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Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы. Grammar: The Infinitive, The Gerund, The Participle



ТЕМА 3

 

Grammar: The Infinitive, The Gerund, The Participle.

                   Vocabulary: Travelling. Foreign countries and cities.

                                          Leisure time. Hobbies.

 

Содержание темы

 

  1. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive.
  2. Forms of the infinitive.

2.1. Present infinitive.

2.2. Present progressive infinitive.

2.3. Present/past infinitive.

2.4. Perfect/past progressive infinitive.

  1. Functions.
  2. Structures.

4.1 Complex object.

4.2 Complex subject.

  1. The Gerund.
  2. Participle I and Participle II.

Рекомендуемая литература

 

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 88-91, 104-135)

2. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 74-85)

3. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 48-60)

4. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992  (рр 129-153)

5. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 64-71)

 

 

Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы

Вспомогательные материалы

 

Grammar

The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive

We often use the base form of a verb (go, do, talk) as an infinitive. We call this the bare infinitive because we use it without to. We must distinguish it from the to-infinitive, where we always use to in front of the base form of the verb (to go). The most common use of the bare infinitive is after modal verbs:

He may/can go, do, talk.             He is known to be a good poet.

1.1 The to-infinitive is used:

- to express purpose. He went to university to become a lawyer.

- after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse). He refused to pay the bill.

- after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry ). She was happy to win the prize.

- after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference.

I'd like to see the manager.

- after certain nouns.                   What a surprise to see him there!

- after too/enough constructions. He's too young to have his own car.

He's clever enough to do the crossword. He's got enough money to live on.

- with: it + be + adjective (+ of + n/pron). It was generous of him to offer £ 1, 000.

- with: so + adjective + as. Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa?

- with " only" to express an unsatisfactory result.

She came in only to find Bob had left.

- after: be + the first/second etc/next /last/best. He was the last to come to work.

- in the expr.: for + noun/pronoun + to -inf. For him to be so rude was unforgivable.

- in expr.: to tell you the truth, to begin with. To be honest, / don't like him.

Note: If two infinitives are joined by " and" or " or", the " to" of the second infinitive can be omitted.

/ want to call Mr. Jones and fax or post him a letter.

Structures   

4.1 Complex object.

Object + infinitive After the verbs:
We know him to become a good poet. expect, believe, think, understand, consider, suppose, assume, know
We want him to become a good poet. allow, ask, expect, order, instruct, remind, permit, prepare, promise
We heard him become (nig) a good poet. see, feel, hear, watch, listen, notice, smell
It is important for him to become a good poet. Prepositions – of, for etc

  4.2 Complex subject.

Subject + infinitive After the verbs:
He is known to become a good poet. consider, believe, expect, suppose, assume, report   in passive form
He proved to become a good poet. seem, appear, prove, happen, turn out
He is likely to become a good poet. to be + (un)likely/ sure/ certain

 

Сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее - английские обороты, которые на русский язык переводятся соответственно придаточным дополнительным (Мы знаем, что он...) и безличным (Известно/оказывается/по-видимому, (что) он...) предложениями.

После глаголов чувственного восприятия возможно употребле­ние герундия (инфинитив употребляется без частицы to; помимо этого to может опускаться после двух глаголов-исключений: help и dare — She helped ( to ) introduce the guests.) Сложное дополнение может также использоваться в пред­ложной конструкции: It is important for him to study poetry.

The Gerund

Forms of the –ing form

  Active Voice Passive Voice
Present reading being read
Past/Perfect having read having been read

 

5.1 The Present Gerund (-Ing form) refers to the present or future.

Ann enjoys walking in the woods.

5.2 The Perfect Gerund (-ing form) shows that the action of the -ing form has happened before the action of the main verb. We can use the Present Gerund instead of the Perfect Gerund without a difference in meaning.

He denied having killed James. OR He denied killing James.

