The Internal-Combustion Engine

 

The first internal-combustion engine was designed by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1678; it was to have been fueled with gunpowder, but it was never built. About 1860 a French inventor, Lenoir, built the first practical internal-combustion engine; it burned illuminating gas. In 1866 two German engineers, Eugen Langen and Nikolaus August Otto, developed a more efficient gas engine, and in 1876 Otto built a four-cycle engine, a prototype of the so-called Otto-cycle engines used in most modern automobiles and airplanes

The high-speed internal-combustion motor of the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler revolutionized the automobile industry. His four-cycle, single-cylinder motor, patented in 1887, achieved speeds many times those of any previous engine, thereby producing many times the power for the same weight. In 1889 he developed a two-cylinder engine that gave still greater power; the cylinders were in a V-type configuration. This engine design was adopted by a French manufacturer, Emile Levassor, who launched experiments in 1891 that subsequently led his firm, Panhard et Levassor, into automobile manufacture. Levassor's first automobile, produced in 1894, not only incorporated the Daimler engine but also was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in the operational sequence still used in present-day models. That is, the engine was in front, followed by the clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential and driving axle. The superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed steam engine was conclusively demonstrated at the famous Paris-Bordeaux Race of 1895. The first car, propelled by a Daimler engine, came in six hours ahead of the second car, and the next three cars to finish were all propelled by Daimler engines. Another pioneer with the gasoline engine was the German engineer Karl Benz, who in 1885, working independently of Daimler, produced a mechanically propelled tricycle.

In the United States, pioneer automobile manufacturers were very active in the 1890s. Charles Edgar Duryea and his brother Frank Duryea brought out their horseless carriage in 1892-1893; the design of 1894 had two cylinders. Elwood Haynes constructed his automobile about the same time, and Alexander Winton produced his in 1896. Henry Ford produced his first car, an experimental model, in 1896.

Words and expressions

 

clutch - сцепление; муфта

gearbox - коробка передач

propeller shaft - вал двигателя

differential - дифференциал

driving axle - ведущий мост; ведущая ось

tricycle - трехколесный велосипед

 

Exercise 1

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who and when designed the first internal-combustion engine?

2. Who and when built the first practical internal-combustion engine?

3. What was the fuel used in the first internal-combustion engine?

4. Who and when built a four-cycle internal-combustion engine?

5. Why do we call four-cycle engines today as Otto-cycle engines?

6. What can you say about the high-speed internal-combustion motor of the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler?

7. When was Daimler’s four-cycle single-cylinder motor patented?

8. What type of engine design was adopted by a French manufacturer Levassor,?

9. What is characteristic of Levassor's first car?

10. What was the sequence of working parts arrangement in Levassor's first car?

11. How was the superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed steam engine was conclusively demonstrated?

12. What was the achievement of another pioneering German engineer Karl Benz?

13. When did Henry Ford produce his first car?

 

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

1. The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens designed the first … … … in 1678.

2. The first practical internal-combustion engine was built by French inventor … ….

3. Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycle, single-cylinder motor achieved …many times higher of any previous engine.

4. Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycle, single-cylinder motor produced … higher many times for the same weight of engine.

5. Gottlieb Daimler’s four-cycletwo-cylinder engine gave still greater … and the … were in a V-type configuration.

6. Levassor's automobile was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in the … … still used in present-day models.

7. In Levassor's automobile the … was in front, followed by the clutch, …, propeller shaft, differential and … axle.

8. The superiority of the high-speed Daimler engine over the then highly developed … … was demonstrated at Paris-Bordeaux Race of 1895.

9. The German engineer Karl Benz was another pioneer with the … ….

10. Henry Ford … his first experimental model in 1896.

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

1. 1.The Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1866 developed a four-cycle engine used in most modern automobiles and airplanes.

2. The high-speed internal-combustion motor of German engineer Emile Levassor revolutionized the automobile industry.

3. Daimler’sfour-cycle, single-cylinder motor achieved speeds many times those of any previous engine.

4. Daimler’sfour-cycle, single-cylinder engine produced less power for the same weight.

5. Levassor's first automobile was the first car in which the working parts were arranged in completely different operational sequence if compared with present-day models.

6. The superiority of the highly developed steam engine over high-speed Daimler engine was demonstrated at the famous Paris-Dakar Race of 1995.

7. Another pioneer with the gasoline engine was the German engineer Karl Benz, who worked out jointly with Daimler a mechanically propelled tricycle in 1855.

