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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the Participles.⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 15 из 15
1. The existing individual machines for track maintenance are being combined together, forming complex machine systems. 2. The ballast bed fulfils important functions as the binding element between sleepers and substructure. 3. The loads of the trains having been distributed by the ballast bed onto the track substructure were not uniform. 4. The maintenance crew can perform this work highly efficiently using ballast bed cleaning machines. 5. Being very elastic, the ballast bed withstands the dynamic impacts. 6. The fouling having occurred under normal operational loads was caused by the broken off edges of the ballast stones, settlement of the stones and friction processes. 7. The increased proportion of fines reduces the elasticity of the track, the water permeability and the durability of the track geometry. 8. Large oscillating screens with several screening levels ensure optimum quality of the cleaned ballast. 9. The wastes left behind from the ballast cleaning are passed into a spoil conveyer and transport system. 10. The ballast being cleaned at the moment will be returned to the track directly behind the excavating chain. References: http: //www.plassertheurer.com/pdf/aktuell/aktuell43126en_08.pdf - pp.30, 31 UNIT 5. TRACK RENEWAL AND TRACK REHABILITATION OPERATIONS Vocabulary. accuracy – точность arduous – трудный, тяжёлый careful handling – бережная транспортировка continuous assembly line – action – непрерывная конвейерная работа cost-efficiency – рентабельность, эффективность затрат cyclic action – цикличная работа expenditure – издержки, расходы double flange – двойная реборда колеса high output – высокая производительность hydrostatic drive – гидростатический привод by manual labour – вручную (to) pre-deposit – предварительно укладывать precise placement – точная укладка rear – задняя, хвостовая часть sleeper exchanger – шпалозаменяющая машина subsequent costs – последующие затраты track rehabilitation – реконструкция, ремонт железнодорожного пути track renewal – замена рельсового пути work area – рабочая зона The good functioning of the railway track depends upon the condition of the individual components such as rails and sleepers. Defective parts must be replaced in good time in order to avoid high subsequent costs. In the past, these material-intensive and arduous tasks were carried out by manual labour, but today these are performed using powerful machines. Mechanized track renewal methods help to reduce costs as well as to achieve high quality. The machines designed for track renewal operations allow conducting this work either in complex continuous assembly-line action or in compact cyclic action. Track rehabilitation using the continuous-action assembly-line method has proven to be the most cost-efficient method of work. The entire supply of new sleepers and rails within the track being laid is fully mechanized operation. Accuracy and high working speed are the outstanding features of this technique. Other advantages are the careful handling of the material, particularly the rails, and better preparation of the subsoil (sleeper bed). The new rails are pre-deposited next to the tracks. The new sleepers are supplied from the rear over the newly laid track. The absolutely accurate and automatic laying of the sleepers, as well as the installation of the new rails, goes like clockwork - in one shift of about four hours almost 1, 000 metres of track can be laid. Sometimes the application of cyclic track renewal method is much more reasonable. Laying track in cyclic method is an easy and compact single-sleeper laying process. The sleepers are pre-deposited between work area and sleeper transport wagon. Cyclic action single sleeper exchanger is capable to pick up and carry 20 concrete sleepers or 24 wooden sleepers at a time. Wheels are equipped with double flanges and hydrostatic drive. The machine can achieve the maximum self-propelled speed of up to 22 km/h. In the course of operation, the laying unit picks up sleepers with the help of two horizontally extending angle sections. Electronic measuring sensor for sleeper spacing is responsible for precise placement of sleepers. Sleepers are laid exact to the millimetre. The evident advantages of the modern cyclic action machines are simple electronic hydraulic sequence control, one-man-operation process, relative high output and cost-efficiency: 20 concrete sleepers are laid in 100 seconds. Answer the questions according to the text: 1. In what case and why is it necessary to conduct track renewal works? 2. Is the task of railway renewal a simple one? 3. Why have the mechanized track rehabilitation methods become popular? 4. What are the contemporary techniques for mechanized track rehabilitation operations? The machine types involved into each of them differ considerably, don’t they? 5. What are the advantages of continuous assembly-line track renewal method? 6. What are the operational features of continuous action track renewal machines? 7. When is the cyclic track renewal method preferred? 8. What are the operational peculiarities of the cyclic action track renewal machines? Exercises: 1) Match the words with the definitions! Make up sentences with the given words!
