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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
THE FIRST SLAVES IN THE NEW WORLD
In August 1619 a small Dutch warship arrived at Jamestown port. It brought 20 black Africans, and the ship's captain sold them to the settlers. These people became slaves - although it was years before the fact was openly admitted. This was the beginning of slavery in the New World. The Virginia Company never made a profit. It turned out to be a failure and the English Government liquidated it and made itself responsible for the Virginian colonists. This, however, didn't make the colonists' life in America much easier. Only the healthiest, the strongest and the toughest were able to survive, but there were very few of them left. Back at home these early years of the 17th century were a time of poverty and hardships. So some English people thought it was worth risking the possibility of hard work and struggle in the New World in exchange for opportunities that the New World might offer. The main attraction for a poor man was a piece of land for a farm, something he could never afford to dream of at home. PILGRIMS Another extremely important event in the colonization of the New World by the English was a dangerous voyage made across the Atlantic Ocean by a small group of English men and women in 1620. These people had chosen to leave their native country and try to live in an unexplored land in spite of all the horrible stories they had heard about it, because their life in England under King James the First was unbearable. Unit three
In many ways the Puritans can be considered the followers of their European predecessors, the Protestants. The name comes from the verb 'to protest'. The founders of the protest against the Roman Catholic Church with the Pope of Rome at its head were a German monk Martin Luther and a French lawyer John Calvin. They both at slightly different times and in different countries declared that believers did not need the Pope of Rome or the priests of the Catholic Church to enable them to speak to God. They were angry at the wealth and the power of the Vatican. The Puritans of England had similar ideas. The small group that sailed to the New World in 1620 came to be called Pilgrims (i.e. people who travel to holy places for religious reasons) because they went to America to find religious freedom. Americans call them Pilgrim Fathers and up to this day see them as the most important among the founders of the future United States of America. It took the Pilgrims 65 days to reach a sandy piece of land in what is now the state of Massachusetts, but then was named by the settlers Plymouth. The Pilgrims' chances of surviving were not high. The frozen ground and deep snow made it difficult for them to build houses. They did not have enough food. Before spring came, half of the little group of a hundred settlers had died. But the Pilgrims did not give in. They were determined to succeed. Unlike other European settlers, they were wise enough to establish friendly relations with the natives. Indians, who taught them how to fish and hunt, gave them seed corn and showed them how to plant it. In November 1621 the English settlers and the Indians sat down to eat together and give thanks to God for enabling them to survive the hardships of their first year in America. It was a special time of friendship between two very different groups of people. It would be very good to say that this friendship lasted a long time, but unfortunately, it didn't. More English people came to America, and they were not in need of the Indians' help as were the Pilgrims, and within a few years the children of the people who ate together at the first Thanksgiving were killing one another in cruel wars. It is sad to think that this happened, but it is important to understand all of the story and not just the happy part. Today Thanksgiving is celebrated each year in remembrance of the first Thanksgiving dinner. Name John Rolfe [(feDn rolf] Part 2 New Words succeed [sak'si: d] v достигать цели, преуспевать (in), иметь успех survive [ss'vaiv] v выжить, выживать in spite of несмотря на syn. despite recruit [n'kru: t] v, n нанимать (людей на работу), наемный работник profit ['profit] л прибыль explorer [iks'pb: ra] л исследователь explore v исследовать permanently ['рз: тэпэпШ] adv постоянно permanent adj постоянный be at war быть в состоянии войны, воевать starvation [stoj'veijan] л голод starve v голодать disease [di'zi: z] л болезнь slave [sleiv] л раб slavery f'slervan] л рабство liquidate f'likwideit] (/ликвидировать tough [Uf] adj крепкий, упрямый persecute ['p3: sikju: t] v преследовать, подвергать гонениям predecessor ['pri: dises3] л предшественник protest ['prautest] л протест protest [pr9'test] опротестовать monk [тлпк] п монах priest [pri: st] n священник enable fi'neibl] v давать возможность, делать возможным wealth [welO] л богатство give in (phrasal verb) сдаваться, сдаться be determined [di't3: mmd] быть решительно настроенным seed corn [si: d ko: n] семена кукурузы corn (Am.), maize (Br.) кукуруза in remembrance [in n'membrsns] в память Thanksgiving [, 9«nks'givin] День благодарения EXERCISES 1. The words in these questions are jumbled. Put them in the correct order and answer the questions. 1. Queen Elizabeth / When / die / did? 2. Jamestown expedition / by / Who / the / financed / was? Unit three 3. 4. women / How / were / many / in / wives / as / 1619 / shipped over / 5. discovered / milder / of / tobacco / way / Who / a / leaves / new / 2. Find English equivalents in the text for the following (you may think of better Russian translations). 1. Первая английская колония, которой удалось выжить, несмотря на 2....управляющие компании, прежде всего, хотели, чтобы они нашли 3. Было бы справедливо отметить... 4. Как путешественники и исследователи они были очень неопытны 5. В результате... 6....должны были заплатить компании «лучшего табачного листа ве 7....которые обещали работать на своих работодателей определен 8....хотя это было за годы до того, как этот факт был открыто при 9. Она обернулась полным провалом, и английское правительство
