WORKING CONDITIONS OF A LOCOMOTIVE CREW

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To provide safe and reliable operation of the locomotive it is very important to pay attention to the working conditions of locomotive crews. Large, well lighted driver’s cabs are convenient. Front window glass made of plexiglass allows a good panoramic view. To clean the glass a wiper with an individual electric drive and washing device is used with sun protection screens fixed thereon. The windows are protected against freezing by a warm air blast. When the side windows are opened, a transparent protection screen protects the eyes against dust and wind. The cab has sufficient lighting as well as lighting of the control desk and individual lights for the instruments. The headlight below the front window improves the lighting of the track at night time.

The cab is heated by heaters near the driver’s and assistant driver’s armchairs which use hot water from diesel cooling system. The ceiling, front, side and rear walls of the cab have soundproof insulation made up of a layer of capron fibers covered with a perforated steel sheet. The internal surface of the cab lining and the main frame flooring has a vibrodamping covering. The diesel silencer reduces the noise level. With an increase of diesel load the effectiveness of the silencer is increased. The diesel is fitted with a refrigerator, a toilet, clothing closet, and first-aid kit.

Вариант 24

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Belfast grows very fast.

2. Among other places of interest in Belfast is the Queen’s University.

3. The Palm House built in 1850 attracts the visitors’ attention.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Belfast is one of the largest sea trade ports of Northern Ireland.

2. Teams of figure skaters and ice-hockey players undergo intensive training at the Sports Centre.

3. The flexible production line consists of a programmable machine-tool and an electronic control system.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Lake Baikal is the deepest in the world.

2. The faster the substance burns, the more heat it gives off.

3. The results of his last experiment were worse than of the previous one.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод оборота there + be и неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. There are several sources of energy, some of them are inexhaustible.

2. Do you know any foreign language?

3. There are 14 protons in the nucleus of a silicon atom.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Lomonosov was a great poet and did much for the progress of the Russian language.

2. The student will continue his research in a laboratory.

3. The new workshop houses a new flexible module.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык текст и выполните задания после текста.

FAILURES AND COLLAPSES OF CONSTRUCTIONAL WORKS

The main reasons causing the failures and collapses of the constructional works can be divided into three groups:

1. Natural disasters (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and avalanches).

2. Imperfection of the engineering and technical calculations of the structures (the lack of knowledge about true behavior of the structure and the forces acting on the structure).

3. Ignorance and violation of the constructional, operational and structural safety.

Let’s consider some of the well-known cases of failures and collapses of the constructional works caused by different reasons.

Of all the frightening things of the world none is so frightful as an earthquake. No place on earth may be safe from the possibility of such a disaster. More than 1, 000 quakes occur each year around the globe. Sudden, abrupt and powerful shifts of the earth’s crust result in vertical up to 7m and horizontal up to 4m displacements. Because of such displacements the spans of the bridge can be thrown off the supports, besides the piers themselves can be damaged and move into an inclined position or even displaced.

Hurricane can also result in the bridge collapse although at present the building codes take into consideration the forces of the most powerful winds and calculate them with great precision. In 1879 the bridge having five spans 75m long was thrown off the piers on Lake Tay in Great Britain. The train moving along the bridge at that moment added an extra force for the impact of the wind speed (about 140 kmh). In 1904 the viaduct supports 90m high were overthrown and the 76m long spans fell down under the wind blowing at 280 kmh in St. Paul, U.S.

Ice impact is rather dangerous for the bridgeworks as well. In 1938 the ice jam1 which was more than 27m thick and 120m long cut the abutment of the arch span 256m long on the Niagara River, U.S. The bridge has been in service for forty years and the ice level twice reached the danger point during its service life. The last ice jam was building up during 36 hours but nothing was done to blast it off.

Natural disasters are not the only reason causing failures and collapses of constructional works. Rather often people’s knowledge about the physical and other properties of construction materials may be not sufficient to build a strong and stable bridge. Thus, the lack of the knowledge about the metal behavior led to the bridge collapse in Belgium in 1938. When the air temperature dropped abruptly to the low subzero points some of the metal elements of the arch span burst even without any additional loads. This metal condition

is called brittleness or shortness of steel. It is caused by the carbon content of steel.

Note: 1) ice jam – затор льда.

1. Search the text for the English equivalents of the following Russian phrases:

вызывать разрушение, сдвиг земной коры, смещение, строительные нормы, с большой точностью, влияние (воздействие) силы ветра, находиться в эксплуатации, физические свойства, поведение металла, содержание углерода.

