The bare infinitive and the to-infinitive ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 5Следующая ⇒ We often use the base form of a verb (go, do, talk) as an infinitive. We call this the bare infinitive because we use it without to. We must distinguish it from the to-infinitive, where we always use to in front of the base form of the verb (to go). The most common use of the bare infinitive is after modal verbs: He may/can go, do, talk.             He is known to be a good poet. 1.1 The to-infinitive is used: - to express purpose. He went to university to become a lawyer. - after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse). He refused to pay the bill. - after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry ). She was happy to win the prize. - after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference. I'd like to see the manager. - after certain nouns.                   What a surprise to see him there! - after too/enough constructions. He's too young to have his own car. He's clever enough to do the crossword. He's got enough money to live on. - with: it + be + adjective (+ of + n/pron). It was generous of him to offer £ 1, 000. - with: so + adjective + as. Would you be so kind as to help me move the sofa? - with " only" to express an unsatisfactory result. She came in only to find Bob had left. - after: be + the first/second etc/next /last/best. He was the last to come to work. - in the expr.: for + noun/pronoun + to -inf. For him to be so rude was unforgivable. - in expr.: to tell you the truth, to begin with. To be honest, / don't like him. Note: If two infinitives are joined by " and" or " or", the " to" of the second infinitive can be omitted. / want to call Mr. Jones and fax or post him a letter. The infinitive without to is used - after: most modal verbs (can, must, will etc).    You can leave now if you want. - after: had better/would rather. I'd rather not go out tonight. I'd better stay at home. - after: make / let / see / hear / feel + object. They made him pay for the damage. - BUT: be made/be heard/be seen+to-infinitive He was made to pay for the damage. - " know" and " help" are followed by a to-infinitive or an infinitive without to. I've never known him (to) be so mean. Could you help me (to) fix the car? - BUT: be known/be helped+to-infinitive She was known to have worked as a teacher. 2. Forms of the infinitive:   active passive 1. present infinitive (not) (to) read   (not) (to) be read 2. present progressive infinitive (not) (to) be reading ----- 3. perfect/past infinitive (not) (to) have read (not) (to) have been read 4. perfect/past progressive infinitive (not) (to) have been reading ----- 2.1 The Present Infinitive refers to the present or future. I hope to meet her tonight. 2.2 The Present Continuous infinitive expresses an action happening now. He must be sleeping now. 2.3.  The Perfect infinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb. He claims to have worked here before. (First he worked here, then he claimed he had worked here.) 2.3  The Perfect Continuous infinitive is used to emphasize the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the main verb. He looks tired. He seems to have been studying for the test all night. 2.4  The Present Cont., the Perfect and the Perfect Cont. Infinitives are used with the verbs: appear, claim, happen, pretend, seem etc and with modal verbs. 3. Functions: 1. subject To know Russian poetry is helpful. 2. modifier To know Russian poetry you can write interesting essays. 3. part of the predicate a) You are to know Russian poetry. b) Your task is to know Russian poetry 4. attribute The poem to be known is very long. 5. object I want to know Russian poetry by heart. Structures    4.1 Complex object. Object + infinitive After the verbs: We know him to become a good poet. expect, believe, think, understand, consider, suppose, assume, know We want him to become a good poet. allow, ask, expect, order, instruct, remind, permit, prepare, promise We heard him become (nig) a good poet. see, feel, hear, watch, listen, notice, smell It is important for him to become a good poet. Prepositions – of, for etc   4.2 Complex subject. Subject + infinitive After the verbs: He is known to become a good poet. consider, believe, expect, suppose, assume, report   in passive form He proved to become a good poet. seem, appear, prove, happen, turn out He is likely to become a good poet. to be + (un)likely/ sure/ certain   Сложное дополнение и сложное подлежащее - английские обороты, которые на русский язык переводятся соответственно придаточным дополнительным (Мы знаем, что он...) и безличным (Известно/оказывается/по-видимому, (что) он...) предложениями. После глаголов чувственного восприятия возможно употребле­ние герундия (инфинитив употребляется без частицы to; помимо этого to может опускаться после двух глаголов-исключений: help и dare — She helped ( to ) introduce the guests.) Сложное дополнение может также использоваться в пред­ложной конструкции: It is important for him to study poetry. The Gerund Forms of the –ing form
	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Present	reading	being read
Past/Perfect	having read	having been read

 

5.1 The Present Gerund (-Ing form) refers to the present or future.

Ann enjoys walking in the woods.

5.2 The Perfect Gerund (-ing form) shows that the action of the -ing form has happened before the action of the main verb. We can use the Present Gerund instead of the Perfect Gerund without a difference in meaning.

He denied having killed James. OR He denied killing James.

5.3 Subject of the Infinitive /-ing form

When the subject of the infinitive or of the -ing form is different from the subject of the verb, then an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) or a noun is placed before the infinitive or the -ing form.

 I want him/John to help me. (He should help me.) but: I want to help. (I should help.)

The subject of the -ing form can also be a possessive adj.(my, your) or the poss. form of the noun. I remember his/him/Tim's/Tim talking about that island.