5.3 Subject of the Infinitive /-ing form

When the subject of the infinitive or of the -ing form is different from the subject of the verb, then an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) or a noun is placed before the infinitive or the -ing form.

 I want him/John to help me. (He should help me.) but: I want to help. (I should help.)

The subject of the -ing form can also be a possessive adj.(my, your) or the poss. form of the noun. I remember his/him/Tim's/Tim talking about that island.

5.4 Prefer

I prefer  something                 to     something else.

I prefer   doing something      to     doing something else

I prefer   to do something       rather than  (do) something else.

I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.

I prefer driving to traveling by train.

I prefer to drive rather than travel by tram.

    Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

 

5.5 The -ing form is used

- as a noun.                        Walking is good exercise.

- after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference.           She likes painting, (in general)  

* Note: like + to-inf = it's a good idea / like to wash my hair every day.

- after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, understand etc). They discussed selling the company.

" Let's go jogging! " " No, I'd rather go sailing."

- after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time.

He can't stand being treated like a slave. He had difficulty finding his way back.

- after: spend/waste (time, money).

He spends his free time (in) digging the garden.

- after prepositions. He left the shop without paying, he was accused of stealing.

- after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/ get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.

- after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action.                / saw Tim doing his homework.

(I saw part of the action in progress. I didn't wait until he had finished.)

BUT: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without " to" express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end.

I saw Tim do his homework. It took him an hour.

(I saw the whole action from beginning to end.)

 

6. Participle I and Participle II are used:

 As -ing and -ed clauses:

6.1 We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is doing (or was doing) at a particular time:

Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)

Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.

6.2 When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use an -ing clause to say what something does all the time, not just at a particular time.

The road joining the two villages is very narrow.

I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

6.3 clauses -ed have a passive meaning:

The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

Some of the people invited to the party can't come.

Injured and invited are past participles. Many verbs have past participles that do not end in -ed (made, bought, stolen etc.):

Most of the goods made in this factory are exported, (the goods are made...)

The police never found the money stolen in the robbery, (the money was stolen)

6.4 We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there was etc.:

There were some children swimming in the river.

Is there anybody waiting?

here was a big red car parked outside the house.

6.5 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)

There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. For example, boring and bored.

Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:

Jane is bored because her job is boring.

 Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored, (not 'Jane is boring')

If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

 George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.

7. Some verbs require a to-infinitive, others take the –ing form, but there are also the verbs after which we can use both forms with or without the change in meaning. Study the table:

After: order; remind; force warn; beg; invite; enable; persuade = get; offer; agree; refuse; decide; plan; arrange; hope; aim; lean; deserve; afford; forget; attempt; manage; fail; promise; threaten; seem; appear; tend; pretend; claim; expect; happy; glad; sorry; surprise; enough; only. Would+like/love/prefer. The+first/next/last/best. Ask/know/remember/ explain/ learn/understand/wonder +what/whether/how+to inf. Show/tell/advise/teach sb+what/where/how+ to do. To tell the truth. To begin with. To be honest. it+be+adj. It+be+adj+of+noun/pronoun. So+adj+as. For+noun/pronoun.       Without a change in meaning: begin; continue; intend; start; bother; advise; allow; encourage; permit; recommend; require; need; want. With a change in meaning: 1. forget+to-inf (в настоящем)                          forget+ing (в прошедшем) 2. remember+to-inf (в настоящем)    remember+ing (в прошедшем) 3. mean+to-inf (намериваться) mean+ing (значить) 4. go on+to-inf (закончить ч-л, начать другое) go on+ing (продолжить) 5. regret+to-inf (сожалеть) regret+ing (к сожалению- вводное слово, без эмоций) 6. would prefer+to-inf (особенный                              случай) prefer+ing (в общем, всегда) prefer+to-inf+(rather) than+ bare inf 7. try+to-inf (осознанное намерение+результат) try+ing (попытка, эксперимент) 8. want+to-inf (желание) want+ing (необходимость) 9. stop+to-inf (пауза в действии) stop+ing (конец действия) 10. be sorry+to-inf (сожалеть) be sorry for+ing (извиняться) 11. hate+to-inf hate+ing 12. be afraid+to-inf (бояться ч-л в общем) be afraid of+ing (бояться, что  ч-л случится)   After: Stop; delay; fancy; consider; admit miss; involve; finish; postpone; imagine avoid; deny; risk; practice; give up; put off; carry on; go on; keep on; like; love; hate; enjoy; dislike; mind; stand; spend; waste; anticipate; appreciate; continue; delay; discuss; escape; excuse; fancy; forgive; go; mention; mind; object to; prevent; quit; recall; recollect; report; resent; resist; save; stand; suggest; tolerate; understand. I’m busy; it’s no use; it’s good; it’s worth; what’s the use of; can’t help; there’s no point can’t stand have difficulty in addition to as well as have trouble have a hard/difficult time.

