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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Abutments, tricky, scaffolding, unstable, strength
11. Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have great natural_________. 12. One technique is to build elaborate ____________below the spans to support them until they meet. 13. These supports, called the_________, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out. 14. Constructing an arch bridge can be________, since the structure is completely ________until the two spans meet in the middle. Translate the words and word combinations into English: 15. компенсировать недостатки 16. преднапряженный бетон 17. выдерживать давление 18. в соответствии с Match the words and their definitions:
22. It is worth _______that there was a transition from half-circular arches to shorter arches and ellipses. a) notice b) noticing c) noticed d) notices 23. With the emergence of the Renaissance and modern times, the buildings of bridges _________ again. a) appeared b) disappeared c) blossomed d) flourished 24. With _______ to large spans, it is also the utilization of the tensile strength of steel in bridges that makes this feasible. a) concern b) regards c) respect d) referring Translate the words into Russian: 25. arch compression line 26. tensile strength 27. truss bridge 28. erect Match the following phrases to make them complete:
Match the words with a similar meaning:
ENGLISH IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT. UNIT 1. CREATIVITY. Vocabulary challenge – вызов innovative – инновационный imaginative – образный perspective – перспектива radical – радикальный thinking – мышление traditional – традиционный Creative people have innovativeideas for new products, find imaginativeways to sell. People are creative when they have new ideas, which challengethe traditionalways of thinking. Creativity is important in every field of business that why creative thinkinghelps to solve problems. Try to look at a problem from a different perspective; it can help you to find a radical solution. Every business people think that creativity is only important in marketing or advertising. But it’s just as important in engineering, for example.In today’s business word, there‘s a lot competition so you have to do something different – something no one else is doing. It is the people in the company who make the difference.Your competition can copy your products, but they cannot copy your people. The old thinking was that only some people are creative. However, everyone can be creative – just in different ways. There are two types of people. Adaptors are careful and realistic.They look after the details. They are important for making improvements in the day-to-day running of the business. For example, they may find ways to reduce product faults innovators are people who want radical changes.They like to challenge the normal way of doing things and are happy to take risk. These people are important to a company when things are changing.But they are not team players and they usually hate meeting. Therefore, it may be hard for them to work together with the adaptors. People can only be creative in the right environment. It is essential for managers to encourage their staff to make suggestions and be ready to try new things.To be a creative leader, you have to take risks and accept the possibility of failure. Answer the questions according to the text: 1. In what fields of business is creativity especially important? 2. Why is it so important for companies to do something different? 3. How can companies be different? 4. Are some people more creative than others? 5. What can managers do to stimulate creativity? Exercises: 1) Choose the best word or phrase in italics to replace the words in bold. 1. The wood was a group of trees growing in a random way. planned / unplanned 2. The solution is not always obvious. hard to find / clear 3. He broke the window deliberately. accidentally / because he wanted to 4. She transformed the company. moved / changed 5. She created a thriving club. successful / popular 2) The verb “Look” can have different meanings when combined with different words. Match the verbs 1-5 with the meanings a-e.
3) Complete the dialogue with the following phrases.