10. На родине эти ранние годы XVII века были временем нищеты и не 11. Причины были исключительно религиозными. 12. Во многом пуритане могут считаться последователями их евро 13....стали называться пилигримами, поскольку эти люди приехали 14. У них ушло 65 дней на то, чтобы... 15. Еще до наступления весны умерла половина из небольшой группы 16. Они были полны решимости достичь успеха. 17....возблагодарить Бога за то, что он дал им возможность пережить 18....и они не нуждались в помощи индейцев так, как нуждались в ней 19....всю историю, а не только ее счастливую часть. Part 2 VOCABULARY Read and translate these sentences into Russian so as to have a better idea of how these words can be used. succeed v, successive adj, successor n 1. 'To succeed in doing' something means to achieve something you e.g. She's been working at (on) her thesis for several years and has finally succeeded in finishing it. 2. 'To succeed in doing' something implies more hard work and time than 3. Another meaning of 'succeed' is 'to take over / to follow', 4. Elizabeth the First succeeded her father on the throne. 5. To succeed as / in' means to achieve success in a career. e.g. He succeeded as a writer / an actor / a playwright / in business / in his career, etc. 6. To succeed' also means to be successful, not to be a failure, 7. 'Successive' means following each other closely, 8. Mr Bennett's successor as chairman takes over next week. survive v, survival n, survivor n 1. Very few people survived the earthquake. (= There were very few 2. He survived most of his contemporaries. 3. " Don't worry, he'll survive, " said the doctor. 4. Surprisingly enough, this custom still survives. 5. The custom is a survival of the past. in spite of, despite prep 1. Despite the cold wind, we enjoyed skiing (= In spite of the cold 2. In spite of the rain we went out. (= Despite the rain...) 3. He managed to eat a big lunch despite having eaten an enormous recruit v, n, recruitment n 1. We are having difficulty recruiting enough properly qualified staff. 2. I recruited two of my friends to help me move the furniture. Unit three 3. 4. My daughter-in-law works for a recruitment agency as a headhunter. 5. They were raw recruits (=...completely untrained). profit n, profitable adj 1. A profit is money, which is earned in trade or business. 2. You don't expect to make much profit within the first couple of years 3. His small business turned out to be quite profitable. explore v, explorer n, exploration n 1. The problem is still being explored. 2. We are exploring all the possibilities of making the project profitable. 3. Magellan was a famous sixteenth-century explorer. 4. In recent years several countries have succeeded in exploring space. 5. We need to carry out a full exploration (examination) of all the 6. Livingstone was the first European to make an exploration of the starve v, starvation n, hunger n, famine n 1. From looking at and talking to former prisoners of war, it was obvious 2. Unlike 'starvation', which is an unnatural state of not having enough e.g. I'm dying of hunger. Let's go and have a meal. 3. Humorously, people often say: " I'm starving! " 4. 'Famine' is a longer period of starvation, disease n 1. A disease is a serious illness of people, animals, plants, etc, caused by 2. Starvation and disease killed lots of first Europeans in the New World. slave n, slavery n, serf n, serfdom n 1. There used to be slaves in America. In Russia there used to be serfs. 2. Progressive people in both America and Russia used to fight against 3. Serfdom was abolished (liquidated) in Russia in 1861 by Czar Alexander
tough adj 1. These plants are not tough enough to survive outside in winter. 2. You have to be tough to succeed in politics. 3. Tough measures need to be taken to protect the environment. 4. There is tough competition in the oil market. 5. Isn't he a tough guy! persecute v, persecutor n, persecution n 1. To persecute' means to treat somebody unfairly or cruelly over a long 2. Christians were persecuted by the Romans. 3. He decided to emigrate because of political persecution. 4. His persecutors wouldn't leave him alone, and this caused his serious
to persecute ['p3: sikju: t] v преследовать to prosecute ['prgsikjut] v преследовать по суду To 'prosecute' means to take the matter to the court of law. a persecutor - преследователь a prosecutor (law) - обвинитель, прокурор persecution - преследование, гонение prosecution - судебное разбирательство
1. To pursue' means to follow in order to catch, kill or defeat. 2. The police car raced through the street in pursuit of another car. 3. The wolf ran much quicker than its pursuers. predecessor л ant. successor 1. Unlike his predecessor, the present prime minister supports closer 2. The latest Toyota is not only faster than its predecessors but also is enable v 1. Please, let us know what kind of innovations you would like us to imple 2. Computerisation should enable us to cut production costs by half. wealth n, wealthy adj 1. Health is better than wealth.