Gerund and infinitive  
Vocabulary


Leisure Time. Hobbies.

Study the important vocabulary:

 

Leisure, hobby, pass-time, activity, daily routines:

Sleep: to wake up at…, to lie in bed for…, to get up, get out of bed, get dressed, go to bed, tired, to sleep, to fall asleep quickly, to get to sleep, to succeed in sleeping, to manage to fall asleep, to oversleep, to have a nap, to have a lie-in……

Keeping clean: to have a shower in the morning, to have a bath, to have a shave / a wash, clean / brush, to wash hair …

Note: In some contexts, it is more common in English to use have + noun than a single verb, e.g. I'm going to have a wash. [NOT I'm going to wash.]

Evenings: to stay in = stay at home, to have a rest = relax and do nothing, to go out, to go to the cinema or disco with friends, to have friends for dinner, to invite friends to the house, to come round, to visit, to chat, to play cards/ poker/ bridge…

Housework: to do the shopping (= buy the food), a cleaner (= a person who cleans), to do the housework: washing (= wash the clothes), the washing-up (= wash the dishes), the ironing.

Things people play: cards, board games, chess, guitar, saxophone, piano, violin, musical instruments, tennis, football, soccer, volleyball, baseball………

Note: People join clubs (= become members) where they can play cards and chess

Grammar

1. She suggested ____ go skating and ____ take Henry with them as he had nothing to do at the moment.

1) to, to

2) that they should, -

3) -, -

4) that they will, to

 

2. I like to stand on the quay and watch the steamers ____ their landing.

1) make

2) to make

3) to have made       

4) made

 

3. ____ the news he hurried____ home.

1) Listening, -

2) Hearing, -

3) Having heard, at

4) On hearing, into

 

4. He ____ to our place every Sunday, rain or shine.

1) was used to come

2) used to coming

3) used to come

4) was used to come

 

5. The ship ____ the radar. This accounts for the accident, ____?

1) has no, hasn’t it

2) doesn’t have, isn’t it

3) didn’t have, doesn’t it

4) don’t have, doesn’t it

 

6. It was ____ early morning. It ____ impossible to take a taxi, so I ____ to take him to the airport in my car.

1) an, would be, agreed           

2) -, would have been, offered

3) -, was, suggested

4) a, will be, proposed

 

7. The building in the middle of the village is a supermarket, but it ____ a cinema.

1) used to being

2) was used to be

3) used to be

4) was used being

 

 

8. ____ I stood hesitating, I saw a fishing boat ____ slowly into the little bay below me.

1) As, come

2) During, coming

3) When, to come

4) While, to have come

 

9. I heard patter of rain upon the glass of the window, I heard rain ____ upon the parched earth and ____ grain and river.