- (A) The sales staff are selling many products, but it takes us too long to deliver the orders to the customer._________ to make the system more efficient? - (B) _________ took on more sales staff? - (A) _________. We have enough staff. The order processing system is not working well. - (C) _________ the sales reps carried laptops when they visited the customers? That way, they could enter orders immediately. - (B) Yes! _________, we could reduce the time it takes to transfer orders to the sales office. - (A) _________! 4) Choose the correct form of the verbs in italics. 1. If I think of any new ideas, I will / I would phone you. 2. If we had more time, we can / could do more careful research. 3. People would be more creative if they were not / would not be so stressed. 4. If we have / had a more exciting product, we would sell more. 5. People will buy the product if we make / made it more exciting. 6. Will / Would companies be more innovative if they encouraged more discussion? 7. If we do not / did not take risks sometimes, we would never make any progress. 8. What would we do if the venture failed / would fail? Choose the correct word. 1. This _______shows the increase in oil prices over the last ten years. a) workforce b) development c) graph d) strategy 2. If you need more information, _________ the company website. a) browse b) collect c) share d) store 3. The new product did not sell well and the company lost _______ to its competitors. a) distribution b) demand c) market share D finance 4. The new technology is good, but the company needs a lot of _________ to develop it. a) budget b) opportunity c) potential d) finding References: Adapted from Christine Johnson «Intelligent Business» Longman, Pearson Education Limited, 2006, p.85. UNIT 2. LOCATION. Vocabulary advantages – преимущества (to) consider – учитывать currency – валюта government – правительство inflation – инфляция shipping facilities – услуги доставки The main aim of a business is a location. Every company wants to set up an office in a new location, because it is an important factor for its growth – t o be near regional markets, for example – it needs to be sure that the region has good infrastructure and a stable economy. Some governments offer low taxes to attract companies to set up in developing regions. After deciding on the region or city for the new office, the company then has to find a good site for its premises. Before setting up an office in another country, you will need to do quite a lot to research. There are a number of things to consider. To start with, you want to be sure that the country has a strong economy. In addition, that means low inflation and a stable currency. If the prospects for growth are good, then so much the better. Then you need to consider other factors. For example, does the location have a good infrastructure – a modern airport, good roads and perhaps shipping facilities if you need them? Moreover, the third main area to research is the financial side. How much will it cost to rent office space? Does the government of the region offer special encouragement to foreign business such as low taxation? If the local government has a positive attitude to foreign business and the costs are low, then obviously these are going to be big advantages. Answer the questions according to the text: 1. What does a company want in a new location? 2. Do some governments offer low taxes? 3. Why do you want to be sure in a strong economy? 4. Why does the location must have a good infrastructure? 5. What advantages does the local government have? Exercises: 1) Match the Russian and English equivalents. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
2) Which location is best for each of the business activities 1-5? Choose from the list a-e
3) Choose the correct option a-c to complete the text Washington is a leading business 1) _______. It has a 2) _______ economy. International trade plays a key role in the 3) _______ of the city. The country exports many products through its historic 4) ________. Many international banks have their 5) ________ offices here.
4) Use the prompts to make sentences using the present continuous. 1. They/ expand / their factory? 2. The market / get /more competitive 3. How much / she / offer? 4. He / not / have / lunch at the moment 5. We / not / increase / our prices 5) Match the questions with the answers a-f 1. Have you ever visited Australia? a) I went to Melbourne and Brisbane 2. When did you go there? b) Yes, I have. I went to Perth on business 3. What other cities did you go to? c) Yes, I worked in Mexico in 2007 4. Have you been to the Cape Town office? d) For a year 5. Have you ever worked in a different country? e) I went last month. References: Adapted from Christine Johnson «Intelligent Business» Longman, Pearson Education Limited, 2006, p.85. UNIT 3. PRICE. Vocabulary competition – конкуренция (to) develop – развивать (to) improve – улучшать (to) increase – увеличить profit margin – прибыль quality product – качество продукции target customers – целевые клиенты The most difficult challenge for the company is to set the price. A lower price way help to increase sales, but it also reduces the profit margin. Studying the trends can help companies to choose the right pricing strategy for their products. As a result, the company may have to cut costs to keep prices down. We often use graphs to show trends in prices over months or years. Price is important to everyone. Companies spend a lot of time deciding how to set prices. They often do not choose the best method of pricing their products. They can have a huge impact on profitability. A study of 2, 400 companies showed what happened when they followed one of three strategies. The first strategy was to reduce costs by one per cent; the second was to increase the volume of sales by one per cent; and the third was to increase all their prices by one per cent. The companies who reduced their costs improved profitability by 2, 3 per cent. The companies who increased their volume of sales also had an increase in profitability – of 3, 3 per cent. The companies who increased their prices saw the biggest increase, with profits increased by as much as 11 per cent. So how companies should set the price for a product? One method is a simple ‘cost-plus’ strategy. You calculate what it costs to produce an item and they you add the profit margin you would like to have. That is your price. Another method is to find out what your customers are ready to spend on that product. Then you set the price to match. Third way is to look at the competition. You see what your competitors are asking for the same kind of product and you set your price at about the same, or lower if you want to be competitive. Pricing is difficult to get right and companies have to think carefully about the different factors. For example, ask: Who are your target customers and is price important for them? A second question is: What kind of product or service are you selling? Because if It is a quality product or a special service that no one else can offer, then asking a lower price will not help your sales. Pricing should be part of your plan. You should not develop a product and then say: ‘OK, now let’s think of a price.’ Answer the questions according to the text: 1. Is it difficult for companies to set the price of a product? Why? 2. What can help companies to choose the right pricing strategy for their products? 3. Why do companies spend a lot of time deciding how to set prices? 4. Who are your target customers and is price important for them? 5. How should companies set the price for a product? Exercises: 1) Match the Russian and English equivalent. Make up the sentences with these words and word combinations:
2) Make sentences about the future using the present continuous. 1. You / visit / Berlin office / next week? 2. I / not meet / Carl this evening. 3. The Ranglaw company / open / an office / Bonn next year? 4. Layla and Josh / not travel / to Australia / plane. 5. Martina / look / at the new designs this afternoon? 6. What time / your client / arrive / tomorrow evening? 7. We / give / the presentation / in a fortnight. 3) Match the words 1-6 from the article with the meanings a-f.