2) Divide up into two groups! Try to name as many words as you can to the semantic field “Track renewal”! Score the points! Example: cosmonaut, spacious, to orbit – belong to the semantic field of “space”. 3) Translate into English! Реконструкция железнодорожного пути, проводить работы по замене пути, зависеть от состояния отдельных элементов, заменять изношенные части, снижать расходы, достигать высокого качества, использовать физический труд, применяя комплексный непрерывный либо цикличный методы, подача новых шпал и рельсов, отличительные особенности данного метода, бережная доставка материала, более качественная подготовка основания пути, монтирование новых рельсов, колёса с двойными ребордами, в ходе работ, отвечать за точное размещение шпал, укладывать с точностью до миллиметра, очевидные преимущества, относительно высокая производительность и рентабельность. 4) Grammar Review: Gerund
Example: to renew the track: renewing, having renewed, being renewed, having been renewed. To rehabilitate the line, to avoid high costs, to carry out with powerful machines, to apply contemporary techniques, to supply sleepers and rails, to prepare the subsoil, to install the new rails, to lay exact to the millimetre, to achieve the maximum speed, to guarantee high quality, to provide high output. 5) Open brackets! Use the Gerund! Translate the sentences into Russian! 1. Careful _________ (to handle) of the material is of great importance. 2. The brigade left the site without _______ (to finish) the work. 3. The maintenance engineers spent three days ________ (to analyze) the survey data. 4. Our task was ________ (to pre-deposit) the sleepers. 5. We heard engineers ________ (to argue) about the most suitable maintenance technique on this section. 6. He was proud of ________ (to win) the match. 7. He likes __________ (to appoint) team-leader. 8. They suspected the man of ________ (to steal) last night the device. 9. On this railway line with special geological structure it was worth while ________ (to apply) the latest machinery with GPS-sensors. 10. The maintenance team reported all the works _________ (to finish) in time. 11. We were interested in ________ (to test) the products of Kaluga Track Machine Works. 12. Would you mind ________ (to shut) a window? I hate ________ (to sit) in a draught. 6) Watch the videos about two types of track renewal machines. Discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as the preference of their usage in different situations. Points to compare: cost-effectiveness, quality, output, size, user-friendliness. References: http: //www.plassertheurer.com/en/machines-systems/track-renewal-laying.html TEST 1. A rail track maintenance worker is responsible ___________ the tunnels, railways, bridges and track side equipment. a) looking for b) talking about c) repairing and maintaining d) going through 2. An experience in the ________________ or construction engineering will be of great use. a) automobile engineering b) local customs and traditions c) striking up an acquaintance d) civil engineering 3. Before starting your training, you need to pass a ______________ of your color vision, eyesight, general fitness and hearing. a) examination b) medical test c) face control d) intelligence quotient test 4. Safety is serious to this job, and your company will give you ___________ such as a hard hat and protection boots. a) formal suit b) military dress c) protective clothing d) pursuit 5. Qualified maintenance team is performing site survey ____________ the maintenance requirements to track section. a) to recognize b) to have recognized c) to be recognized d) to have been recognized 6. The track section is reported _________________ for defects by making use of combination of equipment check and eyesight. a) to examine b) to have been examined c) to be examining d) to have examined 7. Track maintenance staff with managerial or examination duties can ___________ up to £ 30, 000 a year. a) pay b) to pay c) to have paid d) be paid 8. To meet the demands of high-speed railway lines track maintenance technologies are developed continuously and include nowadays _________ as well as basic stages. a) initial b) final c) preliminary d) peripheral 9. Before any track maintenance work can be carried out, a survey of the actual _____________ has to be made. a) track geometry parametres b) setting parametres c) environmental problems d) number of factors 10. On a great number of high-speed railway lines these operations are completed not manually but with the help of ________________. a) high-precision instruments b) live stock c) electronic track survey cars d) global network navigator 11. The ______________ and the calculated correction values contribute to the right coordination of the further maintenance stages. a) high speed b) recorded data c) clockwise adjustment d) coordinated team 12. The engineering team ____________ recently a new cost-effective track survey technology. a) is developing b) have been testing c) was developed d) has tested 13. The survey car ____________ by the end of the shift longitudinal level and alignment of the