Does, do, does, have to, is it

17. What _____ a company want in a new location?

18. _____ some governments offer low taxes?

19. What advantages _______ the local government have?

20. Pricing is difficult to get right and companies ______ think carefully about the different factors.

21. ______ difficult for companies to set the price of a product?

Translate the words and word combinations into English:

22. Сбой питания

23. Денежный поток

24. Усиление конкуренции

Match these halves of sentences.

25. We can reduce risk … 26. Internet businesses … 27. Actuaries calculate risk …

a) by spreading our lending to more businesses b) in order to advise insurance companies c) face increasing risks of running out of money

28. Who ____ your target customers and is price important for them?

a) is

b) will

c) be

d) are

29. How _____ companies set the price for a product?

c) should

d) must

e) have to

f) has to

30. Firstly the risk of simply _____ nothing.

a) do

b) did

c) doing

d) does

31. Risk management _____ undoubtedly moved up the corporate agenda.

a) had

b) has

c) will

d) is

Translate the words into Russian:

32. all – important

33. revenue –

34. productivity –

35. contribution

 

ENGLISH IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION.

UNIT 1. ROOF.

Vocabulary

clean the building area! – очистите погрузочную зону!

do not stand under the load! – не стойте под грузом!

flat – плоский

give the signal to lift the load – дайте сигнал о готовности к подъёму

the job requires a bulldozer – для работы требуется бульдозер

near – близко, около

nearly – почти

no passage – прохода нет

pitch – скат, наклон

place the lorry for loading. – поставьте грузовик под погрузку

shingles (of wood) – дранка, деревянная черепица, гонт

slate – шифер

slope – уклон

sloping – пологий, покатый

thatch – солома, тростник

therefore – поэтому, следовательно

unit – элемент, сборная часть

unload the platform! – разгрузить эту платформу!

The roof is a necessary component of practically every building. It serves to protect the interior of the building from rain, snow, wind, and cold. There exist many types of roofs, the main ones being sloping (pitched) roofs and flat (or nearly flat) ones.

It is a well-known fact that every roof should have a covering. The type of covering of a roof mainly depends on the form of the roof and some other factors. The pitched roof is known to dry itself quickly of water. Therefore, it can be covered with roofing materials consisting of small individual units. To their belong, for example, slate, shingles of wood, tiles of fired clay or concrete. These materials are widely used and popular as roofing coverings since they have a number of useful qualities. Firstly, the small units they consist of are easy to install. Secondly, they are easy to repair since they are individual and small. Thirdly, it should be taken into account that they are rather cheap. Therefore, if a pitched roof is manufactured of properly chosen material and is well installed, it looks beautiful and attractive. Nevertheless, of course, pitched roofs have their disadvantages. Roofs of this kind should not be installed on broad and large building. They do not look attractive on such building. As to flat roofs, they can cover very broad building. Another advantage of these roofs is that they can serve as balconies and decks and even be landscaped parts of buildings they cover. However, they also have some disadvantages. One of them is that water evaporates too slowly from their surfaces.

Different roof covering are used and they serve different purposes: of them shingle and sheet metal roofs may cover any type of building. But as to thatched roofing, it is mostly used for country buildings, historic restorations and some types of specialized buildings.

Generally, the load on roofs consists of two components: the snow load and the wind-pressure. The action of these loads is quite different on flat roofs and pitched ones. The snow load on flat roofs is great; practically it is at the maximum. As to the wind pressure on roofs on this type, it is very small - practically it is at its minimum. On pitched roofs the situation is different; when the pitch of the roof increases the weight of the snow load decrease. As to the wind pressure, it increases with the increase of the pitch.

Answer the questions.

1. Are thatched roofs used in modern big cities? If not, why? Where are they mostly used nowadays?

2. For what reason shouldn't pitch roofs be installed on broad and large buildings?

3. Which part of roofs can serve as a balcony or a landscaped part of a building?

4. What are the two main types of roof?

5. Which type of roof dries itself quickly of water?

6. What factors does the covering of the roof depend on?

7. What types of covering consist of small units?

8. What are their good qualities?

Exercises:

1) Which of the given words are adjectives or adverbs?

Useful, considerable, the only, considerably, broad, the very, proper, hard, slowly, nearly, broad, useful, economically, quickly, beautiless, hardly, sloping, attractive.

2) Read the given terminological combinations; translate them into Russian

Flat roof

Unit area

Sloping (pitched) roof

Shingle nail

Thatched roof

3) Translate the following combinations into Russia.

