Shade Curtains, for example, are fiber sheets coated with a nanoscale stainless steel film. Thanks to 5)_____ steel's ability to absorb infrared rays, these curtains are able to block out sunlight, 6) _____ room temperatures in summer by 2-3º C more than conventional products, and reduce electrical expenses for air conditioning, according to 7) _____ claims. SELF-CLEANING COATINGS Self-cleaning surfaces have become a reality thanks to photocatalytic coatings containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles initiate photocatalysis, a process by which dirt is broken down by 8) _____ to the sun’s ultraviolet rays and washed away by rain. Volatile organic compounds are 9) _____ into carbon dioxide and water. Today’s self-cleaning surfaces are made by 10) _____ a thin nanocoating film, painting a nanocoating on, or integrating nanoparticles into the surface layer of a substrate material. Self-cleaning facade systems can be found in the Jubilee Church in Rome by Richard Meier and Partners (Fig. 8.4.), the Marunouchi Building in downtown Tokyo, the General Hospital in Carmarthen, UK, and Herzog & de Meuron’s Bond Street Apartment Building in New York. | CURRENT PRINT VARY USE STAIN LOW MANUFACTURE EXPOSE OXIDIZE APPLY |
9Group work: choose five questions from the list below, find and presentinformation:
1. Whatis " greenbuilding"?
2. What makes a building " green"?
3. What are the benefits of green building?
4. How is green building related to smart growth and sustainable development?
5. How do buildings affect natural resources?
6. How do buildings affect climate change?
7. What is the history of green building?
8. What building types can be green?
9. What are the examples of a green building in the area you live in?
10. How to I incorporate green building concepts into home?
11. Is there federal or state legislation related to green buildings?
12. What are the economic benefits of green or sustainable building and development?
13. Are green buildings more expensive to construct and operate?
14. Where can one find more information about the components of green building, like energy efficiency or reduced waste? "
15. What standards exist for green building?
WORD LIST
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