GENERAL MOTORS’ ELECTRO-MOTIVE DIVISION EXPANDS IN EUROPE

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(1) General Motors’ Electro-Motive Division (EMD), United States, aims to increase its influence significantly in Europe’s diesel locomotives market during the next five years. General Motors’ EMD feels that it can become a stronger force in the European market, despite the presence of competitors who have the advantage of

possessing local manufacturing facilities.

(2) So far, EMD has pursued a relatively successful policy of forming partnerships with the manufacturers already based in Europe. As a result, GM-built locomotives now operate on rail networks in 19 countries. This includes a fleet of 400 locomotives in Britain and Ireland, comprising Class 59s supplied to the former British

Rail (BR), plus Class 66 locomotives which are currently being delivered to English Welsh & Scottish Railway (EWS).

(3) Additionally, the company has supplied 300 diesel locomotives to railways in the Scandinavian region, 600 in central and western Europe, and 400 in eastern Europe. Typically, most of these locomotives are built by local manufacturers under license to EMD.

(4) Contractual partnerships have meant that 75% of GM EMD-powered locomotives supplied to railway operators in Europe have been manufactured in alliance with associates. EMD expects to announce new orders soon under further partnership agreements. However, in the long term, the company says it will eventually be able to establish its own manufacturing bases in Europe.

(5) Mr Don Raih, the director of GM EMD’s international business division explained the company’s philosophy to IRJ (International Railway Journal), and outlined its plans for future development in the European market. He said: “ Our locomotive business is based on two key pillars – tailoring the technology to1 local needs, and working in partnership. In Europe, our business strategy focuses on providing innovative products, services, and financial solutions. Clearly, the market is changing rapidly with increasing commercialization and privatization. In addition, diesel lcoomotive fleets in Europe are getting old and reaching the stage where they have to be replaced. We have a long history of having our locomotives built under license in Europe, so we are well placed to continue to serve the market. In Britain, we already have a large fleet of basic locomotives which we are now proposing to introduce in modified versions in continental Europe.

(6) At the moment we are talking to a lot of people about possible new orders, but these are going to be in small rather than large quantities. We will maintain our partnering policy until we can gain momentum2 and the volume of orders picks up. Then, we will consider setting up local production facilities. I think this could happen in the next two or three years, and certainly within the next five years.

(7) Once we see the smaller fleets established in Europe, I think the effect of people seeing the new locomotives in operation will have a knock-out effect with an increase in the size of subsequent orders. This should provide the momentum for us to set up our own facilities, perhaps in one of the major regions such as France or Germany.

(8) The face of railways in Europe is changing, and we realize that we must respond to our customers’ needs. The development of our Class 66 JT 42CWR and Class 67 JT 42HW-HS high-speed locomotives is only a part of this overall change. To meet the needs of the market, we also expect to provide a lease fleet of locomotives for customers in Europe. Among the German operators which have already shown a tangible interest in EMD’s Class 66 locomotives is the regional operator, Cologne Port & Railway, which has agreed to lease one locomotive for hauling regional freight and long distance intermodal container traffic as soon as3 it is certified by the German rail safety authority. This demand is expected to extend to other parts of continental Europe.

5. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1) My brother is much... than myself. (young)

2) The opera theatre is one of... buildings in the city. (beautiful)

3) The party was not so... as I had expected. (funny)

4) What is the... news? (late)

5) Yesterday I came home... than usual. (late)

6) Ann sings... than Nina. (good)

7) I like this picture... of all. (good)

8) Greg felt __________ (bad) yesterday than the day before.

6. Употребите нужную форму личных местоимений:

1) I often see (they, them) in the bus.

2) She lives near (we, us).

3) (We, us) always walk to school together.

4) He teaches (we, us) English.

5) She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.

6) I always speak to (he, him) in English.

7) What is the matter with (he, him) today?

8) He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.

7. Употребите нужную форму притяжательных местоимений:

1) Would you like to see some of (her, hers) poems?

2) (Their, theirs) knowledge of the subject is not much superior to (our, ours).

3) You take care of (your, yours) things and I’ll take care of (my, mine).