2. 3. His wealth was immeasurable. determine v, determination n 1. The Commander-in-Chief's strategy and tactics determined the 2. It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether the man is 3. I'm determined to get this piece of work finished today. 4. She was admired for her dogged (= very strong) determination to
Some English words are formed by a change of stress: protest ['prautest] n to protest [prau'test] v insult ['insAlt] л to insult [m'sAlt] v increase ['mkri: s] n to increase [m'kri: s] v record ['reko: d] n to record [n'ko: d] v export ['ekspo: t] n to export [iks'po: t] v import ['impo: t] n to import [im'po: t] v desert ['dezst] n to desert [di'z3: t] v GRAMMAR 4. Do you agree with the following statements? Say 'Yes' or 'No' and prove your answer with the statement from the text. E < ample A Dutch ship didn't arrive at Jamestown port, did it? Yes, it did. It arrived at Jamestown port in August 1619. 1. It didn't bring black Africans, did it? 2. These people didn't become slaves, did they? 3. The Virginia Company never made a profit, did it? 4. The Virginia Company turned out to be a failure, didn't it? 5. The liquidation of the Virginia Company didn't make the colonists' life 6. There were very few of the colonists who survived, weren't there? 7. The early years of the 17th century in England weren't a time of poverty 8. The main attraction for a poor man was a piece of land for a farm,
— существительное We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the bad weather. — герундий We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) staying in a cheap hotel. — предложение, начинающееся с 'the fact that' + подлежащее + ска We enjoyed our holiday in spite of (despite) the fact that the accommodation was not good enough. Though, although, even though - хотя Слово 'although' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'though', 'although' и 'even though' следует употреблять придаточное предложение с подлежащим и сказуемым. We enjoyed our holiday though / although / even though the weather was bad.
1. I'm going to do this exercise even though... 2. Despite studying all day long... 3. Although the lecturer spoke very quickly... 4. In spite of starvation and diseases... 5. Though I had already read this story... 6. In spite of the heavy traffic... 7. Even though we've known each other for a long time... 8. In spite of the fact he had all the necessary qualifications... 9. Although we have been living in the same street... 6. Complete the sentences choosing the words from the box. There are some
1. 2. The colony, ... was founded by John White, went down in history as 'the
3. 4. Amerigo Vespucci wrote a few letters in... he described the voyages 5. Columbus called the native people... were living in America at that time 6. Columbus never realized that he had discovered a continent... lies 7. The slaves, ... had been brought to America, were forced to work on 8. A young settler, ... name was John Rolfe, discovered a new way of 9. In August 1619 a small Dutch warship... brought 20 black Africans
10. Pilgrims sailed from England on a ship... was called Mayflower. 11. The Pilgrims, ... chances of surviving were not high, had to learn how Fill in the spaces with the words from the box.
2. I... on your word. 3. The security system will not... you to enter without the correct 4. He used to... us for hours with his stories. 5. I... to see the manager. 6. Who does this file... to? 7. " You are supposed to... my orders, " the commander said to the 8. What do you... by that? 9. Young specialists... about 50 per cent of the whole staff.