1) beat, fill

2) to beat, to fill

3) beating, to fill

4) to beat, filling      

 

10. Then I saw a dark box which he ____ on the deck. One look at it was enough to make me ____ to my feet in horror.

1) laid, to jump

2) lay, jumping

3) laid, jump

4) lain, to have jumped

 

11. Miss Lemon said: “The letter is from a man who wants ____ the disappearance of his ____ Pekinese dog.”

1) you investigate, wife’s

2) investigation of, wife

3) you to investigate, wife’s

4) your investigating, wives

 

12. ____ other novelists, Walter Streeter ____ to getting letters from strangers.

1) Like, used

2) As, was accustomed

3) Unlike, didn’t use

4) Like, was used

 

13. We suggested ____ in hotels but the children were anxious ____ out.

1) to sleep, to camp

2) sleeping, to camp

3) to stay, camping

4) staying, camping

 

14. He opened the door ____ inches. The landing was deserted. He remembered ____ the door handle with his handkerchief and then he closed the door after him.

1) a little, to wipe

2) a few, to wipe

3) several, wiping

4) some, to have been wiped

 

15. ____ to accept his sister’s ____ Marcellus was anxious to perform his unpleasant duty.

1) On deciding, advices

2) Having decided, advice

3) After decided, piece of advice

4) While deciding, piece of advices

16. Minnie, ____ the door ____, ran in alarm to the window.

1) listening, slamming

2) heard, to slam

3) hearing, slam

4) listening, to be slammed

 

17. “Before we start ____ the plan, I want ____ our position.”

1) discussion of, you understand

2) discussing, you to understand

3) discuss, understanding of

4) to discuss, we understand

 

18. He ____ to country life, ____ twenty years in town.

1) did not used, after spending

2) is not used, having been spent

3) is not using, spending

4) was not used, having spent

 

19. ____, she said to her brother in a loud whisper: “You ____! ”

1) Irritating, are always showing off

2) Having irritated, mustn’t show off

3) Feeling irritated, shouldn’t to show off

4) Irritated, are always showing off

 

20. Remember ____ carefully. If you ____ him, he will fly into a passion.

1) speaking, contradict

2) to speak, contradict

3) having spoken, have contradicted

4) to speak, will contradict

 

21. I suppose one thing that made you ____ him was that he was so small and frail. You felt that he ____ hurt a fly.

1) to like, could not

2) liking, will not

3) to accept, did not

4) like, would not

 

22. He ____ to come into ____ Palace Hotel at Guatemala City every day at cocktail time and tried to sell lottery tickets.

1) used, the

2) was used, the

3) was using, -

4) had used, a

 

23. He waited, ____, and after a moment or so he ____ footsteps.

1) hearing, listened

2) having listened, was hearing

3) listening, heard

4) hearing, could hear

 

 

24. Then he turned away and ____ his tickets to the men ____ around.

1) suggested, who were standing

2) proposed, who have been

3) has given, -

4) offered, standing

 

 

25. She was talkative, but since she seemed ____ to talk about my novel I was prepared to be ____ attentive listener.

1) inclining, a

2) inclined, an

3) to incline, the

4) being inclined, -

 

26. I never saw anyone ____ his lottery tickets, but now and then I saw ____ offered a drink.

1) to buy, him

2) buying, his

3) buy, him

4) has been bought, he

27. I won’t give her a penny more. She always ____ from me and she never remembers ____ me back.

1) is borrowing, paying

2) borrows, to pay

3) lends, to pay

4) takes money, paying

28. ____ you there, by the door, made me ____ what I had to do.

1) To see, to remember

2) On seeing, remember

3) Having seen, to remember

4) Seeing, remember

 

29. She ____ to being miserable without ____ something about it.

1) wasn’t used, doing

2) didn’t used, doing

3) wasn’t using, having done

4) didn’t use, trying to do

 

30. There seems ____ a fight here some time ago. Every thing is smashed to bits.

1) to be        

2) being

3) to have been

4) has been

 

31. “Do you hear the dog ____? There ____ a stranger outside the house.”