4) Which of the following words best fills each of the gaps below? You will have to use one of the words twice.
1. I am afraid I did not understand what you said. Can you….it another way? 2. I think there is a mistake in these figures. We will have to……… the calculation again 3. They decided not to go ahead with the management buy-out, It was too big a risk to … 4. Companies are in business to………….profits. 5. Thanks for the meeting. It has been a pleasure to…...business with you. 5) Underline the noun that does not belong in each group
References: Adapted from Christine Johnson «Intelligent Business» Longman, Pearson Education Limited, 2006, p.85. UNIT 4. RISK Vocabulary cash flow – денежный поток explosion – взрыв flood – наводнение hazard – опасность impact – влияние increased competition – возросшая конкуренция instance – экземпляр, пример power failure – сбой питания stakeholders – акционеры, заинтересованные стороны supply – снабжение, обеспечение Firstly the risk of simply doing nothing. Another type of risk is what`s called credit or guarantee risk. There is also political risk and a final example I`d like to give is the risk of catastrophe or other disruption happening to a business. Risk management has undoubtedly moved up the corporate agenda in recent years. You began to understand the complex nature of business risk in the 21st century, e.g.: fires, floods, explosions, power failures, terrorism that have the biggest impact. Risk can be categories into four types. Firstly, operational risk, for example, regulatory non-compliance, supply chain failure, or failure of governance within an organization. Secondly, financial risk. For instance, cash flow, credit or exchange risks. Thirdly, hazards. For instance safeguarding the health and safety of employees and the public, natural events and consequent business interruption impact. Finally, strategic risks, for instance, market changes, increased competition, or failure to adapt or change by an organization. Five key steps to effective risk management: Firstly, be clear about your own organization’s objectives. Secondly, identify and describe the risk to those objectives. Thirdly, evaluate and rank the risk mapping the likelihood of occurrence against potential consequences. Fourthly, take action to deal with the highest-ranking risk. Finally, reporting on both inherent and residual risks to the organization’s key stakeholders. Answer the questions according to the text: 1. What four types of risk do you know? 2. Can you explain five key steps of effective risk management? 3. What has moved up the corporate in recent years? 4. Who has the biggest impact? 5. What examples of financial risk do you know? Exercises: 1) Match these halves of sentences from newspaper extracts
2) Match the follow word partnerships as they appear in the article.
3) Complete these dialogues with a suitable adverb. 1. «What were your results like last year»? 2. «How was the launch of your new product»? 3. «Do you really think we should try to enter that new market»? 4. «What did you think of the presentations»? 5. «Are you confident about those sales projections»? 4) Supply the missing vowels in these adjectives, which can all be used to describe risk(s). Small Big 1. sl_ght 1. h_g_ 2. n_gl_g_bl_ 2. gr__t 3. f__nt 3. s_bst_nt__l 4. r_m_t_ 4. s_gn_f_c_nt 5) Complete the sentences with a suitable phrase from the box.
