Drill your communication skills. Work in pairs or small groups. a) Answer the following questions. a) Answer the following questions

a) Answer the following questions:

1. What are the sources of industrial pollution in the city you live?

2. What kind of natural pollution is the most common in your region? Is it seasonal? Does it take place all year round?

3. What streets/districts are affected by exhaust fumes most of all?

4. Are the thermal electric plants situated beyond city limits? Are they the sources of sulphurous gas?

5. What has been doing to normalize the ecological situation in the city you live?

 

b) Discuss the following things and share your observations and ideas with other students:

1. Construction of bypass roads for transient and commercial vehicle;

2. Sustainable traffic management and control;

3. City planning (urban green belts, greenfield recreation areas, industrial manufacturing construction and development);

4. Ecological standards monitoring (lab testing and analyses).

 

 

SECTION III WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Unit I   

Reading: Water Pollution

Writing: Review

Study the active vocabulary.

supply n,v	estuary	recreation
upset n,v	community	detrimental
contaminate	distribute	concurrent
acquire	receptacle	extensive
drill	scope	useable
divert	even adj., v., adv.	consume
reserve n,v	treat v	consumption

Read and guess the meaning of the international words without a dictionary.

    Pro`gress v, `stable a, com`panion n, `adequate a, `localize v, equi`librium n, as`similate v, `rational a, `cascade n, `territory n, `compensate v, `geothermal a, `reservoir n, `channel n.

Form the pairs of synonyms:

    balance, harmful, plant, disrupt, reserve, drinking, adequate, upset, pollution, contaminant, corresponding, impurity, detrimental, fresh, supply, equilibrium, provision, contamination, stock, enterprise.

4. Match the Russian equivalents in A with the corresponding word-combinations in B:

A	B
1. долины рек	a. community development
2. возрождение реки	b. city growth
3. развитие общества	c. water supply
4. питьевая вода	d. constant companion
5. рост города	e. river valleys
6. водоснабжение	f. drinking water
7. загрязнённые водные пути	g. polluted waterways
8. постоянный спутник	h. river regeneration

 

5. Read the text and give Russian equivalents to the word-combinations italicized.

WATER POLLUTION

Ever since man progressed from hunting to an agricultural society with the corresponding development of stable communities the phenomenon of water pollution has been his constant companion. The better agricultural method improved, the smaller percentage of the population produced all the food needed for population; so the larger communities and diverse secondary industries developed and grew into the present modern society.

Concurrent with this growth, however, there was the increasing percentage of waste materials and the problem of their disposal. While the total volume of waste from community was relatively small, the easiest method of disposal was to “throw it away”, usually into the nearest receptacle. Since man cannot exist without water, community development and city growth was centered in areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. Initially this meant development in river valleys, and thus the nearest receptacle for wastes was a river.

The term “pollution’ has been variously defined by many people, but if it may be described here as “the detrimental effects on a localized ecological structure by the addition of the waste products of a society”, then it is apparent that the first noticeable pollution problems should have involved the supply of drinking water.

It is in this particular area that the question of pollution takes on a new meaning. Is a body of water polluted when it is directly affected by man, or should it be classified as polluted when the ecological structure is first upset?

The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical and biological equilibria, and there is no doubt that a normally active waterway has a large capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this capacity is now so being reached or exceeded that many waterways are becoming increasingly contaminated. Before this contamination becomes readily noticeable such equilibria are changed and the ecological structure may be seriously affected.

Some examples of water systems, where the effects of pollution have become or are becoming increasingly apparent are the Caspian and Baltic seas; the Thames, Rhine, and Seine rivers; and the Baikal Lake in Russia. Fortunately, the dynamic hydrosystems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration and with careful planning even the most seriously polluted waterways may be brought back into full use. An example of river regeneration on a large scale is the successful attempt to restore the Thames estuary.

 

6. Complete the following sentences with the corresponding endings or the ideas of your own:

1. The hydrosphere is a dynamic system characterized by... 2. Concurrent with the growth of urban population there was the increasing percentage of... . 3. Since man cannot exist without water... . 4. The nearest receptacle for wastes was … . 5. A normally active waterway has… 6. The dynamic hydrosystems like rivers have a remarkable capacity for... . 7. Ecological changes become readily noticeable when ….

 

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