1) to bark, is

2) barking, must be

3) barks, may be

4) to be barking, should to be

 

 

32. She ____ down to my cabin at intervals and tell me of her progress.

1) kept coming

2) used to come

3) was used to come

4) came

 

33. She saw ____ leave the house with his overcoat and ____ without it, though the day was chill and raw.

1) he, returned

2) him, return

3) his, returning

4) him, to return

 

34. The little woman in the gloomy passage seemed ____ her.

1) not hearing

2) did not hear

3) to have listened

4) not to have heard

 

35. And as she made her way along the street she recollected ____ that his hour of consultation began at noon.

1) have heard

2) having been heard

3) having heard

4) to hear

36. The busy railway station was an island in the night, ____ with life, ____ with the sound of voices of agitated passengers ____ for seats.

1) bustled, filled, looked

2) bustling, filling, to look

3) bustling, filled, looking

4) being bustled, filling, who looked

 

37. Bart stretched out on the floor of the corridor, his head ____ on his kit-bag, his great-coat ____ across his shoulders.

1) lying, flinging

2) pillowed, flung

3) pillowing, flung

4) putting, flinging

 

38. She stood ____ for the trolley-bus ____ her down to the city, where she was meeting Michael for lunch.

1) waited, taking

2) to wait, having taken

3) waiting, to take

4) waiting, taking

 

39. ____ her raincoat up to her throat she went through the lane to ____ steps that led down from Victoria Station.

1) Having buttoned, -

2) On buttoning, that

3) To have buttoned, those

4) Buttoning, the

 

40. He watched the doctor ____ down ____ steps, trim and neat in slacks and sweater, and his heart sank even lower.

1) coming, -

2) come, the

3) to come, a few

4) has come, those

41. I rely ____  you to remind me ____  Jack for the books he bought for me.

1) to, paying

2) for, to have paid

3) on, to pay

4) upon, to be paying

42. He couldn't help ___  this book.

1) to read

2) to be read

3) reading

4) to be reading

Questions.

1) Being seen

2) Having been seen

3) Having seen

4) Seen

44. My brother has just come back from Paris. He seems _ his trip to France.

1) to enjoy

2) enjoing

3) to have enjoyed

4) enjoyed

45. Almost all boys like ____  games but hate ____ lessons.

1) to play, to be doing

2) playing, doing

3) to be played, to do

4) playing, to be doing

46. The earth is said ___ originally part of the sun.

1) being

2) to have been

3) to be

4) having been

47. People used to ___  fire by ____ two sticks together.

1) make, rubbing

2) making, rubbing

3) making, rub

5) make, rub

 

48. He was looking ___  someone _____  him.

1) at, to help

2) for, helping

3) at, help

4) for, to help

49. I am not used __  this kind of letters. I used ___  only business letters.

1) writing, write

2) to write, to writing

3) to writing, to write

4) written, to writing

50. This computer is capable __  sophisticated graphics. This fact is worth ______.

1) to produce, to mention

2) of producing, mentioning

3) produce, to have mentioned

4) producing, mention

51. The salesmen started to put pressure __ her _____  the agreement straightway.

1) at, to be signing

2) to, to have signed

3) on, to sign

4) in, sign

52. He remembered ___ the door before he went to bed. But he couldn't find the key in the morning. Somebody ___________  .

1) lock, ought to have taken

2) to lock, should take

3) to be locked, must take

4) locking, must have taken it

53. _____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we __ our dog up.

1) Having bitten, have chained

2) Having been bitten, chained

3) Being bitten, would chain

4) Bit, will chain

54. When she was a young girl, she used to ___  she were a princess.

1) wish

2) be wished

3) wishing

4) to have wished

55. Later in the day she couldn't help __ Mrs. Spark to find out the details of the tragedy.

1) call

2) to call

3) calling

4) having called

 

56. She could feel she ___  at and it pleased her.

1) was being looked

2) being looked

3)  was looked

4) was looking

57. Suddenly, ____  rather ____  she rushed out of the room.

1) being looked, alarming

2) looked, alarm

3) looking, alarmed

4) having looked, being alarmed

58. _____  his small fortune, he preferred __  on the generosity of others

Rather than work.