2. Go back to the text, guess the meaning of the following phrases and translate them into Russian:

engineering and technical calculations, operational and structural safety, around the globe, a strong and stable bridge, to drop to the subzero points, additional loads.

3. Translate the following questions into English and answer them. Do it in written form.

1. Чем обычно вызываются обрушения мостов? 2. Вы согласны с тем, что землетрясения могут происходить в любом месте земного шара? 3. Почему землетрясения опасны для искусственных сооружений? 4. Может ли затор льда стать причиной обрушения моста? 5. Какие стихийные бедствия могут стать причиной аварий и разрушений? 6. Какого содержание углерода в стали? 7. Какие свойства металла необходимо принимать во внимание при (when) строительстве моста или какого-либо другого искусственного сооружения?

Вариант 25

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Frosts and storms make life hard in the Far North.

2. Professor N. lectures on history.

3. Chicago is the nation’s second largest city.

1. Forest areas of our country are very great.

2. Chicago is the world’s largest railroad terminal.

3. The highest population density in Russia is in Chuvashia.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The thicker the wire the less its resistance.

2. The weather today is worse than it was yesterday.

3. Moscow is the largest city in our country.

1. There are more than 100 elements known to science.

2. There appeared some new methods of separating the molecules of polymers.

3. My schoolfriend has no ability to mathematics.

1. The student made no mistakes in his translation.

2. Plasma is the fourth state of matter.

3. We shall investigate the structure of a new substance in our laboratory.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык текст.

POLYMER MATERIALS USED ON RAILWAY

In the last few years the development of new methods in the construction and maintenance of railway tracks has accelerated. Among these, polymer materials always play an important part. Polymer materials are widely used for repair of structural elements in the permanent way and sub-structure, because they offer many technical and economic advantages. By these materials we understand plastics (thermoplastics and prestressed plastics) and elastomers (rubber and similar materials).

In general polymer materials offer as many technical advantages as no other kind of material known. These advantages are: a) suitable strength and resistance to static and dynamic continuous stress; b) excellent elastic insulating properties; c) resistance to corrosion and railway service conditions; d) easy repair technology, which in contrast to the former (earlier) methods saves a large part of manual labor; e) reduction of labor costs in the case of maintenance of parts made of polymer materials in railway service.

It cannot be concealed that polymer materials have some unfavorable characteristics as compared with other formerly used materials (for example, the dependence on temperature). It is therefore necessary to choose only optimum polymer materials in a constructional design suitable for the particular use. Only in this case can an improved technical result be achieved with a maximum economic advantage.

As for construction and maintenance of railway tracks, polymer materials began to appear first of all in permanent way and there they also achieved the greatest diffusion. At present their advantages are also recognized in substructure and in constructional works.

The use of polymer materials in railway transport is of great theoretical and practical importance. Therefore, a UIC1 working group, on the basis of a questionnaire project has prepared a survey of the existing applications of polymer materials on 16 memberrailways of the UIC. All railway administrations have confirmed that the use of polymer materials in railway transport brings technical and economic advantages. Often a new constructional solution was made possible, which is not practicable with traditional materials.

The most varied and most widespread are the applications of polymer materials in railway permanent way. This is especially the case for rail fixing, and in insulating joints, in which plastic components also in connection with safety installation, fulfil the function of electric insulation. The elements of polymer materials are also used for the latest permanent way construction without ballast bed. Note: 1) UIC – Union Internationale des Chemins – Международный союз железных дорог

Вариант 26

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He never thinks of other people. He is selfish.

2. Vegetarians do not eat meat.

3. The Moon is the Earth’s natural satellite.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

2. Robots can perform complex production operations.

3. The nuclear – rocket engine must be thermally efficient.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The more experiments we carry out, the more data we obtain.

2. We stayed at the cheapest hotel in the town.

3. Radio waves serve as the most reliable means of communication between the spaceship and the Earth.

1. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

2. There were some changes in the properties of the solid under test.

3. Are there any new instruments in your laboratory?

1. Einstein was very fond of music. His violin brought him much joy.

2. Sea and river – going ships discharge no less than 5 million tons of oil into seas and oceans each year.

3. Your experiment will not give good results until you change the speed of reaction.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык текст.

VACUUM ESCAVATOR

Clearing drains and cleaning ballast following tracklaying on Norway’s Gardermobanen is the latest task to be completed by the innovative vacuum excavator developed by Disab.

