TILTING TRAINS UPGRADED FOR NEW LINX SERVICES

Train refurbishment is currently a thriving business in Sweden, where several projects are underway1 or about to begin. LINX, the joint-venture2 passenger operating company created by Swedish Railways (SJ) and Norwegian State Railways (NSB), is planning to introduce 11 refurbished X2000 tilting trains on its Nordic Triangle high-speed passenger services during 2004. Delivery of the first of these trains is scheduled in January.

SJ, which will lease the trains to LINX, was expected to award the contract by the beginning of this month for the refurbishment of the fleet.

The trains will be stripped down completely and will have new interiors with a wooden theme. They will have four seats per row, and every seat will be fitted with a computer screen, enabling passengers to use the Internet or watch movies. This service, together with at-seat meals, will be included in the price of business-class tickets.

TGOJ Railway, Sweden, has submitted a bid3 to refurbish the trains and it is sure to be awarded the contract by SJ. Although TGOJ is best known as an operator, it possesses refurbishment facilities, and has employed Westart to design the logo and livery, and Sifab to provide the interior design and layout. Both these agencies are based in Gothenburg. Travel Design, Sweden, has also been appointed as consultant for the project.

The trains will operate between Gothenburg and Copenhagen initially, offering a journey time of 3h 30min. They are already being equipped to cope with the signaling and electrical power supply systems on the rail network in Denmark.

Meanwhile, TGOJ, is undertaking its so-called BlueX project, which involves renovating other types of locomotive-hauled rolling stock to replace X2000 trains in the event of a breakdown. SJ’s X2000 trains will operate an ambitious timetable which will limit the amount of time available for maintenance and repairs.

Three BlueX trains will be hauled by a.c. locomotives, refitted for 180 km/h operation. Their superior acceleration compared with X2000s will enable the BlueX trains to adhere to the improved timetable on upgraded track radiating from Stockholm to Gothenburg, Malmo, and north to Gavle. However, this will not be possible on peripheral, curving lines where the X2000’s suspension and tilting mechanism reduce journey times significantly. The BlueX trains may also be put into regular revenue service to ease the pressure on the X2000 fleet at a later stage.

It’s needless to say that refurbishment is no longer a simple affair of making a management decision and carrying out work in the railway’s own workshop. Instead, a project can involve the operator, an independent workshop, and a range of designers and consultants.

 

Notes: 1) to be underway – проходить, осуществляться; 2) a joint venture - совместное предприятие; 3) to submit a bid - представить документы для заключения контракта.

1 Go back to the text and guess the meaning of the following phrases; translate them into Russian:

at-seat meals; 180 km/h operation; track radiating from…; to ease the pressure; to make a management decision; to operate a timetable.

 

2. Search the text for the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:

в случае поломки; свести к минимуму; придерживаться расписания; само собой разумеется; заключить контракт; начать (выполнение) проекта.

3. These are the attributive groups picked out from the text:

a passenger operating company – компания, занимающаяся пассажирскими перевозками; X2000 trains – поезда серии Х2000; journey time – время в пути. Can you continue this list and give us some more attributive groups?

4. Each of the sentences below is followed by two paraphrases. Decide which paraphrase (a, b) is closer in meaning to the original comment. Translate the original comment and the paraphrases into Russian.

1. The trains will be stripped down completely and will have new interiors with a wooden theme.

a) The interiors of the trains will be renovated by replacing plastic materials with wooden ones.

b) The interiors of the trains will be changed completely; more natural materials will be used for refurbishment.

2. Both these agencies (Westart and Sifab) are based in Gothenburg.

a) There is a railway line connecting the cities of Westart and Sifab.

b) The administrations of the Westart and Sifab factories are situated in Gothenburg.

 

There are several mistakes in the questions that follow. Correct them and answer the questions. Do it in written form.

1. About what country this text tells? 2. What is LINX? 3. How much trains is this company planning to introduce? 4. Where these trains will be introduced? 5. What kinds of services will include in the price of business-class tickets? 6. What company will be refurbished the trains? 7. What was journey time on the Gothenburg- Copenhagen line? 8. What the BlueX project is? What he involves? 9. What locs are used to haul BlueX trains? 10. On what lines will it be possible for these trains to adhere to the improved timetable? 11. What be the reason of putting the BlueX trains into regular service?