1) Wasting, living

2) Wasted, live

3) Having wasted, to live

4) Wasting, to live

Time you called the police.

1) to steal, to pass

2) steal, pass

3) stealing, passed

4) to steal, pass

75. We asked him to stop ___  but he seemed ____  us.

1) to shout, not to hear

2) shouting, not hearing

3) shout, not to have heard

4) shouting, not to hear

76. I'd rather___ for a walk in the rain than __ nothing at all.

1) go, do

2) to go, do

3) going, doing

4) go, to do

77. We used____ to bed rather early, so I couldn't get used___ to sleep with

Vocabulary

Find the right word.

1. Because of heavy snow, their plane was diverted/deviated.

2. Dad's plane was cancelled/delayed because of thick fog.

3. All duty free goods must be declared/surrendered at the customs,

4. The ship's owner agreed to give the crew/passengers a pay-rise.

5. He bought a simple/single ticket, as he was going to return by car.

6. The plane from Moscow has just grounded/landed.

7. As soon as the boat left the harbour /deck the storm began.

8. We hope that you will enjoy your flight/flying.

9. I won't be long. I'm just packing my last luggage/suitcase.

10.  A sign above the seats in the plane says 'Fasten your life belt/seat belt'.

11. You have to check in/check up an hour before the plane leaves.

12. On the plane a stewardess/waitress brought me a newspaper,

13.  The plane took off/took up and was soon high over the city.

14. I'm afraid there is only one first-class cabin/ room free on the boat.

15. Tara came home, but her luggage didn't reach its stagnation/destination.

16.  He walked down the street trying to s et /hail a taxi, but none would stop.

17.  When I went to direct/change my ticket, I found that the flight was full.

Choose the most suitable word.

1. Kate lost her luggage because it did not have a/an.......with her name on.

1) ticket    2) poster       3) label   

2. The hotel room..........over a beautiful garden.

1) faced up  2) opened up 3) looked out

3. I was in such a hurry that I left one of my bags.........

1) aside     2) on           3) behind

4. They........all day swimming and sunbathing at the beach.

a. did      2) used         3) spent   

5. We didn't.........to the station in time to catch the train.

1) get       2) reach        3) arrive   

6. Take the bus, and.........at Broadway, next to the Mall.

1) get out 2) get off       3) get down  

7. Mr Donsol had his money stolen and couldn't........his hotel bill.

1) pay               2) pay for              3) pay out

8. The wind was blowing so much that we couldn't........our tent.

1) raise    2) put up               3) make up   

9. I was too tired to........my suitcase and hang my clothes in the wardrobe.

1) unpack 2) empty      3) put out   

10. On the first day of our holiday we just........by the hotel pool.

1) calmed 2) comforted 3) relaxed

Find the right word.

1. She participated in the competition to earn/raise money for charity.

2. I ended up among the last/least in my age – group.

3. This kind of race doesn't appeal to me/amuse me personally.

4. I'm not really cut out for/made out for long distance running.

5. I know that running has a very beneficial/progressive effect.

6. But I'd rather be a spectator of the match than an/a actor/ participant.

7. He managed to catch up with/run into his counterparts from another team.

8. Last week well over a thousand people took place in/took part in our local
round-the-city marathon.

9. Friends and colleagues agreed to sponsor/support me, and pay for each mile I completed.

10.  All competitors/supporters for the race should make their way to the track.

7. Match the words with the comments given:

billiards crossword hiking camping draughts jigsaw cards

do-it-yourself gardening model-making

1. Cathy dealt, and gave me the ace, king and queen of hearts. …………….

2. I couldn't find ten down, so I looked for words in the dictionary. ……….

3. Ian glued the parts together wrongly because he didn't read the instructions.

4. When Ellen is losing, she tries to knock the pieces off the board. …………

5. The path we want doesn't seem to be on the map...................

6. Nigel missed the red, and put the pink in the pocket by mistake. ……….

7. These pieces with flowers on all look the same, don't they? ………….

8. Graham papered the hall while I was painting the doors. ……………..

9. When I woke up there was a chicken inside the tent. ………………..

10. The daffodils I put in haven't come up this year. ………………

 