8. In Russia, pioneer automobile manufacturers were very active in the 1890s.

9. Henry Ford produced his first car, an experimental model, in 1896.

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

 

Internal-combustion engine – to be fueled with - a four-cycle engine – to be used in automobiles - high-speed motor - to achieve speeds – to produce power many times those of any previous engine – to give greater power – to launch experiments - working parts - operational sequence - engine – clutch – gearbox - propeller shaft - differential - driving axle - an experimental model.

 

Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.

 

Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.

 

Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные слова и выражения:

 

· Axle (ось, полуось; ведущий мост); cardan axle (карданный вал); bearing axle (несущая ось); adjustable axle (самоустанавливающаяся ось); crank axle (коленчатый вал); floating axle (плавающая ось); swing axle (качающаяся ось).

· Otto-engine (четырехтактный карбюраторный двигатель); internal-combustion engine (двигатель внутреннего сгорания); atomic engine (атомный двигатель); fuel-injection engine (двигатель с впрыском топлива; дизель); outboat engine (подвесной лодочный мотор); turbo-jet engine (турбореактивный двигатель).

· Сlutch (муфта, сцепление); centrifugal clutch (центробежная муфта); disk clutch (дисковая муфта); magnetic clutch (магнитная муфта); oil clutch (гидравлическая муфта);

· Gear-box (коробка передач); сhain-gear (цепная передача); connecting gear (соединительный механизм); crank-gear (кривошипно-шатунный механизм); delivering gear (механизм подачи); disconnecting gear (механизм выключения); electromagnetic gear (электромагнитная передача).

· Propeller shaft (вал винта); drive shaft (приводной вал); engine shaft (главный вал двигателя); cable shaft (гибкий, проволочный вал); stationary shaft (неподвижная ось); governor shaft (ось регулятора).

· Differential (дифференциал, разностный); bevel gear differential (дифференциал с коническими шестернями); high traction differential (дифференциал, обеспечивающий повышенную проходимость); inter-axle differential (промежуточный дифференциал); pressure differential (перепад давления).

 

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

 

1. In mid 1860s German engineers worked out the first practical internal-combustion engine which burned illuminating gas.

2. Today Otto-cycle engines are used in most modern automobiles and airplanes.

3. Most modern cars nowadays are motorized by high-speed internal-combustion engines of the German engineer Daimler.

4. New generation engine produces power many times exceeding the previous one.

5. Volkswagen model 2006 has eight-cylinder V-type configuration engine that gives greater power at same consumption of fuel.

6. First automobile, produced in Russia incorporated the Daimler engine.

7. The problem in the gear box forced the driver to perform an overhaul ahead of schedule.

8. Superiority of the modern fuel-injection engines over highly developed internal-combustion engines was conclusively demonstrated at the famous Paris-Dakar Race of 2005.

9. The first car propelled by a fuel-injection engine came three hours ahead of the second car driven by internal-combustion engine.

10. Two engineers worked independently and came to similar results in design of four-wheel drive racing car.

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

 

1. В 1866 году немецкий инженер Август Отто разработал четырехцилиндровый двигатель внутреннего сгорания.

2. Изобретателями высокоскоростного двигателя внутреннего сгорания были немецкие инженеры Готлиб и Даймлер.

3. В этом двигателе в качестве топлива используется спирт.

4. Мощность данного дизельного двигателя в два раза превосходит мощность аналогичного карбюраторного двигателя.

5. Высокоскоростные двигатели внутреннего сгорания революционизировали автомобильную промышленность во второй половине 19 века.

6. На автомобиле французского промышленника Эмиля Левасо в конце 19 века был установлен двигатель внутреннего сгорания, разработанный Даймлером.

7. В автомобиле Левасо, 1894 года рабочие детали были расположены в эксплуатационной последовательности, используемой в современных моделях автомобилей.

8. Расположение рабочих агрегатов в автомобиле следующее: двигатель, сцепление, коробка передач, карданный вал, дифференциал и приводная ось.

9. Превосходство высокоскоростного двигателя внутреннего сгорания Дэймлера над паровым двигателем было продемонстрировано на ралли Париж-Бордо в 1895.

10. Модель автомобиля ВАЗ 2012 2003 года имеет 4-х цилиндровый двигатель внутреннего сгорания, механическую коробку передач и передний привод колес.