track. a) is recording b) was recorded c) had recorded d) will have been recorded 14. Last year he costs of mechanized surveying __________ to one fifth compared to the manual method. a) have reduced b) had reduced c) are reducing d) will be reduced 15. The preliminary analysis of the line network state having been carried out, the ____________ of high speed railway track starts. a) survey b) construction c) actual maintenance d) deterioration 16. A range of maintenance processes must be coordinated efficiently to guarantee the high work output, the best quality of work and, ultimately, _______________. a) high value b) additional investments c) a number of investigations d) the cost-efficiency 17. At higher speeds ___________ in track geometry stimulate the railway vehicle bodies with critical frequencies. a) correct values b) deteriorations c) necessary settlements d) various factors 18. Today it is state-of-the-art in track construction and maintenance to use _________________. a) a group of machines b) hard manual work c) individual machines d) a single tamping machine 19. Faults in track geometry e.g. frequencies in the range of between 0.5 to 10 Hz must ______________. a) eliminate b) have eliminated c) be eliminated d) have been eliminating 20. The track geometry __________ through a continuous-action leveling, lining and tamping machine. a) will correct b) is correcting c) has corrected d) will have been corrected 21. A uniform settlement ____________ with the dynamic track stabilizer. a) was produced b) are being produced c) will have produced d) produces 22. The primary task of the ballast bed is providing a uniform transmission of the traffic load from ______________. a) the rolling stock to the passengers b) the engine to the wheels c) the rail to the substructure d) the substructure to the soil 23. The clean ballast enables a high resistance of the ____________to longitudinal and lateral displacement. a) rails b) sleepers c) subsoil d) dynamic stress 24. The ballast bed containing too many fine particles reduces the bearing strength, elasticity and _____________. a) spoil disposal b) ballast crowning c) soiling d) water drainage. 25. Ballast bed cleaning is a ________ process. a) unique b) complex c) simple d) low-cost 26. Regular ballast bed cleaning can be performed highly efficiently _________ complex ballast bed cleaning machines. a) using b) having been used c) being used d) used 27. The ballast matter is sorted by a __________ screening unit. a) vibrate b) vibrator c) vibrations d) vibrating 28. At the final stage the material conveyer and hopper units __________ at the end of the machine add new ballast where it is necessary. a) coupling b) couple c) coupled d) having coupled 29. ____________ track renewal methods help to reduce costs as well as to achieve high quality. a) Mechanized b) Manual c) Low-speed d) Short-term 30. Defective rails and sleepers must be replaced in good time in order to avoid __________. a) preliminary discussion b) introduction of new techniques c) additional recruitment d) high subsequent costs 31. Accuracy and high working speed are the outstanding features ____________. a) manual method b) continuous assembly-line method c) cyclic method d) appropriate planning 32. Laying track in cyclic method is ____________ single-sleeper laying process. a) a complex and high-cost b) the latest innovative c) a safe and low-cost d) an easy and compact 33. The machines designed for track renewal operations allow __________ this work either in complex continuous assembly-line action or in compact cyclic action. a) conduct b) conducting c) conducted d) being conducted 34. Other advantages of this innovation are the careful __________ of the material, particularly the rails, and better preparation of the subsoil (sleeper bed). a) having handled b) being handled c) handling d) having been handled 35. The maintenance team reported all the works _________ in time. a) A having been finished b) B finishing c) C finish d) D are finishing KEYS ENGLISH IN BRIDGE ENGINEERING 1. b 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. водосточный желоб, водосток 6. среди, в числе 7. выдающийся 8. a 9. b 10. b 11. strength 12. scaffolding 13. abutments 14. tricky, unstable 15. compensate for limitation 16. pre-stressed concrete 17. withstand compression 18. according to 19. c 20. a 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. c 25. компрессионная линия 26. предел прочности на разрыв 27. мост со сквозными фермами 28. строить 29. a 30. c 31. b 32. b 33. d 34. a 35. c ENGLISH IS BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