 

8. Complete the compound words in the sentences:

board court jacket repairs collection field making site course track

2. Everyone who goes sailing must wear a life-....................

3. Dan's hobby is doing his own car....................

4. I'm afraid that Sara doesn't have the patience for model-....................

5. People look bored when I talk about my stamp....................

6. Bring your racket and I'll meet you at the tennis....................

7. The school has sold its playing...................to a property company.

8. I enjoy walking around the golf...................and watching people play.

9.  Every morning I jog round the running...................opposite my house.

10.  Stan jumped from the diving...................wearing all his clothes!

11.  We stayed on a lovely camp...................just outside Paris.


TEXT

The mysterious Moon

Were scientists right about what the moon would be like? Many were, of course, but many were mistaken. One said there was no lava on the moon. Another said that the moon material would explode as soon as an astronaut's boot touched it. One said there would certainly be water on the moon. Many felt there was a chance that the astronauts could bring back to earth some strange infection. These ideas are now known to be incorrect, and no doubt we are still wrong about many other things, also.

Is the moon like the earth? Yes and no. It is more like it than many scientists thought before Apollo. Like the earth, the moon is in layers, with a crust on the outside and a deep mantle below. It may also have a core, as the earth does. However, the crust is almost four times thicker than the earth's crust. We do not know much yet about the moon's mantle, that section of superheated rock which goes down hundreds of miles below the crust. We think - but we are not sure - that the moon has a centre core which includes molten rock, as the earth does.

In other ways, of course, the moon is very different. There is no life. The makeup of its atmosphere is very different; the earth creatures cannot breathe in it.

Of what is the moon made? Definitely not green cheese. It has the same chemical elements as have the earth and the rest of the solar system but in very different amounts - more of some, less of others. Carbon, which is a very important part of living things on the earth, is rare on the moon.

Is the moon hot or cold? Most scientists agree that some of the moon was hot for at least a time. Rocks from the moon show that they were once melted. Right now there seems to be heat someplace inside the moon, possibly a great deal of it. On the surface, however, there is no sign of heat - no volcano, for example. The surface itself ranges from heat of 230°F to cold of minus 290°F*, depending upon where the sun is..

Where did the moon come from? We don't know. The three main theories are that the moon was born from the earth, the earth and the moon were bom together at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust, and the moon was born someplace else in the solar system and then captured by the earth's gravity. So far, none of these

theories has been proved to be either right or wrong. Professor George W. Wetherill of the University of California in Los Angeles says that he would give the first two theories each a ten percent chance and the third theory a twenty percent chance. The other 60 percent he would give to " things we haven't thought of yet".

In spite of all we have learned from space flights, the moon is still a riddle from the distant past - and will be for a long time to come.

 

 

Answer the questions to text:

 

1. Which of the following was not among the hypotheses suggested by the scientists?
Before men came to the moon it was thought that

1) they could bring back to earth some strange infection

2) the moon's material would explode at a touch

3) there would be no lava on the moon

4) there would certainly be no water

2. Scientists' theories concerning the temperature on the moon's surface in the past were
based on

1) the existence of rocks

2) the presence of volcanoes

3) the lack of carbon

4) the presence of a source of heat inside the moon

3. Which of the following comparisons connected with the moon was mentioned in the
text?

1) green cheese

2) a yellow melon 

3) a little sun

4) a cake-like structure




The surface of the moon is

1) sometimes much hotter, sometimes much cooler than the earth

2) so hot that it warms the earth

3) always much colder than the earth

4) about the same as that of the earth in terms of heat and cold

Most scientists agree that

1) the moon was born from the earth

2) the moon and the earth were born from the same cloud of gas and dust

3) the moon was captured by the earth's gravity

4) the moon's origin is still to be investigated

ТЕСТ

 

 

1. Look at that crowd! I _____ what they _____ for.

1) am wondering; wait                 

2) wonder; are waiting               

3) wondered; wait

4) wonder, were waiting

 

2. " You mustn't keep this young man _____, " she said.