4) All (our, ours) clothes were dirty, and (my, mine) especially so.

5) (Their, theirs) boat was faster than (our, ours).

6) I’m afraid they will take (your, yours) words against (her, hers).

7) (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.

8. Заполните пропуски местоимениями some или any. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. You will need... warm clothes there.

2. I don’t have... money with me.

3. Please, give me... more coffee. – I’m sorry, but there isn’t … more coffee.

4. I’m sorry, but I didn’t have... time to prepare my lessons last night.

5. It was in Greece that ancient civilization was highly developed.

6. I didn’t have... stamps, so I went to the post-office to buy...

7. Please, put... water in that vase, the flowers are dying.

8. There are... famous museums in that city but we didn’t have time to visit...

9. The doctor gave me... medicine for my cough.

10. There aren’t... students in the room at the moment.

9. Заполните пропуски местоимениями much, many, little, few. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) Very... people know about it.

2) He is a man of... words.

3)... was said but... done.

4) There isn’t... harm in it.

5) He has very...knowledge of the matter.

6) We have... friends in Moscow.

7) There were very... mistakes in his spelling.

8) Robert wrote so... letters that he's never going to write a letter again.

9) She ate so... ice cream that she's going to have a sore throat.

10) There is... mayonnaise in Vera's kitchen. She has to go to the supermarket and buy some.

Вариант 14.

I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When much materials had been looked through and some problems had been solved, the article was published.

2. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

3. Today plastics are being applied for car bodies (корпус автомобиля).

4. This lecturer is listened to with great interest.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. It is proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

2. One must take part in scientific work.

3. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

III. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. Scientists had to create new materials for industry.

2. This material does not possess elastic properties.

3. This material has many valuable properties.

4. He was to get these data yesterday.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. We know electricity produces heat.

2. The new materials chemists developed were used in space technology.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. They were to install the new equipment.

2. The metal to be used in the experiment is to be hard.

3. To reinforce the metal engineers use artificial fibers.

4. To operate this complex device is rather difficult.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. for the most part – большей частью

2. in this respect – в этом отношении

3. as to – что касается

4. by far – несомненно.

Better metals are vital to technological progress.

1. Since the earliest days the preparation of metals for mechanical use was vital to the advance of civilization. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by a primitive man, as they were found free in nature. Today we know more than sixty-five metals available in large enough quantities to be used in industry.

2. Metals are mostly solid at ordinary temperature and possess comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part1 good conductors of heat and electricity, and silver is the best in this respect2. As to3 their chemical properties the first point to be mentioned is that they vary widely in degree of chemical activity: some are enormously active and others are inert. The Earth contains a large number of metals useful to man. Of all metals to be utilized in industry iron remains by far4 the most important. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal either in the form of iron or steel.

3. To get the desirable characteristics in metals or to improve them the art to mix metals and other substances began to develop. The first alloys that were formed in this way were sometimes stronger, tougher, harder and more elastic than the metals of which they were composed. To estimate nowadays how many alloys there exist in the modern world is difficult because their numbers increase daily.

4. To serve special uses modern metals and alloys must be lighter yet stronger, more corrosion-resistant, more suitable for automated fabrication yet less expensive than those available before.

5. Today transformation, communication, construction, farming and manufacturing all depend on the availability of suitable metals and alloys.

VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What was vital to the advance of civilization?

2. What metals were the first to be used by a man?

3. Why were they used first?

4. How many metals are available in large quantities today?

5. What do transportation, communication, construction and manufacturing depend on?

Вариант 15

1. When much had been done in the study of ecology by our institute it became an important scientific center.

2. This material is unaffected by solar radiation.

3. During the experiment the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

4. Great deposits of coal have been discovered in our region.

1. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

2. It was Einstein who came to the conclusion that the electromagnetic field is influenced by the gravitational field.

3. This metro station was opened last year and that one will be put into operation in two years.

1. Man had to learn to obtain electric power directly from the Sun.

2. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

3. Specialists do not use solar cells in industry as they are too expensive.

4. The engineers are to study the problem of using cosmic rays.

1. The methods we have just described are very effective.

2. The instruments our plant produces help to automate production processes.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. We hope to get new data in a week or two.