10. Few people can... rudeness. 11. The boss refused to... on the matter. 12. You can't... English poetry unless you understand its rhythm. Phrasal verbs with 'give' give in - surrender (сдаться) give... back- return (возвратить) Part 2 give. .. out - distribute (раздать) give. .. up - stop doing (бросить, отказаться навсегда) 8. Translate the following into English using the phrasal verbs with 'give'. 1. Он часто цитировал Марка Твена, который сказал: «Бросить курить 2. Учитель попросил его раздать студентам копии контрольных 3. Его отец научил его не сдаваться даже в трудных ситуациях. 9. Read the story, try to guess the meanings of the words you don't know
Pocahontas* The Jamestown colonists obeyed the Virginia Company's order to search for gold. By doing so they hoped to become rich themselves. But digging gold, washing it and loading it was not an easy job to do. The first settlers, however, were full of determination not to.... They... working in spite of starvation and cruel diseases. The most courageous and determined of the explorers was Captain John Smith. If he hadn't organized the colonists and made them work, the settlement would have died out to the last man. When all the food supplies had run out, Captain Smith went into the forest to get some food from the Indians. But that particular tribe... to be unfriendly. They took John prisoner and were going to kill him when quite unexpectedly a twelve-year old girl ran out of the crowd watching the execution and shielded him with her own body. Her name was Pocahontas. The sight of a man who was going to be murdered without being able to defend himself (his rifle had been taken away from him, of course) was unbearable to her. The other people didn't dare do the prisoner any harm because Pocahontas was the daughter of the tribe's chief.
Unit three
Five years later, when Pocahontas was already 17 years old she married John Rolfe, a tobacco planter. Rolfe is known to have been one of the few successful British settlers in the New World. He was the first to discover a method of drying tobacco leaves, which made them milder. In 1613 he shipped the first load of Virginia tobacco to England where he was paid high prices, because the excellent quality of his tobacco was highly appreciated by British merchants. In 1616 Rolfe took his Indian wife to England where she was presented at court to King James the First, and a portrait of her was made by an English painter. She would have returned to America with her husband and a newborn baby named Thomas, if she hadn't caught smallpox and died in 1617. When Thomas Rolfe grew up, he... to Virginia. Quite a few Virginians today claim to be descended from Thomas Rolfe and so from Pocahontas. There is a well-known Disney cartoon film made in remembrance of that remarkable woman. 10. Retell the story about Pocahontas. 1. Complete the following sentences. 1. If the first settlers hadn't been full of determination to survive, they... 2. John Smith wouldn't have gone to the forest, if all the food supplies... 3. If Pocahontas hadn't shielded John Smith with her body, he... 4. Pocahontas's orders wouldn't have been obeyed, if she... 5. If Pocahontas hadn't supplied the settlers with food, they... 6. If Rolfe hadn't discovered a new method of drying tobacco leaves... 7. If Pocahontas hadn't come to England, she... 8. She would have returned to America with her husband and son, if she... 1 2. Questions for discussion. 1. Have you seen any historical films recently? 2. Can you remember a film that impressed you most? Tell us what the
• The film is called... • The story takes place in... • The film is about... • It's a screen version of a famous novel called... • I enjoyed the costumes, the battle scenes, the visual effects, etc.)... ^^ 13. Write a composition about the historical film you like best. Describe what happens in the film and give your opinion of it.
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The reasons were purely religious. These people disagreed with the customs and teachings of the Church of England, established by King Henry the Eighth (the father of Queen Elizabeth the First) and were severely persecuted for their ideas. They wanted the Church of England to become more simple, or 'pure'. Because of this they were called Puritans.
the / to / begin / first / did / of / Why / starvation / die / settlers? 
Most men in the village were recruited that day.
Part 2
Don't mix up! 
pursue v, pursuit л, pursuer л
Unit three
" Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise." 
Remember! 
Part 2
9. The existence of slavery was immediately admitted by the Americans, wasn't it? 
In spite of, despite (без предлога of! ) - несмотря на Слово 'despite' свойственно более формальному стилю. После 'in spite of и 'despite' следует употреблять: 
5. Complete the sentences in a logical way.
who, which, that, whose
A Viking sailor from Iceland, ... name was Leif Eriksson, is believed to
Unit three
The names of North and South America were given to these lands in
bear, imply, comprise, avoid, rely, entertain, appreciate, obey, comment, demand, belong, permit
1.1 wonder why you... speaking to them about your problems.
go down as, turn out, go back, give in, go on
* Pocahontas // O'Callaghan B. An Illustrated History of the USA. Longman, 1994.
Pocahontas... in history... a godsend to the English settlers. She supplied them with food and in this way saved them from famine and diseases.
Music is the universal language of mankind. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), American poet