 

Translate the last paragraph of the text into Russian. Do it in written form.

Вариант 4

Задание 1. Употребите нужную форму личных местоимений:

1) I often see (they, them) in the bus.

2) She lives near (we, us).

3) (We, us) always walk to school together.

4) He teaches (we, us) English.

5) She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.

6) I always speak to (he, him) in English.

7) What is the matter with (he, him) today?

8) He explains the lesson to (we, us) each morning.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски местоимениями some или any. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. You will need... warm clothes there.

2. I don’t have... money with me.

3. Please, give me... more coffee. – I’m sorry, but there isn’t … more coffee.

4. I’m sorry, but I didn’t have... time to prepare my lessons last night.

5. It was in Greece that ancient civilization was highly developed.

6. I didn’t have... stamps, so I went to the post-office to buy...

7. Please, put... water in that vase, the flowers are dying.

8. There are... famous museums in that city but we didn’t have time to visit...

9. The doctor gave me... medicine for my cough.

10. There aren’t... students in the room at the moment.

Задание 3. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1) He knows French perfectly. 2) I understand everything he says. 3) She makes mistakes in spelling. 4) They enjoy their English lessons. 5) They live in Kiev. 6) We use our books in class. 7) The plane leaves at ten o’clock. 8) She always comes to class late.

Задание 4. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в форме Past Simple:

1) We (work) in our garden all day yesterday.

2) The telephone (ring) twice but no one answered it.

3) He always (want) to learn English.

4) Ann and I (talk) over the telephone yesterday.

5) I (lose) my English book yesterday but (find) it later.

6) The meeting (last) about two hours.

7) I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.

8) She (study) in our class last semester.

9) We (watch) television until eleven o’clock last night.

10) Mr. and Mrs. Simpson (invite) all their friends and neighbors to a party last night.

Задание 5. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1) They stayed in Moscow all summer. 2) She planned her work well. 3) The crowd waited a long time to see the famous actor. 4) He worked in that Institute for many years. 5) We arrived home late. 6) He entered this class in April. 7) Ann passed all her examinations. 8) The meeting lasted a long time

Задание 6. Употребите модальные глаголы can, may, must, could, should, can't, mustn't, needn't и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. … I take this book for a little?

2. I….. ski when I was young.

3. You … work more seriously.

4. He … answer the question. It’s not difficult.

5. You.... respect your parents.

6. My sister …. write this letter, she is very busy.

7. My sister …. write this letter. She’ll phone them.

8. You …. make notes in the books.

Задание 7. Письменно переведите текст. Выполните задание после текста.

 

CONSTRUCTIONAL WORKS ON RAILWAYS AND MOTORWAYS

(1) By the term ‘constructional works’ we mean the structures used instead of the permanent way or subgrade at the intersection with different obstacles. Constructional works are aimed to protect the permanent way against the unfavorable environment effects or natural calamities and disasters. The term incorporates the following structures: bridges, viaducts, aqueducts, overbridges, trestle bridges, culverts, tunnels, galleries. The function

of these structures is quite different from that of the civil engineering structures, that is why the term does not include buildings, wells, garages etc., though they are also manmade structures.

(2) Constructional works are the most complicated ones and involve great expenses. Their share ranges from 15 to 20 per cent of the total capital investment for the road construction. But as a rule the total length of the constructional works does not exceed 5 or 6 per cent of the road length.

(3) The type of the constructional works depends on the obstacle. At present there are more than twenty types of constructional works which can be divided into two main groups: bridges and tunnels.

(4) A bridge is erected at the intersection of the road with a river or other water obstacle. But if a barrier is a narrow stream or a temporary channel it is much cheaper to construct a culvert. There are different types of bridges, such as viaducts, overbridges and trestle bridges. To cross canyons and ravines people build viaducts. A one-level traffic junction and a heavy traffic flow call for an overbridge providing traffic on more than one

level. A trestle bridge is built in cities when a traffic flow is affected by the houses, parks, industrial areas. As a rule a trestle bridge is rather long.