5.4 Prefer

I prefer  something                 to     something else.

I prefer   doing something      to     doing something else

I prefer   to do something       rather than  (do) something else.

I prefer this coat to the coat you were wearing yesterday.

I prefer driving to traveling by train.

I prefer to drive rather than travel by tram.

    Ann prefers to live in the country rather than (live) in a city.

 

5.5 The -ing form is used

- as a noun.                        Walking is good exercise.

- after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference.           She likes painting, (in general)  

* Note: like + to-inf = it's a good idea / like to wash my hair every day.

- after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practice, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, understand etc). They discussed selling the company.

" Let's go jogging! " " No, I'd rather go sailing."

- after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time.

He can't stand being treated like a slave. He had difficulty finding his way back.

- after: spend/waste (time, money).

He spends his free time (in) digging the garden.

- after prepositions. He left the shop without paying, he was accused of stealing.

- after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/ get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.

- after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action.                / saw Tim doing his homework.

(I saw part of the action in progress. I didn't wait until he had finished.)

BUT: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without " to" express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end.

I saw Tim do his homework. It took him an hour.

(I saw the whole action from beginning to end.)

 

6. Participle I and Participle II are used:

 As -ing and -ed clauses:

6.1 We use -ing clauses to say what somebody (or something) is doing (or was doing) at a particular time:

Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)

Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.

6.2 When you are talking about things (and sometimes people), you can use an -ing clause to say what something does all the time, not just at a particular time.

The road joining the two villages is very narrow.

I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

6.3 clauses -ed have a passive meaning:

The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital.

Some of the people invited to the party can't come.

Injured and invited are past participles. Many verbs have past participles that do not end in -ed (made, bought, stolen etc.):

Most of the goods made in this factory are exported, (the goods are made...)

The police never found the money stolen in the robbery, (the money was stolen)

6.4 We often use -ing and -ed clauses after there is / there was etc.:

There were some children swimming in the river.

Is there anybody waiting?

here was a big red car parked outside the house.

6.5 Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring/bored etc.)

There are many adjectives ending in -ing and -ed. For example, boring and bored.

Somebody is bored if something (or somebody else) is boring. Or, if something is boring, it makes you bored. So:

Jane is bored because her job is boring.

 Jane's job is boring, so Jane is bored, (not 'Jane is boring')

If a person is boring, this means that they make other people bored:

 George always talks about the same things. He's really boring.

7. Some verbs require a to-infinitive, others take the –ing form, but there are also the verbs after which we can use both forms with or without the change in meaning. Study the table:

After: order; remind; force warn; beg; invite; enable; persuade = get; offer; agree; refuse; decide; plan; arrange; hope; aim; lean; deserve; afford; forget; attempt; manage; fail; promise; threaten; seem; appear; tend; pretend; claim; expect; happy; glad; sorry; surprise; enough; only. Would+like/love/prefer. The+first/next/last/best. Ask/know/remember/ explain/ learn/understand/wonder +what/whether/how+to inf. Show/tell/advise/teach sb+what/where/how+ to do. To tell the truth. To begin with. To be honest. it+be+adj. It+be+adj+of+noun/pronoun. So+adj+as. For+noun/pronoun.

Without a change in meaning: begin; continue; intend; start; bother; advise; allow; encourage; permit; recommend; require; need; want. With a change in meaning: 1. forget+to-inf (в настоящем)                          forget+ing (в прошедшем) 2. remember+to-inf (в настоящем)    remember+ing (в прошедшем) 3. mean+to-inf (намериваться) mean+ing (значить) 4. go on+to-inf (закончить ч-л, начать другое) go on+ing (продолжить) 5. regret+to-inf (сожалеть) regret+ing (к сожалению- вводное слово, без эмоций) 6. would prefer+to-inf (особенный                              случай) prefer+ing (в общем, всегда) prefer+to-inf+(rather) than+ bare inf 7. try+to-inf (осознанное намерение+результат) try+ing (попытка, эксперимент) 8. want+to-inf (желание) want+ing (необходимость) 9. stop+to-inf (пауза в действии) stop+ing (конец действия) 10. be sorry+to-inf (сожалеть) be sorry for+ing (извиняться) 11. hate+to-inf hate+ing 12. be afraid+to-inf (бояться ч-л в общем) be afraid of+ing (бояться, что  ч-л случится)

After: Stop; delay; fancy; consider; admit miss; involve; finish; postpone; imagine avoid; deny; risk; practice; give up; put off; carry on; go on; keep on; like; love; hate; enjoy; dislike; mind; stand; spend; waste; anticipate; appreciate; continue; delay; discuss; escape; excuse; fancy; forgive; go; mention; mind; object to; prevent; quit; recall; recollect; report; resent; resist; save; stand; suggest; tolerate; understand. I’m busy; it’s no use; it’s good; it’s worth; what’s the use of; can’t help; there’s no point can’t stand have difficulty in addition to as well as have trouble have a hard/difficult time.

Gerund and infinitive  
Vocabulary

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