Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

There has long been an interest in language translation and, in particular, in the prospects of automatic translation by computer.

In the 1960s when the translation studies began, there was already considerable stirring among professional linguists and others about the efficiency of translation by computer or machine translation (MT). At that time different modes of translation were compared. That is, human translations against different versions of MT. Soon the researchers conducting the studies were able to add to their observations from the output of the latest MT system that had become operational. Within a year, they submitted a Russian paper for translation by the then operational MT system. Two characteristics of MT output are: 1) untranslated words and 2) translated words that have two or more meanings in the target language¹. An examination of the post-translation editing showed that many corrections had been made: each of the approximately 80 sentences had had some corrections and modifications, most of them being extensive. About 35% of the English words had been altered by the editor.

It would be unwise to conclude on a less-than-optimistic note. However, it is apparent that little progress has been made during recent years. There

are no demonstrated advantages of MT over human translations. Other methods should be applied to determine the readability of translation. Researchers are now collecting such data.

¹ the target language – зд. язык, на который делался перевод

Вариант 3

Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в них

Глагол-сказуемое, определите его время, вид и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Например: is based – Pr. Simple Passive

1.Compound semiconductors have been applied to a great extent. 2. The performance characteristics of amplifiers will have been altered. 3. The model has been modified and is now being used in many practical situations. 5. Magnetic amplifiers have been employed for some 50 years; transistors were reported upon in 1948. 5. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 6. Which of the two operations is to be performed next?

7. Those who learn a foreign language must follow spelling and grammar rules. 8. They left before the hour of the next meeting has been agreed upon. 9. She was being laughed at by everybody. 10. They say that paper must have been invented in China.

 

Поставьте глагол-сказуемое в следующих предложениях в страдательном залоге, стараясь сохранить время.

1.? killed thirty people and? injured (травмировать, получать увечье) 65 in that terrible accident. 2.? hid the treasure in a place which no one could find. 3.? can't learn a foreign language in a few days. 4. The dog was mad and? had to shoot it.

Из данных слов постройте предложения. Глаголы в скобках поставьте в нужную форму страдательного залога.

1. a few students – was (to do) – this exercise – correctly.

2. this book – a very young author – was (to write).

3. is being (to make) – his new suit – a first-class tailor.

4. the sun rays – is (to give) - to us – heat.

5. alone – often – was (to leave) – the child – home.

4. Трансформируйте предложения в активный залог, используя слова they, we, somebody в качестве подлежащего, где это необходимо.

1. Harry wasn't punished at all. 2. The problem will be dealt with in the next chapter. 3. They knew that the reason had been explained to us. 5. Today plastics are being widely used instead of metals.

5. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов to do, to be, to have.

1. Don't come at 9 o'clock. 2. Did he do his work well? 3. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits. 4. The engineers are to study the problem of using artificial intelligence. 5. We had to change the design of this machine. 6. There are two main classes of film and hybrid integrated circuits. 7. The transistors and diodes are widely used on monolithic integrated circuits because of the relatively small size. 8. The semiconductor may have a net positive electrostatic charge. 9. The pilots had to maintain direct radio contact between the planes. 10. A modern automatic digital computer does more than 100 mln operations in each second.

Трансформируйте следующие предложения в

придаточные дополнительные, начав с фраз I knew, I thought, He said . Измените время глаголов-сказуемых в придаточных дополнительных в соответствии с правилами согласования времен. Произведите другие необходимые преобразования.

1. My foreign friends are going to send me an invitation for visiting

Paris. 2. We can simplify this question. But there is no need for doing this. 3. A calculator is just any other electronic system, except that it uses digital electronics instead of analog electronics. 4. Everybody is going to attend the scientific conference, which is to be held in our city in May. 5. The TV program does not seem interesting and viewers cannot expect any positive changes in it. 6. He does not have to take a bus – he lives near the University. 7. The experiment has already been conducted, and scientists are pleased with the results. 8. It took him a lot of effort to complete the experiment in time. 9. Some of the most respected publications declared that a machine could never do anything that required thought. 10. How are directions to be expressed to the computer?

 

Перепишите следующий диалог с целью передачи чужих

высказываний в косвенной речи сначала в настоящем времени (Например, Professor says that Alec’s answer was rather good and……), а затем в прошедшем (Например, Professor said that Alec’s answer had been rather good and……). Помните, что при передаче чужого высказывания в косвенной речи действует правило согласования времен, если косвенная речь вводится глаголом в прошедшем времени!

Professor: Your answer was rather good. Now I would like to ask you a few extra questions.

Alec: Yes, Professor. I'm ready.

Professor: What is an interface?

Alec: An interface is interconnection between hardware, software, and people.

Professor: That is right. Do you agree that there are hardware interfaces and software interfaces?

Alec: Yes, I do. There are also interfaces between people and computers. They are terminal screens and keyboards.

Professor: And what are hardware interfaces?

Alec: They are physical channels, cables, or wires. They connect and exchange electronic signals between the CPU and peripherals or between any two units.

Professor: And what about software interfaces? Can you give any example?

Alec: Software interfaces are application programs, Data Base Management Systems, communication programs, and the operating system.

Professor: And what are they?

Alec: They are specific messages established between programs.

Professor: Good. I like your answer. Your mark is a five.

Alec: Thank you, Professor. Good-bye.

 

 

Передайте диалог, пересказанный в косвенной речи, в

Прямой речи.

One day David met his friend John and asked him whether John knew

something about translating machines. John replied that translating machines had been built many times but none of them, however, had done its job well enough. That was the reason why research on translating machines had gone continuously.

Then David said that one day he had seen a CD with some programs, which might help to translate from Russian into English.

John advised David not to waste money and time because all these programs were unable to produce intelligible translation. They merely substituted Russian words with English equivalents and did not analyze the relations between the words of each sentence.

David exclaimed that when translating so many logical processes were involved. He added that the machine must know much about grammar, and Russian grammar was so different from English.

John also said that the commonest problem was where a word could have more than one meaning. A human translator would know which meaning to choose from the context. But machines had been known to make the wrong choice because if a machine was to make usable translations, it itself must be able to extract some, at least, of the meaning of the text. So John concluded that such machines were much further off and recommended David to study English hard.

 

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