(5) The tunnel types of constructional works are divided into tunnels driven through the mountain ranges and galleries located on the mountain slopes. They protect roads from stone downfalls, snow slips, avalanches, driftings and wet landslides. They are less complicated constructional works.

 

1. Search the text for the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:

вместо, на пересечении, стихийные бедствия.

 

2. Go back to the text, guess the meaning of the following phrases and translate them into Russian:

(constructional works) are aimed to…, a temporary channel, a one-level traffic junction.

 

3. Go back to the text and using the paragraph reference find words which are similar to:

various, to defend, track structure, therefore, to comprise, artificial (paragraph 1); overall, building (paragraph 2); nowadays, to split, major (paragraph 3); short-lived, to demand, to influence, usually (paragraph 4);

to situate (paragraph 5).

4. Translate the following sentences picked out from the text paying attention to different meanings of the word ranges.

Constructional works are the most complicated ones and involve great expenses. Their share ranges from 15 to 20 per cent of the total capital investment for the road construction. The tunnel types of constructional works are divided into tunnels driven through the mountain ranges and galleries located on the mountain slopes.

 

5. Read the text. Transform the words given in capitals so that they can fit in the space in the same line.

It is a well-known fact that railways and motorways

are built where it is more … and … SUIT PROFIT

(technically, … and, sometimes, politically) ECONOMY

to lay tracks. Therefore, most of the time … ARTERY

railways and motorways have to overcome … DIFFER

natural obstacles such as fast-… rivers, high FLOW

mountains as well as urban structures. Men have

built … works to provide … CONSTRUCT PASS

through these …or … obstacles. NATURE ART

 

6. Translate the following questions into English and answer them. Do it in written form.

1. Где более выгодно (удобно) укладывать железнодорожный путь? 2. Что обеспечивают искусственные сооружения? 3. Какие искусственные сооружения существуют в настоящее время? 4. Почему здания, колодцы и гаражи не являются искусственными сооружениями? 5. Требуются ли большие затраты для строительства искусственных сооружений? Какова их доля в общем объеме капиталовложений на дорожное строительство? 6. Сколько типов искусственных сооружений существует в настоящее время? На какие группы они делятся? 7. Где обычно возводится мост? 8. Какие основные типы мостов вы знаете? 9. Каковы основные типы тоннелей? 10. Что является менее сложным искусственным сооружением: мост или тоннель?

 

Вариант 5

1. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, в предложениях (1-4) и какую функцию данное окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно: a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple; b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. It is not difficult to explain the great success of Oxford students.

2. The senior lecturer* selects the best students of the course.

3. The tutor* reports to the Dean about the students' success.

4. A student easily gets the lectures on-line.

2. Учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным, соотнесите перевод выражений (А - Г) с предложениями (1-4). Предложения

переведите.

А. Университетские лекции.

Б. Исторический музей.

В. Интернет-экзамен.

Г. Студенческий Союз

1. Last summer I passed an on-line exam in the English language.

2. Many students want to listen to the University lectures.

3. The History Museum has a rare collection of books, paintings and ceramics.

4. The Student Union publishes a newspaper that represents students' views.

3. Заполните пропуски прилагательными в соответствующей степени сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The teachers make studying … (easier / the easiest), if they dividevideos into logical parts.

2. The … (most important / more important ) thing is that professors are always attentive to students.

3. The more you learn, … (the more / as much) you know about the subject.

4. The desire to study is … (as important / more important), as the organisation of the teaching process.

4. Выберите нужную форму местоимения в следующих предложениях и соотнесите ее с номером предложения. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Can (someone /anyone) explain the great success of Oxford's students?

2. These teachers see (something / anything) special in each student.

3. A well-structured system motivates (everyone / somebody) to study.

4. People know the graduates of the University (everything /everywhere) in the world.

5. В каждом предложении выберите требуемую по смыслу видо-временную форму глагола из данных в скобках. Соотнесите ее с номером предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Last month a well-known magazine (to choose / chose) a University lecturer the Person of the Year.

2. The professor (checks / checked) the student's course-paper a week ago.

3. Next term the teacher (will not accept/ did not accept) the late homework.

4. The organisation of learning process (influences / does influence) the education results.

6. Прочтите 1 – 4 абзацы текста и выполните задания к ним.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

1. Harvard is the oldest university in America. It was founded in 1636. Probably this is the most famous, prestigious and noble place to study. The actual level of its teaching standards and scientific research is undeniable.