 

 

Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

The Selden Patent

An important development in the commercial and industrial history of the motor vehicle in the United States was the patent applied for in 1879 by George Baldwin Selden, a lawyer in Rochester, New York. By legal technicalities, the actual issuing of this patent was delayed until 1895, so that the original patent rights did not expire until 1912. This patent covered the application of an internal-combustion engine to the propulsion of a vehicle. It included the combination of such a motor with a clutch, or similar engaging and disengaging device in the train of mechanism, by which the motor drove the propelling wheels. It also covered the use of reducing gear, by which the propelling wheels could be driven at speeds lower than that of the motor shaft. Several leading companies took licenses under the patent, but others, led by Ford, refused to do so, leading to litigation that continued from 1903 to 1911. This litigation terminated in the decision that Selden's patent was not infringed because it was valid only for an automobile driven by an engine of the specific type described in the patent, instead of the four-cycle engine then in universal use. By the time the Selden patent suit ended, 600, 000 automobiles were being operated in the United States, some driven by steam, some by gasoline, and some by electricity. These cars were almost all open models of the roadster and phaeton, or touring-car, type. Before that time motoring had been regarded primarily as a sport; from then on it was increasingly considered a means of transportation.

 

Text C

Rise of U.S. Automaking

 

To meet the growing demand for automobiles of all types, Ford greatly speeded up production by introducing, in 1913, the conveyor belt to carry automobile parts on assembly lines. Another important influence in the subsequent growth of the automobile industry was the formation at this time of the organization then known as the Automobile Board of Trade and now named the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association. Members of the organization, which today embraces all automobile manufacturers in the United States, made a cross-licensing agreement whereby any member company might use the patents controlled by any other member, without the payment of royalties. The virtue of the agreement was that it established a custom of “patents for use, ” instead of patents as advantages to be monopolized and exploited. Under the agreement, patent rights were shared so that better automobiles might be made, no matter who might make them.

Many early U.S. manufacturers located their plants in and about Detroit. This is where the home establishments of the manufacturers of all the passenger-car and most of the motor-truck vehicles produced in the United States are now located.

While Ford was perfecting his Model T, the General Motors Corporation (GM) was established in 1908 by William C. Durant, who combined the Buick, Oldsmobile, and Oakland companies and, later, Cadillac, to form GM. General Motors weathered numerous financial crises in its early years, finally gaining stability when the Du Pont family bought much GM stock (since divested) in 1920. The invention by Charles F. Kettering of the electric self-starter in 1912 was a benchmark in U.S. automotive development, but others quickly followed, including balloon tires in 1921. Among other U.S. automotive pioneers were the brothers John Dodge and Horace Dodge, machinists and bicycle builders, for whom the Dodge car is named; Walter P. Chrysler, a railroad worker who later formed Chrysler Corporation; and John N. Willys, whose company won worldwide fame during World War II as a manufacturer of military Jeeps. Since its inception, the automotive industry has shown a steady expansion, with the exception of the years during World War II when its plants were converted to the production of war materials. In 1978 motor-vehicle production reached an all-time high of 12, 878, 000 units, including about 9.2 million cars. In the aftermath of the fuel shortages of 1973-74, U.S. motor-vehicle production was less than 9 million units by 1975. In the late 1970s, however, production had recovered to about 11 million units.

Words and expressions

assembly - 1) сборка, монтаж. 2) агрегат, узел, комплект.

cross-licensing agreement - перекрестное лицензионное

соглашение

royalty - 1) a sum paid to the owner of copyright

or patent; 2) a sum paid to a land owner

for the right to extract oil, coal, etc.

Exercise 1

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What unit was introduced by Gerald Ford in 1913 to speed up production of automobiles?

2. Formation of what organization had an important influence to growth of the automobile industry in the beginning of 19^th century?

3. How do you understand the cross - licensing agreement manufacturers?

4. What city in the USA is known as home for most manufacturers of passenger-cars and motor-truck vehicles?

5. What part of an automobile wasinvented by Charles F. Kettering in 1912?

6. When and where balloon tires were invented and how they influenced the automobile industry in general?

7. What american automotive pioneers do you know?

8. Has automotive industry shown a steady expansion during World War II?

9. What was the figure of motor-vehicle produced in the USA in late 1970s?

Exercise 2

Заполните пропуски недостающими по смыслу словами, используя текст:

 

1. Ford greatly speeded up … by introducing the conveyor belt to carry automobile parts on assembly lines.

2. An important influence in the growth of the … was the formation of the Automobile Board of Trade.

3. A cross-licensing agreement were made by ….

4. Under the …, patent rights were shared so that better automobiles might be made, no matter who might make them.

5. The capital of many early U.S. manufacturers was located in ….

6. The invention of … by Charles F. Kettering was a benchmark in U.S. automotive development?

7. John N. Willys was famous as a manufacturer of … during the World War II.

8. The automotive industry plants were converted to the production of … during the World War II.

9. An all-time high in US motor-vehicle production was reached in ….

Exercise 3

Соответствуют ли данные предложения содержанию текста:

 

1. Ford greatly speeded up production of cars by introducing in 1913 an electric engine instead of internal-combustion engine.

