The most commonly used materials are steel, concrete, stone, wood and brick. They differ in hardness, durability and fire-resistance.

Wood is the most ancient structural material. It is light, cheap and easy to work. But wood has certain disadvantages: it burns and decays.

Stone belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by men. It is characteristic of many properties. They are mechanical strength, compactness, porosity, sound and heat insulation and fire- resistance.

Bricks were known many thousands of years ago. They are examples of artificial building materials.

Concrete is referred to as one of the most important building materials. Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, crushed stone and water.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

All building materials are divided into three main groups:

Main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals.

Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement.

Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we use secondary materials.

Natural building materials are: stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials.

property structural purpose hard (hardness) durable (durability) fire resistant (fire resistance) fasten ancient light disadvantage burn decay strength artificial refer require equipment turn add beauty divide main timber lime secondary auxiliary bear join plane

Свойство строительный цель твердый (твердость) прочный, долговечный (прочность) огнестойкий, огнеупорный скреплять древний легкий недостаток гореть, сжигать гнить прочность искусственный относиться требовать оборудование зд. обращаться добавлять красота разделить основной строительный лес известь вторичный вспомогательный, дополнительный поддерживать, подпирать соединять плоскость

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ “BUILDING MATERIALS”

I. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское:

1. сharacteristic 2. compactness 3. porosity 4. concrete 5. industry 6. manufacture 7. combine 8. characteristics 9. modern

oтличительный, типичный плотность, компактность пористая структура бетон промышленность производство соединять, сочетать характерная особенность, свойство современный

10. rock 11. gypsum 12. cement 13. interior 14. structure 15. finish 16. natural 18. clay

горная порода, камень гипс цемент внутренняя часть помещения конструкция, сооружение отделка природный глина, глинозем

II. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца

1. structural material meet requirements commonly used materials mechanical strength sound insulation heat insulation artificial building materials crushed stone come into general use skilled labour insulating properties binding materials interior parts of the building bearing structures interior finish clay products

изоляционные свойства отделка внутреннего помещения здания работа, требующая высокой квалификации вяжущие материалы искусственные строительные материалы щебень удовлетворять требованиям строительный материал несущие конструкции широко используемые материалы звукоизоляция внутренние части здания механическая прочность изделия из глины теплоизоляция стали широко использоваться

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TIMBER

Timber is the most ancient structural material. In comparison with steel timber is lighter, cheaper, easier to work and its mechanical properties are good. On the other hand, timber has certain disadvantages. First, it burns and is therefore unsuitable for fireproof buildings. Second, it decays.

At present an enormous amount of timber is employed for a vast number of purposes. In building timber is used too.

Timber is a name applied to the cut material derived from trees. Timber used for building purposes is divided into two groups: softwoods and hardwoods. Hardwoods are chiefly used for decorative purposes, as for panelling, veneering in furniture, and some of them are selected for structural use because of their high strength and durability, in modern construction timber is often used for window and door frames, flooring, fences and gates, wallplates, for temporary building and unpainted internal woodwork.

Timber cannot be used for either carpenters' or joiners' work immediately it has been felled because of the large amount of sap which it contains. Elimination of this moisture increases the strength, durability and resilience of timber.

1. unsuitable 2. employ = apply 3. vast 4. derive 5. veneer 6. floor 7. wall plates 8. temporary 9. carpenter 10. joiner 11. immediately 12. fall (fell) 13. sap 14. contain 15. moisture 16. remove 17. shrink 18. excessively 19. cause 20. eliminate 21. increase 22. resilience

Неподходящий применять, использовать огромный, обширный получать обшивать фанерой, облицовывать пол, настил, межэтажное перекрытие; настилать пол стеновая плита временный плотник столяр сразу же зд. рубить сок; живица содержать, вмещать влага убирать, удалять сокращаться, давать усадку чрезмерно причина, являться причиной, вызывать удалять, устранять увеличивать упругость, эластичность

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ “TIMBER”

I. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское:

Structural строительный

Mechanical механический

Derive получать

Decorative декоративный

Panel обшивать панели листами

Furniture мебель

Select выбирать

Modern construction современное строительство

Defect дефект, неисправность, повреждение

Tendency тенденция

II. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца

fireproof buildings mechanical properties number of purposes cut material decorative purposes structural use high strength window frame door frame internal woodwork hardwoods softwoods

древесина хвойных пород внутренние плотничные(столярные) работы срубленный материал несколько целей твердая древесина использование в конструкциях оконная рама высокая прочность механические свойства огнестойкие здания дверной порог декоративные цели

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STONE

Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days. Almost of all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and Renaissance periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were erected of stone masonry. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, bin in other places stone was preferred because of its durability.

The stones which are usually used for masonry work are as follows:

1) Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be gray yellow pink or deep red.

2) Sandstone. Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material.

Thus, there are different kinds of sandstones. Many sandstones are exceptionally hard and are selected for steps, sills etc. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark colour. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

3) Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes

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