2. We can make a very long list of famous Harvard's graduates and their achievements. But there are two of them who are particular ly interesting for us. Their names are Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg. B.Gates invented Windows and is now one of the richest people in the world. M. Zuckerberg created Facebook.

3. The most important things at Harvard are atmosphere, teaching standard, individual work and the desire to study. Harvard's students want to explore and to learn, and are always motivated by its brilliant teaching staff*.

4. Many students from different parts in the world want to listen to the lectures. That is why, they are recorded and then uploaded on a special webpage*. The videos are divided into logical segments and this makes it easier to find the required part. And how are the given assignments marked? In the era of the Internet, this is not a problem. Any student can do homework in Microsoft Word and insert drawings if necessary, or write by hand on paper and then scan it.

5. Finally, a few words about teaching at Harvard. The most important thing is that professors are always very attentive to their students. They especially emphasize the students' understanding and involvement. The student sends an e-mail to the professor and asks a question or arranges a personal meeting. Do you think that it is impossible for everyone to see these lectures? That's not true. Many lectures are available on-line on YouTube, so you can find a lecture that is particularly interesting to you, as if you were* a Harvard student.

Задания к тексту

1. Укажите, в каких абзацах текста (1-4) содержится информация (A-D).

A.

A lot of famous people graduated from Harvard University.

B. The level of teaching at Harvard is very high.

C. It is not difficult to send the assignments to the professor for checking.

D. Teachers create the atmosphere of learning.

2. Выберите вариант завершения предложения соответствующий тексту:

You can do homework

A. … in Microsoft Word or write by hand on paper and then scan it.

B. … and send it to the professor by the e-mail.

C. … every week and send it by the express post.

D. … and show it to your teacher during a seminar.

3. Укажите абзац, в котором говорится о возможности для любого человека получить доступ к лекциям Гарвардского университета.

4. Абзац 1 рассказывает о

A. …различных методах преподавания.

B.… месте Гарвардского университета в мировом рейтинге.

C. …обязанностях профессоров.

D. …работе студенческих клубов.

7. Переведите 4 и 5 абзацы текста письменно.

 

Вариант 6

1. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s в предложениях (1-4), и какую функцию данное окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

b) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Scotland has several universities.

2. The Edinburgh University does not have a campus*in one place.

3. The University is in Scotland's capital.

4. A bachelor’s degree is necessary to start a career.

2. Учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным, соотнесите перевод выражений (А - Г), с предложениями (1-4). Переведите предложения на русский язык:

А. Университетский профессор.

Б. Студенческое общество.

В. Вступительный экзамен.

Г. Городская библиотека

1. My brother passed an entrance exam in the Russian language.

2. Many students attend the lectures of the University professor.

3. The City library has a great collection of books, journals and newspapers.

4. Members of the Student society work as volunteers.

3. Заполните пропуски прилагательными в соответствующей степени сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. When lecturers know the students' problems it makes studying … (more effective / less effective).

2. We have … (the latest / later) information on the results of the examinations.

3. The more time you spend in the gym… (the healthier / the healthiest) you are.

4. My sister's success in sciences is … (greater /as great) as in humanities.

4. Выберите нужную форму местоимения в следующих предложениях и соотнесите ее с номером предложения. Переведите на русский язык.

1. When you choose a career (nothing / everything) is important: your education, abilities, character.

2. (Everyone/ nobody) tries to make a good impression during the interview at the university.

3. There is (anything / something) difficult about studying at the correspondence department.

4. The Student Club invites (somewhere / someone) to organise a football team.

5. В каждом предложении выберите требуемую по смыслу видо-временную форму глагола из данных в скобках. Соотнесите ее с номером предложения. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. University years (became/ become) the best period of life for my father.

2. During the first days of studying the students (faced / faces) a lot of problems.

3. (Take/ Will take) a ten-minute break after every hour of study.

4. Students' extracurricular activity (will be / were) the best way to make new friends.

6. Прочтите, переведите текст письменно.

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