With only two operators, Railvac 16000 can move along the line to its required position and within 2 min be ready to work. Because Railvac uses powerful air suction rather than excavation with a metal grab, ditches can be dug with less waste and spoil, and ballast can be cleaned quickly in situ. On the Gardermobanen, drainage channels were cleared of construction dust and spoil by simple sucking it out at each end.

Nearly 605 of Railvac applications so far have involved cable work. Excavation of cables during track renewal work using suction is much less damaging to the cables, and in six years only one minor cable damage incident has occurred. Up to 200 m3 of material can be excavated in 8 hours.

To clean the ballast, the Railvac nozzle is buried in the ballast and moved around on its flexible hose. Depending on the suction setting, only dirt, litter and small stones are removed, leaving the ballast itself in place. Railvac can also act as a tamper with the nozzle directed under the rail by one person; this is especially effective on bridges. Disab has sold six machines at a cost of US$1m each. Three are at work in Sweden, one in Norway, one in Slovakia and one on Hong Kong’s Mass Transit Railway.

ADVANTAGES OF SLAB TRACK

As part of quadrupling work at Best between Eindhoven and Hertongebosch, Danish Railways (NS) has installed 3 km of slab track under a pilot project. Using a German paving machine, the concrete trackbed has been laid at a rate of 30 m/h and at a cost of 2.5 guilders/km.

Although costing some 25% more than conventional ballasted track, the slab system offers a number of advantages revealed by an earlier installation at Deurne that include suitability for high-speed applications, very low maintenance requirements and a low rate of rail wear. Rail corrugation appears after a period of 17 years, as compared with two years for conventional track.

The running rails are embedded in the slab using a cork and polyurethane mixture, with a tube conduit for cabling installed alongside the rail. Using the slab system with the lowprofile Sa 42 rail developed by NS and noise barriers placed closer to the rail than is possible with ballasted track, a reduction in noise emissions of 9 dB is forecast.

Вариант 27

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The sun rises in the East.

2. Mr. Hall delivers lectures to the students of a technical college.

3. Mazda, Japan’s fourth biggest car-maker plans to produce 1500000 cars in Europe.

1. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.

2. Japan holds the lead in the world in robot production. 3.The first generation robots appeared in 1960.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.

2. The higher we go into the atmosphere, the thinner the air becomes.

3. Wall-Street is one of the oldest and shortest streets in New-York.

1. There is a tradition in England to hold a rally in which only the oldest cars take part.

2. Even in the central part of Los Angeles there are comparatively few multistoried apartment houses and high-rise buildings.

3. There are many houses in the southern regions of our country, which use solar heaters.

1. Washington is the capital of the United States of America.

2. Before the Civil War Washington grew rather slowly.

3. They will finish their work tomorrow.

VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык текст.

BHP REACTS QUICKLY TO AN INCREASE IN WELD FAILURES

BHP Iron Ore Railway recently had to deal with a sudden increase in weld failures which prompted it to undertake swift research and immediate action. Graeme Offereins, Manager, Track & Signals, BHP Iron Ore gave an interview to our correspondent.

We operate a 900km heavy-haul network in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. On the main line between Newman and Port Headland, trains operate with an average axleload of up to 40 tones and peak axleload of up to 45 tonnes. This year will see 90 million tones hauled over the track.

In such an extreme operating environment, it is necessary to understand and eliminate all track faults. Therefore, a recent experience with the sudden failure of aluminothermic welds presented us with a problem that needed urgent attention. Our aim to optimize the ability of the track structure to carry increasing axleloads

meant that we had invested money over a number of years in research and development of the aluminothermic welding process. As a result, we were able to provide high-quality welds under extreme loads.

However, between May and November 2000 we were suddenly confronted with broken welds in track, two of which caused derailments. Most of the failures occurred within a month of installation.

The failures were sudden and could not be detected in advance by ultrasonic inspection, even on our 10-day testing cycle. The welds were also spread throughout the track and, interestingly, the web fractures were more prevalent on straight sections than curves. We immediately hired a rail testing contractor to examine with gamma radiation all welds since the start of 2000. This enabled us to see the foot area of the weld which can’t

be seen with track-mounted ultrasonic equipment.

Using a root causes analysis approach to the problem, we listed all the factors that could influence the quality of the weld. Using this list, we investigated the main causes of failures, and what preventative measures were needed to reduce the risk of continuing failures. All welders underwent special training course. A quality audit was carried out on the manufacture of the raw materials used in the welding.

We intensified the research work being done by Monash University and included an investigation into the failures and the reasons for the sudden increase in failures.

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