2. A number of devices were developed to detect cosmic rays.

3. He spoke about the fuels to be utilized in space research.

4. To operate new flexible line became possible thanks to computers.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. magneto – heat engine – магнитно-тепловой двигатель

2. inexhaustible – неисчерпаемый, неистощимый.

Sun-driven engine

1. It is common knowledge that certain metals and their alloys are attracted by a magnet. After heating, this property vanishes; it is restored after cooling down. A new magneto-heat engine1 works on this principle. This invention relates to devices which transform thermal power, for instance, the power of the sun rays, into a mechanical power of rotation.

2. We know solar power is inexhaustible2 and its use does not harm the environment.

That’s why such importance is attached to devices which make it possible to apply the idea of direct use of solar power, transforming it into mechanical forms of power. The development of an engine directly driven by a heat source such as solar power, makes it possible to simplify and make power generation considerably cheaper, in comparison to the existing thermal engines we use today.

3. The rotor of the new engine is made of an alloy that loses its magnetic properties at

100 oC. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor will turn toward the magnet. Since heating continues, the rotor goes on rotating too. Thus solar power can be used as a source of heat in this case. The magneto-heat engine can drive pumps in waterless districts, it can also be widely used for watering greenery in cities and settlements.

4. By using thermo-magnetic alloys it is possible to develop a lot of automatic devices, for example, solar clocks, thermometers, etc. Mention should be made that these devices can withstand extreme temperatures. To organize the production of the necessary alloys is simple as there is no need for rare materials or complex technology.

VII. Прочитайте 1 и 2-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What property do many metals and their alloys possess?

2. Where are magneto- heat engines used?

3. Where are thermo-magnetic alloys used?

4. What temperatures can these devices withstand?

5. Is it simple or difficult to produce such alloys?

Вариант 16

1. The radar has been used for the automatic control of ground transport.

2. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

3. The construction of the dam has been completed this month.

4. The alloys were experimented upon in our lab.

1. It is the number of electrons within the atom that determines the properties of a substance.

2. The territory of Moscow is larger than that of London.

3. In London one must get used to the left-side traffic.

1. Some substances do not conduct heat

2. These computers will have to perform millions of operations per second.

3. He was asked to make a report.

4. You are to present the results of your research in a week.

1. I think he has made a mistake in his calculations.

2. The heat a body contains is the kinetic energy of its molecules.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. They promised to supply us with the necessary equipment.

2. The experiment to be carried out is of great importance for our research.

3. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.

4. The task of the computer is to operate flexible line properly.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. self-taught engineer – инженер самоучка

2. crossing – переправа

3. a span – пролёт, to span – перекрывать

On bridge building

1. The history of Russian bridge building is closely connected with the name of Kulibin, one of the most talented self-taught engineers1. From his early childhood Kulibin showed a keen interest in all kinds of mechanical devices. To acquire skill and knowledge became the boy’s greatest desire. But books were difficult to obtain in the provincial town where he lived and there was no one to instruct him in mechanics. The difficulties which he had to overcome seemed irresistible. But in spite of all that he succeeded in going to Petersburg where he was appointed mechanic to the Academy of sciences and since then spent all his free time and all his money on new inventions.

2. In Petersburg Kulibin undertook a very difficult engineering problem – to design a bridge across the Neva as there was not a single permanent bridge in this city to provide a crossing2 at any season of the year. Kulibin was the first to think of spanning3 the river with an arched bridge. According to his plan the bridge was to have a single span to leave a free water way for ships and barges. It was a daring idea: arched bridges of similar construction had been built before but no engineer dared even to think of constructing a bridge with a three hundred metre span.

3. After the model was completed it had to be submitted to a special commission set up by the Academy of Sciences and invaded by foreign scientists and specialists at the time of Catherine II. They considered themselves to be much superior to Russian people whose intellect and talent they utterly ignored.

4. In spite of general disbelief the testing of the model was a success. No failure resulted even when a weight much greater than the maximum load was applied to the bridge. In spite of the favourable conclusion no practical result followed.

VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What commission did the model have to be submitted?

2. What specialists invaded the Academy of sciences at the time of Catherine II?

3. Did they consider themselves much superior to Russian people?

4. Was the testing of the model a success?

5. Did practical result follow?

Вариант 17

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

1. The success in chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the materials that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3. We had to use a computer to make these calculations.

4. One never knows what he can do.

1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2. The phenomenon Roentgen discovered is widely used in medicine.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. To design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2. To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. The purpose of this book is to describe certain properties of metals.

4. She is leaving for the conference to be held in Moscow.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. to propel – приводить в движение

2. self-propelled – самоходный, самодвижущийся

3. engine – машина, двигатель.

The early days of the automobile

1. One of the earliest attempts to propel1 a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled2 vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine3 which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles. The carriage was a great achievement but it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop 100 yards to make more steam.

2. From 1800 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare tyres, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.

3. After World War I it became possible to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient. Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.

4. Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine-cars, as they had come to be known, caused huge capital flow into the automobile industry. From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rise from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960it had reached 60 million! No other industry had ever developed at such a rate.

VII. Прочитайте 3 и 4-й абзацы текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Was the motor car the product of any single inventor?

2. What vehicles were developed gradually?

3. What did the development of these vehicles cause?

4. How many cars were manufactured in 1960?

5. Had other industry ever developed at such a rate?

Вариант 18

1. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

2. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

3. Numerous questions were being discussed by the commission.

4. The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published.

1. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

2. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

3. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

1. We had to change the design of this machine.

2. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

3. We have introduced a new system of work.

4. He does morning exercises every day.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The substance they had to work with had an unpleasant odour.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

2. To extend the main street they had to destroy some old buildings.

3. The new channel to be constructed here will be the longest in the country.

4. To operate the complex device was rather difficult.

VI. Прочитайте и переведите с 1 по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. ultrasonics - ультразвук

2. a transducer – датчик

3. quartz – кварц

4. to come across – натолкнуться, встретить

5. proves to be – оказывается

Ultrasonics

1. The source of the ultrasonic sound is called a transducer2. One of the transducers is a quartz3 crystal. This is a solid body whose property is to change its dimensions under the influence of electricity. A quartz crystal is pressed against the surface of the metal to be tested. An electric current of ultrasonic frequency is applied to the crystal to make it vibrate with the same frequency. From the crystal a short burst of soundtravels into the

specimen. If it comes across4 an air bubble, a crack or some other defects it is reflected from that region, thus locating the defect. If the specimen has no defects the signal is not reflected back until it reaches the opposite surface of the specimen.

2. Ultrasonic method is applied to study the ocean bottom, to locate shoals of fish or to detect some danger of navigation. However the early wish to detect icebergs by ultrasonic equipment failed to be realized. The reason for the failure is to be explained by the following acoustic fundamentals – water and ice have nearly the same density and sound travels at nearly the same speed through both. Thus a sound wave passes freely from one medium into the other with only a small amount of reflection.

3. Ultrasonic waves are used in various industries. Ultrasonic cleaning proves to be5 especially successful in treating metal parts of irregular shape. The cracks which are inaccessible to cleaning by all the usual methods come out clean when treated by ultrasonics. To clean by ultrasonics seems to be very simple. But a physicist knows that in attempting to explain this simple process of ultrasonic cleaning he has to go into the fundamentals of acoustics and thermodynamics.

VII. Прочитайте 3 абзац текста и ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. Where are ultrasonic waves used?

2. What metal parts are successfully cleaned by ultrasonics?

3. How can cracks in metals be cleaned?

4. Does cleaning by ultrasonic seem to be very simple or very complex?

5. What does a physicist know?

Вариант 19.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Light and radio waves are said to be of similar nature.

2. We know this young man to work in the field of quantum generators.

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. The weather permitting, we shall go to the country.

3. The narrow intense beam being produced by the laser travels great distance without spreading.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

2. The design would have been ready by the end of the year if they had supplied us with all the necessary equipment.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

IV. переведите текст письменно и выполните задания после текста.

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