2. The conveyor belt was invented by Ford to carry automobile parts on assembly lines.

3. Automobile Board of Trade influenced greatly the subsequent growth of the automobile industry in the United States.

4. Automobile Board of Trade today embraces all automobile manufacturers in the United States.

5. Anti-trust laws established a custom of “patents for use, ” instead of patents as advantages to be monopolized and exploited.

6. Under the cross – licensing agreement, patent rights were shared so that better automobiles might be made, no matter who might make them.

7. Many early U.S. manufacturers located their plants in and about New York City.

8. Charles F. Kettering invented balloon tires in 1912.

9. During 1941-1946 the automotive industry has shown a steady expansion.

10. 12, 878, 000 motor vehicles were produced in the United States.

Exercise 4

Используя текст, составьте высказывания с данными словами и выражениями:

Conveyor belt - automobile parts - assembly line - important influence - member of the organization - cross-licensing agreement - member company - payment of royalties - to be monopolized and exploited - patent right – to be established - to gain stability - electric self-starter - to win worldwide fame - to be converted - fuel shortage.

Exercise 5

Кратко передайте содержание каждого абзаца.

 

Exercise 6

Выделите пять основных идей текста.

 

Exercise 7

Составьте предложения, используя данные выражения:

· Conveyer belt (ленточный конвейер); chain conveyer (цепной конвейер); cable conveyer (канатный конвейер); shuttle conveyer (реверсивный конвейер).

· Assembly line (сборочная линия); brake assembly (тормозная система); control assembly (узел управления); terminal assembly (контактное поле); improper assembly (неправильная сборка).

· Export license (экспортная лицензия); general license (генеральная лицензия); cross-licensing agreement (перекрестное лицензионное соглашение); import license лицензия на импорт); individual license (индивидуальная лицензия); license agreement (лицензионное соглашение); license system (лицензионная система); patent license (лицензия на пользование патентом, патентная лицензия).

· Electric self-starter (электрический стартер); series-parallel starter (последовательно-параллельный пусковой стартер); stator starter пускатель; реостат в цепи статора); switch starter (пусковой переключатель).

 

Exercise 8

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения:

1. The novelist received a royalty of 8% from the sales of her book.

2. The oil royalties were higher than expected.

3. During the last years the growing demand for automobiles of all types was observed in Russia.

4. Our company greatly speeded up production of semi-finished parts for furniture industry by introducing in 1999 the computer aided machines.

5. The conveyor belt is used to carry automobile parts on assembly lines.

6. Another important influence in oil-prices preservation was formation at that time of the Organization of petroleum exporting countries.

7. It is considered illegal to extract oil without the payment of royalties to landowner or the state.

8. Most of huge industrial complexes locate their plants in and about big cities.

9. During the years of the USSR the defense industry has shown a steady expansion.

Exercise 9

Переведите на английский язык:

1. Растущий спрос на автомобили всех марок, вынудил правительство России увеличить размер ввозных таможенных пошлин на импортные автомобили в 2004 году.

2. Конвейерные линии широко используются на сборочных линиях автомобильных заводов.

3. Значительным событием, повлиявшим на рост производства в России, было уменьшение налога на прибыль.

4. Создание независимой ассоциации производителей товаров повседневного спроса, дала толчок росту пищевой промышленности.

5. Ученые университета запатентовали свое последнее изобретение и получили на него патентную лицензию.

6. В современном мире многие производители компьютеров заключают перекрестные лицензионные соглашения.

7. Оплата лицензионных платежей является обязательной для всех нефтяных компаний.

8. Патентные права на производство высокотехнологичного авиационного оборудования были разделены между двумя государственными предприятиями.

9. Автозавод КАМАЗ является крупнейшим производителем грузового автотранспорта в Российской федерации.

10. В первые годы распада СССР, крупнейшие российские автомобильные заводы выдержали многочисленные финансовые кризисы.

Exercise 10

Текст на самостоятельный перевод:

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