Properly chosen roofing materials -

Beautiful and well-installed flat roof -

Uneconomically large sloping roof -

Roofing materials consisting of small units-

4) Choose the correct word:

1. We had been walking for hours.......... we reached the campsite.

a) since

b) for

c) before

2. John was repairing the car............. Steve was tidying the garage.

a) while

b) before

c) after

3. We went to Spain on holiday.............

a) tomorrow

b) next year

c) last year

4. I fell asleep............. I closed my eyes.

a) just

b) as soon as

c) already

5............. did Jane and Ted get married?

a) How long

b) How long ago

c) While

6. She has not seen Jim............ he left school.

a) for

b) just

c) since

7. He will not go home................he has finished his work.

a) how long

b) until

c) yet

8. I have lived in Kent............. ten years now.

a) since

b) for

c) before

9. We have not finished work..............

a) yet

b) until

c) just

10..............did Tina meet Steve?

a) How long

b) How long ago

c) While

5) Complete the sentences

1. On Saturday I ____________ (play) computer games with my cousins.

2. My mum ____________ (not cook) dinner last night.

3. I ____________ (walk) to school because there weren´ t any buses.

4. They ____________ (not dance) at the party.

5. My brother ____________ (travel) to Ireland last summer.

References:

http: //www.understandconstruction.com/roofing-systems.html
Building Construction: Principles and Practices by D.Walton, Macmillan, 1995, p. 92-114

UNIT 2. EXCAVATIONS.

Vocabulary

auger – сверло; бур

(to) backfill – засыпка; заделка

basement – фундамент

boning rod – визирка; отвес

(to) dig out – выкапывать

digging pit – шахта

digging trench – котлован

disposal – удаление, утилизация

filler – наполнитель

firm – прочный

patch – небольшой участок

precautions – меры предосторожности

pickaxe – киркомотыга

pier – опора

retaining wall – подпорная стена

(to) reduce – уменьшать

(to) reveal – открывать

shovel – экскаватор

sloping site – пологое место

(to) smooth – сглаживать

spade – лопата

stepped foundation – ступенчатый фундамент

strip foundation – ленточный фундамент

subsoil – грунт; подпочва

timber formwork – дощатая опалубка

topsoil – дёрн

wheelbarrow – тачка

The site must be excavated to build the foundations below ground. Excavation is normally done by hand or with mechanical diggers. Workers on small building sites usually carry out these types of excavations:

1. Removing the top soil.

2. Reducing levels to make an even working surface.

3. Digging trenches for strip foundations.

4. Digging pits for pier and column bases.

5. Digging holes for piles.

6. Digging into sloping sites.

7. Digging stepped foundations.

8. Digging out basements.

The contractor must solve two problems:

1. Supporting the sides.

2. Removing water.

Topsoil should be removed because:

1. It contains vegetation, which can damage foundations.

2. It is not firm enough to support a building.

You should remove at least 300 mm of topsoil.

When you remove the topsoil, then you should have firm subsoil that is strong enough to support the oversite concrete.

This work can be done manually with:

1. Spades.

2. Shovels.

3. Pick-axes.

4. Wheelbarrows.

You may need to dig even deeper into the subsoil to excavate trenches for strip foundations. Excavation by hand, using spades and shoves, is a good method for excavating trenches for the foundations for small building.

You can use two methods to check that the excavation is deep enough.

The deeper the excavation the more it costs to dig and to fill with concrete. Excavated soil should be removed from the trench. After the excavation is completed the building inspector may want to check that the subsoil in the bottom of the trench will support the building load.

The excavation for the base of a column or pier is called a pit. Pits are usually square. You mark a position and dig around the central point of the column or pier. You can dig pits by hand or use a backacter. Any water should be removed. You will usually use a short-bored pile for small buildings. You use an auger, which is a spiral-shaped hand tool, to drill a hole in the ground.

Augers can be turned by hand or by machine.

1. Polings, which are vertical planks supporting the soil. In sand or gravel, they should be placed close enough together to form a continuous timber wall. Depending on the soil type and working conditions, they may be placed about 900 mm apart. The purpose of the polings is to keep the soil on the sides of the excavation from falling in.

2. Walings, which are horizontal timber strips supporting the polings.

3. Struts, which are timbers that span across the trench between the walings. The struts hold the opposite walls of the excavation in place.

4. Wedges, which are pieces of timber used to maintain the pressure of the polings against the soil. If the soil expands or shrinks while the work is carried out, then you may need to adjust the wedges again.

The level of water in the hole is called the water table. It varies according to the seasons and the amount of rainfall.