ENGLISH IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION 1. c 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. b 6. play 7. didn’t cook 8. walked 9. haven’t danced 10. travelled 11. дегазация, дегазировать 12. недра, подпочва 13. удалять 14. фундамент 15. мастер участка 16. better 17. louder 18. the tallest 19. closer 20. more attractive 21. chessom 22. dig 23. boulder 24. crow-bar 25. shovel 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. c 30. a 31. a 32. b 33. a 34. b 35. a ENGLISH IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING 1. The side ditch may contribute to the drainage of the subgrade because of from the side ditch inner slopes. 2. The sub-base is a layer of earth or stone materials, resistant to moisture, inserted when necessary between the pavement base and the roadbed. 3. Road construction techniques gradually improved by the study of road traffic, stone thickness, road alignment, and slope gradients. 4. Construction management is aimed at meeting a client's requirement in order to produce a functionally and financially viable project. 5. The bottom layer should be a rich bottom mix, a specially designed mix packed with asphalt cement that is basically indestructible, and therefore highly resistant to cracking. 6. b 7. e 8. d 9. a 10. c 11. false. A side ditch is used to collect the water from the roadside. 12. false. The sub-base is a layer of earth or stone materials, resistant to moisture, inserted when necessary between the pavement base and the roadbed. 13. false. The Romans built stone paved road. 14. true 15. false. Using asphalt to reduce noise levels makes more sense than constructing sound wall barriers 16. cross-section 17. vehicle 18. deforestation 19. recycled materials 20. embankment 21. Water from the adjoining land is generally collected by the side ditch too. 22. The sub-base also reduces the required thickness of the pavement base. 23. The earthworks were prepared carefully. 24. Construction management techniques are helpful. 25. Superpave asphalt mixes resist cracking. 26. c) drainage 27. a) vehicle 28. b) geographic obstacles 29. b) scheduling 30. c) to deteriorate 31. a 32. c 33. a 34. c 35. c ENGLISH IN COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN. 1. to communicate with 2. operating systems 3. bitmaps 4. chips 5. time-sharing 6. 1) d 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) c 7. true 8. false 9. false 10. false 11. true 12. launch 13. an increase 14. raster graphics 15. forecasts 16. in charge of 17. to assemble 18. launched 19. all computer users 20. fast development 21. multitasking 22. Do you need a computer web cam? 23. Do users have to memorize a lot of comments? 24. Are there two main categories: raster graphics and vector graphics? 25. Do you work as a principal engineer? 26. Do engineers devise various techniques for handling this problem? 27. Designers 28. similarly 29. memorize 30. tightly 31. concentration 32. emphasis on 33. launch 34. resolution 35. literally ENGLISH IN LAND CADASTER 1. b 2. true 3. b 4. 1) c 2) a 3) b 5. portfolio, transaction 6. There are several key requirements for a property functioning market. 7. a 8. market, land, legal, protect, system, beauty 9. true 10. 1) simplier, the simpliest 2) easier, the easiest 3) more reliable, the most reliable 4) more public, the most public 5) clearer, the clearest 6) more different, the most different 11. b 12. What is the problem for the town-planner? 13. know, live, in 14. 1c, 2a, 3b 15. b 16. a 17. does 18. true 19. important, framework, registration, planning 20. 1b 2a 3 c 21. b 22. b 23. a) y b) n c) o d) e e) i f) i 24. c 25. natural, political 26. The environmental problems are caused by industrial pollution 27. a 28. 1) a, 2) c, 3) b 29. a 30. a 31. 1) c. 2) a, 3) b 32. 1) a 2) an 3) an 4) the 33. 1) was 2) provided 3) defined 34. – little, good, bad, different, far 35. c ENGLISH IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT
ENGLISH IN RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION 1. reveal, live, awaited, arguably, facilities 2. bill 3. interview, uniform, idea, makes, using 4. true, true, false, false 5. 1) g 2) a 3) b 4) c 6. How many days are given for the rail industry exhibition show? 7. 1) i 2) a 3) a 4) u 5) o 8. ensuring, eagerly, warehouse, turnover, deny 9. Car 10. enough, a little, a few, lots of, any 11. True, true, true, false, false 12. 1) g 2) a 3) d 4) c 5) b 13. Do you know how we pronounce the word «Europe» in English? 14. 1) j 2) i 3) y 4) g 5) t 15. troops, volume, swung, billed, performance 16. «way» 17. have to, mustn’t, mustn’t, must, have to 18. true, false, false, true 19. 1) e 2) g 3) b 4) a 5) c 20. What groups are railway facilities divided into? 21. 1) u 2) e 3) o 4) o 5) r 22. consignor, arguably, freight, evacuees, power plant 23. sub-and super 24. has, is billed, are held, transported, declared 25. true, false, true 26. 1) g 2) a 3) e 4) b 5) c 27. What is container business for the international transport and logistics market 1) 2) r 3) e 4) a 5) c, 28. g 29. right of way, facilities, roadbed, terminal yard, master 30. 1) un 2) un 3) un 4) in 5) im 6) il 7) ir 31. are going, will be, told, returned, celebrate 32. true, true, false, true 33. 1) g 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) d 34. How much time does it take to transport cargo from Shanghai to Berlin? 35. 1) v 2) i 3) e 4) u 5) u ENGLISH IN RAILWAY MAINTENANCE
Английский язык в профессии Часть 2 Учебное пособие Под ред. Т.И. Лаловой, С.Г. Парастаевой, Е.А. Цаллаговой. Тех. редактор Е.А. Левит
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