Read the text. State which of these sentences express the main idea of the text.

1. Great technological advanced in plumbing and ventilation systems. 2. The types of walls of concrete structures. 3. The types of exterior concrete surface. 4. Classification of buildings according to their functions, building techniques and factors affecting the latter.

 

3. According to the text complete the sentences using one of the given variations (a, b, c, d).

1. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve….

 a) … craft operation at the building site; b) … building materials, labour and time; c) … extensive use of large sections manufactures in heavily mechanized factories;

d) … total technological development of society.

 

2. Types of buildings depend upon…

a) …the availability and character of materials; b)… design, building materials and construction techniques; c) … increased possibilities for mass production;

d) … social functions in the society.

3. The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by… 

a) reinforced concrete blocks and units; b) … technological change in the building industry; c) … craft operations at the building site; d) …joining the living and dining areas into a single space.

 

Text 4

 

RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

 

 Housing is prominent among the factors affecting the level of living. The improvement of the housing represents a concrete and visible rise in the general level of living. In many countries residential construction has constituted at least 12 per cent and frequently more than 25 per of all capital formation.

The ever growing housing demands have brought to life new methods of construction with great emphasis upon standardization, new levels of technological advance utilizing such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precutting, use of reinforced concrete panels and large-scale site planning. At present, prefabricated structures and precast elements may be classified into two principal groups - for residential houses and industrial buildings.

Present-day designs for residential construction envisage all modern amenities for a dwelling, they advocate larger, better built and better equipped flats and houses. There is a marked improvement in the heating and ventilating systems as in hot-water supply, kitchen and sanitary fitting. Many tenants now can afford better furnishings, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. A house which is a physical environment where a family develops is acquiring a new and modern look.

Industrial buildings comprise another significant type of construction. This type of construction involves factories, laboratories, fool processing plant, mines, office buildings, stores, garages, hangars and other storage facilities, exhibitions halls, etc.

Each of these functions demands its own structural solution and techniques. But in general they may be divided into two classes according to whether the plan must give greater attention to the size and movement of machinery or of persons. The building techniques (by techniques we mean building materials and methods) depend on the types of buildings.

Modern industrial building have demonstrated the advantages of reinforced concrete arches, metal flames, glass walls and prefabricated standardized mass produced parts. Steel was gradually substituted for iron and permitted wider rooms and larger windows. Windows can be enlarged to the extent that constitutes a large fraction of the wall area.

 

EXERCISES

 

1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents of the following English terms

1. standard of living                 керівничий апарат     

2. housing                                будівельна промисловість

3. managerial staff                   промислове будівництво

4. prefabricated structures       житлове будівництво

5. present-day design                    життєвий рівень

6. technological advance          збірні конструкції

7. site planning                         сучасне проектування

8. heating system                      система опалювання

9. hot-water supply                     гаряче водопостачання  

10. washing machines                    пральні машини

11. building industry                 переваги

12. industrial construction         планування робіт на будівельному майданчику

13. storage facilities                  складські приміщення

14. advantages                           технічний прогрес

 

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