If you use a pump, then the end of the hose line should be below the bottom of the excavation in a small depression (called a sump). The hose should have a filter to prevent dirt from coming up into the pump.

If you remove the water by hand, then you must dig a sump that is large enough for a bucket. When the water is removed, it should be drained away so that it does not run back into the excavation.

You should always look at these factors when you are working in or close to excavations:

1. Is the soil firm or lose?

2. How long will the excavation be left open?

3. Is the rainfall excessive?

4. Are the temperatures very high? High temperatures can dry out soil.

5. How deep is the excavation? A deep trench needs more support for the sides.

6. Are there heavy loads or vehicles near the edges?

7. Is there any vibration from nearby equipment?

Workers should wear:

1. Strong boots with reinforced toecaps.

2. Protective helmets.

3. Gloves.

4. Waterproof boots in wet conditions.

5. Goggles when working in rock.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What are the advantages of these excavation methods on a sloping site:

a) cut and fill

b) stepped foundations?

2. Why should foundations be built below ground level?

3. Why should you remove topsoil before digging the foundations?

4. Describe how you would use boning rods to establish the correct levels of foundations.

Exercises:

1) Translate into Russian.

1. Excavation is used to remove soil to lay a foundation or to reduce the levels below an oversight slab.

2. Safety is very important in excavation work.

3. Water can fill excavated holes and trenches, which is dangerous.

4. Excavation can be done with machines or by hand.

5. Timbers are used to provide temporary support to the walls of an excavation.

2) Give the Russian equivalents of the following words:

degas subsoil remove foundation supervisor upper

a sump hose line backet narrow excessive

tipper truck pump out drain a large drill

3) Open the brackets using adjectives and adverbs in suitable forms:

1. I like living in the country. It's a lot...more peaceful.. (peaceful) than the city

2. I felt very ill last week, but I'm slightly.......(good) now.

3. I cannot hear you. Could you speak a little..... (loud) please?

4. Steven is.....(tall) boy in the basketball team.

5. This computer is very old. I need something..... (modern).

6. The new library is far..... (close) to my house than the old one.

7. Jane's new haircut makes her look..... (attractive).

8. This jacket was by far....... (expensive) in the shop.

4) Open the brackets using Future Simple or to be going to:

1. A: Have you finished your essay yet?
B: No, but I'm sure I..... (finish) it on time.

2. A: I have decided what to wear for the party.
B: Really? What..........(wear), then?

3. A: Why do you need hot soapy water?
B: Because I.......... (wash) the car.

4. A: Did you post those letters?
B: No, I forgot. I.........(post) them this afternoon.

5. A: Did you book a table at the restaurant?
B: Yes, but I don't expect it...........(be) busy.

5) Past simple or present perfect.

1. A: Did you like the movie " The Reader "
B: I do not know. I (see, never) ____________ that movie.

2. Sam (arrive) ____________ in Kiev a week ago.

3. My best friend and I (know) ____________ each other for over fifty years. We still get together once a week.

4. Mark is a fantastic writer. He (write) ____________ ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he will be as famous as Shevchenko.

5. I (have, not) ____________ this much fun since I (be) ____________ a kid.

References:

http: //theconstructor.org/practical-guide/work-procedure-excavation/1632/
Building Construction: Principles and Practices by D.Walton, Macmillan, 1995, p. 30-38

UNIT 3. PREPARING THE SITE

Vocabulary

(to) appoint – назначать

appropriate – соответствующее

authorized people – уполномоченные

boundary – граница

builders` square – угольник

(to) chop – рубить

canteen – столовая

coarse aggregate – крупный заполнитель

contractor – подрядчик

crowbar – лапчатый лом

delay – отсрочка

different trades – различные профессии

(to) dump – сваливать

efficiently – рационально

to ensure – гарантировать

fence – забор

frequently – часто

goggles – защитные очки

latrine – туалет

line – веревка, шнур

levelling instruments – инструменты для выравнивая (нивелирование)

manhole – люк

a peg – колышек

personal effects – личные вещи

pick – кирка, лом

plumb bob – свинцовый грузик

preliminary – подготовительный

(to) retain – сохранять

sledgehammer – кувалда

spade – лопата

storage – база, склад

tape measure – рулетка

water tank – бак для воды

wheelbarrow – тачка

The contractor’s site preparation begins after the:

1. building has been designed

2. construction documents gave been approved

3. main contractor has been appointed by the client to construct the building

The contractor is expected to carry out the building work:

- using appropriate knowledge, experience and skill;

- efficiently and without delay:

- employing skilled technicians and building workers in the different trades;

- using the most appropriate materials;

- ensuring that health and safety regulations are observed;

- giving the necessary information to the local authority when required.