1) waited

2) to wait

3) wait

4) waiting

 

3. " You'll stop _____ my sister, _____ you hear? "

1) to bully, -

2) bully, will

3) bullying, do       

4) to bully, don't                  

 

4. I've collected all the documents that _____ for the house sale. Can you take them to the lawyer's office to _____?

1) are needed; be signed         

2) are; signing                         

3) needed; sign

4) need; be signed

 

5. It's bad for you _____ exercise straight after a meal.

1) doing

2) do

3) to make

4) to do

 

6. Now it's hardly the time to tell me you didn't need a test at all, _____?

1) did you

2) isn't it

3) will you

4) is it

 

7. International cartels _____ in the drug and steel industries until the late 1930's.

1) were existed

2) existed                   

3) that existed

4) existing

 

8. She hasn't decided whether _____ or not.

1) stay in

2) to stay in

3) staying in

4) stayed

9. These dogs _____ whenever they _____.

1) are fighting, met           

2) fight, meet                   

3) fought, meet

4) fight, met

 

10. I _____ Tom every day, because we _____ in the choir.

1) saw, sing                       

2) see, were singing           

3) see, sing

4) saw, are singing

 

11. Average life expectancy in Europe _____dramatically over the last hundred years.

1) had risen               

2) has risen              

3) rises

4) is rising

 

12. The first people _____ " powered flight" with a balloon were the Wright brothers.

1) having achieved

2) have to achieved

3) to achieve

4) achieving

 

13. It would be stupid _____ anything if you're planning _____ home.

1) to drink, to drive

2) drinking, driving

3) drinking, drive

4) drink, drive

 

14. She had loved him before she went away. But she'd come home _____.

1) changed

2) to changing  

3) changes

4) and change

 

15. In cold countries people wear thick clothes _____.

1) keeping warmly

2) keep warmer

3) to keep warm        

4) to keep warmly

 

16. In the 19th century _____ people succeeded _____ in balloons.

1) the, to fly

2) few, of flights

3) a few, in flying

4) -, into flying

 

 

17. He knew who would do most to prevent the duke _____ his cousin.

1) marrying

2) from marrying

3) to marry

4) married

 

18. She hesitated _____ before _____. She shrunk from her mother's affectionate welcomes.

1) somewhat, she went

2) for a few, going

3) a little, going

4) little, to go

 

19. We discussed the budget and then _____ on _____ about our sales.

1) will go, talking

2) went, to talk

3) to go, our talk

4) go, to be talking

 

20. _____ a deliberate type of person, he understood it would take him some time to start _____.

1) Be he, speak

2) Being, speaking

3) To be, to speak

4) -, having spoken

ТЕМА 3

 

Grammar: The Infinitive, The Gerund, The Participle.

                   Vocabulary: Travelling. Foreign countries and cities.

                                          Leisure time. Hobbies.

 

Содержание темы

 

  1. The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive.
  2. Forms of the infinitive.

2.1. Present infinitive.

2.2. Present progressive infinitive.

2.3. Present/past infinitive.

2.4. Perfect/past progressive infinitive.

  1. Functions.
  2. Structures.

4.1 Complex object.

4.2 Complex subject.

  1. The Gerund.
  2. Participle I and Participle II.

Рекомендуемая литература

 

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 88-91, 104-135)

2. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 74-85)

3. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 48-60)

4. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992  (рр 129-153)

5. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 64-71)

 

 

Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы

Вспомогательные материалы

 

Grammar


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