Agree/disagree with the following statements, using the introductory phrases.

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1. French National Railways has signed a $US 1.65 billion contract with Bombardier Transportation and hopes to get high-capacity long-distance trains. 2. Bombardier Transportation is the only company French National Railways wants to deal with. 3. Mr Louis Gallois, president of Bombardier Transportation was responsible for regional express trains delivery. 4. The 160 km/h type TER trains will be hauled both by diesel and electric engines. These trains are very comfortable for passengers. 5. The more the number of coaches the more passengers can travel by this train. 6. The last train is expected to be delivered in the first quarter of 2004. 7. TGV Mediterranee has already carried more than 10 million people. This line was opened in 2002. 8. TGV Est line was opened for public traffic in 2004.

Вариант 20.

I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be obtained on a new installation.

2. Scientists found beta-rays to consist of negative particles.

3. A problem to be solved by digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

II. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. Having used a laser beam scientist obtained accurate calculations of Jupiter’s temperature.

2. The beam travelled 800, 000 km in space, its velocity approaching that of light.

3. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate data.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений.

1. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1, 000 K.

If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers its freezing point.

2. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-ого по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 4-й абзацы текста.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. the laser- лазер

2. partial mirror- полупрозрачное стекло

3. power supply- источник питания

The laser today and tomorrow

1. The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.

Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.

2. The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 per cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become “excited”, giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the tube.

3. The first laser was built in 1960. Since then scientists have developed several types of the laser which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors.

4. Having been developed at The Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimeters and that of the gas generator is about a meter long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimeter long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.

5. But the most interesting thing about semiconductor laser is that it is able to transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. The semiconductor laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What possibilities does the semiconductor laser open?

Вариант 21.

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found wide application in medicine.

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

Пояснения к тексту.

1. digital - цифровой

2. to result in – заканчиваться, приводить к чему-либо

3. prospects – перспективы

Computers

1. The first machine for mathematical computation was built in 1822 by the mathematician Charles Babbage. From the description of this machine we know him to understand clearly all the fundamental principles of modern digital computers. Babbage was born in England in 1792. He taught himself mathematics so well that when he went to Cambridge he found that he knew algebra better than his teacher. Babbage constructed a model of a computer and devoted the rest of his life to developing an universal computing machine. But he was not understood by his contemporaries.

2. Two generations of engineers worked hard to construct a modern computer. Their attempts resulted in the development of computing machines which transformed the whole course of scientific achievements. If you looked at the machines which people had used up to 1946, you would notice that they were not so perfect as the ones available today.

3. Having invented computers engineers began to use them in industrial automatic processes. They are known to carry out several thousand arithmetic operation in one second. If there had been no computers space flights and many other achievements of modern science and technology would have been impossible.

4. We often hear that the increasing flood of information will be one of the problems of the 21-st century. The computers may help to solve it too.

5. As the electronic computer has opened great prospects for further development of science and technology, it may be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why may a computer be spoken of as one of the most important inventions of our time?

Вариант 22

1I. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

2. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

3. A problem to be solved by a digital computer must be expressed in mathematical terms.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов.

1. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

2. Having been subjected to high pressure metals become highly conductive.

3. The average height of the Ural mountains is 800 meters, the highest point being 1.500meters above sea level.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

2. Were the temperature increased, the velocity of the molecular motion would also be increased.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

4. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Present Simple:

1) We (read) the newspaper in class every day.

2) He always (prepare) his homework carefully.

3) We always (play) tennis on Saturdays.

4) She (speak) several foreign languages.

5) The children (play) in the park every afternoon.

6) Helen (work) very hard.

7) They (take) a lot of trips together.

8) We always (travel) by car.

9) I (eat) lunch in the cafeteria every day.

10) We (walk) to the bus stop every morning.

5. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1) He knows French perfectly. 2) I understand everything he says. 3) She makes mistakes in spelling. 4) They enjoy their English lessons. 5) They live in Kiev. 6) We use our books in class. 7) The plane leaves at ten o’clock. 8) She always comes to class late.

6. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Past Simple:

1) We (work) in our garden all day yesterday.

2) The telephone (ring) twice but no one answered it.

3) He always (want) to learn English.

4) Ann and I (talk) over the telephone yesterday.

5) I (lose) my English book yesterday but (find) it later.

6) The meeting (last) about two hours.

7) I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.

8) She (study) in our class last semester.

9) We (watch) television until eleven o’clock last night.

10) Mr. and Mrs. Simpson (invite) all their friends and neighbors to a party last night.

7. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1) They stayed in Moscow all summer. 2) She planned her work well. 3) The crowd waited a long time to see the famous actor. 4) He worked in that Institute for many years. 5) We arrived home late. 6) He entered this class in April. 7) Ann passed all her examinations. 8) The meeting lasted a long time

8. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Future Simple:

1) Helen (find) the book which you need.

2) They (see) us tomorrow.

3) He (finish) the work in April.

4) The shops (close) at noon today.

5) We (arrive) at three o’clock.

6) She (tell) you all about it.

7) You (spend) two months in the South.

8) The plant (die) because of lack of sunshine.

9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите.

TEST OF THE LOCOMOTIVE

The locomotive is subjected to a series of adjusting tests in the factory which includes test bed tests of the various machines, assembles and equipment of the locomotive, tests of the locomotive under rheostatic load, as well as tests on the Ministry of Railways’ test tracks.

The factory tests include tests of the diesel equipment, cooling devices of the diesel, of the system of hydraulic drive, of the system of centralized air supply of the electrical machines and apparatus, rectifier unit, etc.

Testbed checks of the diesel generator for stability of parameters, efficiency and wear of the main units are made, as well as for stability of the physical and technical properties of the oil and water, made according to the country’s industrial standards. The tests are carried out for maximum permissible temperatures of the water and oil.The adjusting tests in the factory, the rheostatic tests and trial runs of the locomotive facilitate the establishing of the efficiency of all systems, equipment and the locomotive as a whole. Factory tests prepare the locomotive for service tests on the railways.

The final stage of the factory tests of the new locomotive is service trial run with a passenger or freight train. During the period of preparation of the locomotive a group of specialists from the depot undergoes a special training course at the diesel locomoticve plant and at other plants which manufacture components for the locomotive. Locomotive and depot repair crews also undergo training courses organized at the depot. Special groups for the engineers and technical staff are also organized.

A group is organized at the depot called the Reliability Group whose task is the continuous control of the locomotive working, its fuel and lubrication consumption and other items of performance. The depot is supplied with the necessary manuals, drawings and spare parts which facilitate the organization of the trial runs and servicing. Besides the inspection procedure additional tests of various equipment are carried out, mainly for future improvements of locomotive design.

Вариант 23.

1. We know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electron-volts.

2. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

3. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a graph in figure 2.

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current.

3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.

III. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения.

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

IV. Прочитайте и письменно переведите.

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