One of the contractor’s first jobs is to lay out the site boundaries. If a security fence is put up around the site boundaries, the contractor can control the movement of people and materials. Ideally, the boundary fence should have a single access point so that someone can check people in and out. A temporary access road should be constructed so that vehicles can enter the site in all weather.

The temporary site buildings and facilities should not be too close to the building that is being constructed. Clear space must be left around the building for dumping excavated earth and moving machinery and materials. The concrete mixer should be left in a permanent location during the building work. Deliveries of aggregates will need clear access to the concrete mixer.

A variety of tools and equipment is needed to do the digging, lifting, fixing and measuring jobs that are part of the work on a building site. Clearing the site is essential. First, all vegetation such as bushes and scrub should be removed. The roots of trees and bushes must be dug out and cleared away. The site needs to be clear of rocks and boulders in the area where the building will be set out. If they are too large, then the boulders or rocks must be broken into smaller pieces and taken away. The building site and surrounding areas should be inspected for termites as part of the process of clearing the site. Termites present a danger because they eat the cellulose in the timber in buildings where they cannot be seen. Destruction is often well advanced before it is obvious on the surface. To remove this danger, the termite nests must be dug out and the contents destroyed. The ground around a termite nest is usually treated with toxic chemical. For this reason, you must take great care when you handle the chemicals. It is advisable to wear gloves and goggles to prevent the inhalation of fumes. The chemicals and powders should be mixed in the open air.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What are three responsibilities of the main contractor?

2. What are the main tools and equipment used on a building site?

3. Why should termite nests be destroyed on a building site?

Exercises:

1) Translate into Russian:

1. The soil condition should be checked before excavations begin.

2. Termite nests on the site must be destroyed.

3. The concrete mixer and aggregates should be carefully sited.

4. A complete inventory of the tools needed for building work is useful.

5. The contractor must have the right experience to do the job.

2) Find the equivalents:

1. Разведочная скважина

2. Рыхлая

3. Копать

4. Валун

5. Лапчатый лом

6. Лопата

7. Защитные очки

8. Предотвратить

9. Вдыхание газов

10. Заполнитель

11. Обрабатывать

12. Личные вещи

13. Рулетка

14. Твердая почва

15..Кувалда

3) Choose the correct form of the verbs:

Countries all over the world have superstitions, which some people believe, and others do not. Several superstitions are the same in many countries.

Many people avoid 1) walking/to walk under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad luck. Some people expect things 2) go/to go wrong on the thirteenth day of the month, particularly if it is a Friday. Some say you must never 3) put/to put up an umbrella inside the house or 4) to place/place a pair of new shoes on the table. In many places, it is considered unlucky 5) to see/seeing a black cat, while in others this is thought 6) to be/be a symbol of good luck. 7) Break/Breaking a mirror results in seven years of bad luck and if you spill salt, you must 8) to throw/ throw a pinch of it over your left shoulder immediately.

Some people believe in these just a few superstitions. Do you know any more?

4) Four of the sentences below are wrong. Cross them out and write them again correctly.

1. We are saving our money for a holiday this summer.

2. I cannot tell you anything about Peter's boat because I never see it.

3. We have dinner now. Could I call you back later?

4. I have started learning Polish and I can say a few easy sentences now.

5. Linda has passed all her exams so she can go to university.

6. How long have you lived here?

7. Grandma and Grandad are coming over every Friday.

8. It does not rain very much in the east of England.

9. I am getting up early and running three kilometres every morning until the expedition starts.

10. One person in every thirteen in the world lives along the Yangtze River in China.

5) Past simple or Present Perfect

1. Things (change) ____________ a great deal at Rothen, Inc. When we first (start) ____________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only) ____________ six employees. Since then, we (expand) ____________ to include more than 2000 full-time workers.

2. I (tell) ____________ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) ____________ off into the forest and (be) ____________ bitten by a fly.

3. Listen Liza, I do not care if you (miss) ____________ the bus this morning. You (be) ____________ late to work too many times. You are fired!

4. Sergey is from Kazan, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) ____________ the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.

5. How sad! Dmitri (dream) ____________ of going to California before he died, but he did not make it. He (see, never) ____________ the ocean.

References:

http: //www.safetypartnering.com/smd/pdf/handbook_e.pdf
Building Construction: Principles and Practices by D.Walton, Macmillan, 1995, p. 18-21

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