1. Management had ………… the staff mood on the new regulations and certainly did not expect a strike. 2. The airline was … for failing to respond to the needs of the victims’ families. 3. The public was … by the pharmaceutical company`s arrogant attitude and its refusal to admit its fatal mistake. 4. The participants … the promotional presentation and seemed mesmerized by the speaker. References: “Market Leader” by David Cotton, David Falvey, Simon Kent, Person-Longman, 2009, p.161 UNIT 5.TEAM BUILDING. Vocabulary all-important – крайне важный approach – подход betterment – благо, улучшение contribution – личный вклад (не денежный) development – развитие (to) encourage – поощрять, поддерживать high performing – высокопроизводительный knowledge – знание profit – прибыль revenue – доход (годовой доход) A good team player has the key to success. How good a team player you are and how well you share your knowledge with your colleagues is the all-important factor in growing your career today. It is not always easy to be a good team member and compromise your own views for the good of the whole, but it works for the betterment of the company. Research into high-performing team’s shows that each member cares for the development of his teammates. Indeed, the success of individual managers depends on how well that managers’ team or team’s improve in quality and productivity on a continuous basis. The most effective teams are able to solve complex problems more easily than one person is. Teams soon develop a clear problem-solving approach that can be applied repeatedly as long as their leader initially creates a common purpose and vision, pointing the team in the right direction. Why is team building important in an organization? If you want to be successful in business, everyone in the organization must work together to increase revenue, maximize profits and keep cost down. It is important to have in your organization a corporate culture that encourages teamwork. Members of a team must feel that their contribution to the organization is recognized and valued by the management. Answer the questions according to the text: 1. What is the all-important factor in growing career today? 2. On what does depend the success of individual managers? 3. Is it true that one person is able to solve complex problems more easily than a team? 4. What must do everyone in your organization if you want to be successful in missions? 5. What must feel members of a team? Exercises: 1) Use your knowledge to perform these exercises Match the prefixes of the words 1-10 to their meanings.
2) Complete the text below using some of the words in Exercise 1 in the correct form. Our company went through a difficult period a few years ago. Bad decisions were taken which caused us to lose a lot of money. Because the company had been ……………1, the chief executive had to resign. Last year, we merged with a much larger company. During the ………2 period our future strategy was discussed. It was decided that we could consider becoming a more global organization with a strong presence in Europe. Most of us were ……………3, we liked the idea of expanding into Europe. Indeed our ………4 had been strongly in favour of doing this. However, the two new board members were strongly against the idea but never said so openly. I think this was very ……………5. Instead, they behaved in an ……………6 manner during meetings. For example, they would be ……………7, raising stupid objections if someone came up with a good idea. Because the meetings were so unproductive, the Board of Directors got cold feet and asked us to ……………8 the decision to expand into Europe. 3) Discuss the following statements. 1. A team always needs a leader. 2. A team should change its leader regularly. 3. Tension between team members makes a team more effective. 4. Teams need people with similar personalities in order to succeed. 4) Complete the missing letters in the following words. Which of these qualities do you possess that would be useful when working in a team?
5) Answer these questions. 1. Do you have any other qualities that would be useful for a team? 2. What would you find difficult about working in a team? 3. If you were a team leader, how would you get your team members to co-operate? References: “Market Leader” by David Cotton, David Falvey, Simon Kent, Person-Longman, 2009, p.164 Watch the video and discuss it in class: http: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=bpVAkX0pORU http: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=GJOHogPQYVk TEST 1. Creative people _____ innovative ideas for new products. a) were b) include c) have d) consist 2. Creativity ___ only important in market. a) isn’t b) is c) was d) had 3. Adaptors ___ careful and realistic. a) are b) is c) were d) full 4. People _____ only be creative in the right environment. a) must b) can c) have to be d) should 5. In what fields of business ____ creativity especially important? a) is b) are c) do d) does 6. How can companies ____ different? a) be b) should be c) will d) must be 7. ____ some people more creative than others? a) is b) aren’t c) does d) are 8. Every company wants to _____ an office in a new location. a) set up b) get c) take d) organize 9. ______ governments offer low taxes. a) any b) all c) nothing d) some Translate the words into Russian: 10. Currency - 11. Encouragement - 12. Attitude – Check True or False: 13. The third main area to research is the financial side. a) T b) F 14. The most difficult challenge for the company is to set the price. a) T b) F 15. Price is not important to everyone. a) T b) F 16. Another method is to find out what your customers are not ready to spend on than product a) T b) F Fill in the gaps with necessary words: |
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