Task 2.15. Read them again and find the marker showing a cause-effect relationship and define the part of the sentence that expresses the cause.

1. By 1980, IBM decided there was a market for 250, 000 PCs, (so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC.

2. Because of these and so many other different judgements, there can be no absolute.

3. Global communication and computer networks will become more and more a part of professional and personal Jives' as the price of microcomputers and network access drops.

4. One of the features of a computer virus that separates it from other kinds of computer program is that It replicates itself, so that it can spread - to other computers.

5. Lehigh is waiting to infect other unsuspecting computers if you boot from one of those four infected floppies.

6. As they became more proficient on the computer, some showed gains in their overall self-confidence, as well.

7. Robots are better at this task, not because they are faster or cheaper than humans, but because they work in a place where humans cannot.

1. This automatic accuracy is particularly valuable in this kind of industry
   because locating and fixing mistakes is costly

9. Artificial worlds are being built up in a computer memory so that people can walk through at will, look around, and even touch objects.

Making predictions

A prediction is a statement about a particular subject in which we say what we think will happen in the future. Predictions are not always absolute, but can be expressed with different levels of certainty, according to the context in which they are made.

Certainty can be expressed by:

will (definitely, certainly), certain, sure, without a doubt, without question  

Probability can be expressed by:

probable, probably, • likely, most/highly probable, most probably, most/highly likely

Possibility can be expressed by:

may (not), might (not), can, could possible, possibly, perhaps

Improbability can be expressed by:

improbable, unlikely doubtful, questionable, probably not, most/highly improbable/unlikely, most/highly doubtful/questionable, most probably not

Impossibility can be expressed by:

Present or future	past
Cannot, could not	Could not
Not possible, impossible	Not possible, impossible

There expressions are used in sentences in different ways:

Samples:

1 Notebook computers will definitely be cheaper next year.

2 It is (highly) probable/likely that notebook computers will definitely be cheaper next year

1. Notebook computers may/might be cheaper next year

4. Perhaps notebook computers will be cheaper next year.

5. It is unlikely/doubtful that notebook computers will be cheaper next year.

6. Notebook computers will most probably not be cheaper next year.

7. Notebook computers will definitely not be cheaper next year.

8. It is impossible that notebook computers will be cheaper next year.

N.B. Sometimes, predictions are made subject to certain conditions. In such cases, sentences typically have two parts: the if-clause and the main clause.

Samples:...

1. If the price of notebooks fall next year, I will buy one.

2. If the system crashes, we will lose all our latest data.

When the if-clause comes second, there is no comma between the two clauses. Examples:

1. I will buy a notebook if the price of notebooks fall next year.

2. We will lose all our latest data if the system crashes.

As with the simple predictions listed above, it is possible to express different levels of certainty about the likelihood of the condition (in the if-c lause) by changing the tense of the verbs from the future and present forms to the more 'remote' past and conditional forms.

Samples:

1. If the price of notebooks falls next year, I will buy one. (The speaker thinks it is possible that the price of notebooks will fall next year; and, if it does; he will buy one.)

2. If the price of notebooks fell next year, I would buy one. (The speaker thinks it is unlikely that the price of notebooks will fall next year but, if it does, he will buy one.)

3. If the system crashes, we will lose all our latest data. (The speaker thinks it is possible that the system will crash and, if it does, we will lose all our data.)

4. If the system crashed, we would lose all our latest data. (The speaker thinks it is unlikely that the system will crash but, if it did, we would lose all our data.)

5. The first form, as in sentences 1 and 3 - [(lf+ present) + will] - is known as the first conditional. The second form, as in sentences.2 and 4 - [(lf+ past) + would] - is known as the second conditional.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Keith Boeckar, P. Charles Brown. Computing - Oxford University Press, 1996. -212 pp.

2. Schwartz K.L. Info Search// URL: http: //www.ipl.org. 1997.

3. Sinclair R. How-To Write a Synopsis. - NY_: 1998. - 202 pp.

4. Drott C, Thury E. Reaching Across the Curriculum// URL: htta: //www.ipl.org. 1997.

 

APPENDIX 1. KEYS TO THE TASKS

Part II

Unit i.

Task 1.1: 2); 7); 4); 5); 1); 6); 3); 8).

Task 1.2. : As regards the sources of information, the most commonly used are: media (newspapers, magazines, radio, TV), libraries, reference books, general reading, experts, Internet.

Task 1, 3.: 2); 6); 4); 5); 1); 3),

Task 1.4.: whiteboard; video; flip chart; tape; real things; samples; handouts.

Task 1.5.:

 keeping eye contact with members of the audiences;

• a smile;

• talking to ail the audience not just your friends;

• speaking with enthusiasm.

Unit 2

Task 2.1,: 4); 3); 2); 5); 1).

Task 2.6.: 3); 2); 6); 1); 5); 4).

Task 2.7: All, except maybe for the first orte, could be used to ask for questions.

Task 2.8.: 1) Firstly; 2} Secondly; 3)Then; 4) Moreover; 5) Another; 6) next; 7). Lastly.

APPENDIX 2. THE TITLE PAGE OF YOUR PAPER (SAMPLE )

Tyumen State University

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