Late later the latest

                              latter                          the last

NOTE 3.Latter as well as later means ‘nearer to the end' (The latter years of his life). Latter also refers to ‘the second of two’ (Of the pig and the cow, the latter animal is more valuable).

Last means ‘final’ (his famous last words). It can also mean ‘next before the present’ (This is better than his last film.). But to avoid misunderstanding to mean ‘next before the present’ a clearer word like previous or latest should be used (Her latest, but not we hope last, book).

 

Near                       nearer                the nearest

                                                             the next

NOTE 4.Next means ’without anything coming before or between; nearest’ ( The next house to ours is a mile away).

3. The as … as pattern indicates equality, and the not as/so … as is used to indicate inequality: Molly is as smart as Susan. Molly is not as/so smart as Susan.

4. The words much ( many before countable nouns) , far, a great deal, still are used to intensify the quality expressed by the adjective in the comparative form and are translated into Russian as намного, гораздо, значительно: much/many more, much longer, far more interesting.

5. To denote a greater degree of quality the Russian expressions в два раза, в три раза больше etc. are translated as twice as or three times as (large/heavy/much). To denote a smaller degree of quality the expressions half as (large/heavy/much) or half (my age/the size/the weight).

 

6. The Russian expressions ‘чем (больше/меньше/темнее и др.), тем (меньше/больше/светлее)’ are translated into English by comparative degree with the definite article: The more you have, the more you want. The nearer the winter, the shorter the days.

 

7. They use how+an adjective of measure to ask about the degree of a specific quality (note that preference is given to some adjectives, for e.g., old to young, large to small, high to low, light to dark): How old are you? How large is your house? ( Cf. in Russian: Сколько Вам лет? Какой размер Вашего дома? )

 

E x e r c i s e s

4.1.Read the forms of the adjectives and work out the rules of their spelling in the comparative and superlative degrees.

Positive       Comparative                        Superlative

big                       biggest                              the biggest

hot                       hotter                                          the hottest

busy                    busier                                the busiest

dirty                    dirtier                                the dirtiest

gray                     grayer                                the grayest

brave                   braver                                the bravest

nice                     nicer                                  the nicest

simple                 simpler/more simple        the simplest/the most simple

free                     freer                                  the freest

 

4.2.Add - er or - est to the adjectives in brackets. Write the new forms of the adjectives.

1) The hand is (quick) than the eye. – The hand is quicker than the eye.

2) That magician is the (great) in the world.

3) This is the (proud) moment of his life.

4) The rabbit is (soft) than the bird.

5) That trick is (old) than this country.

6) Our seats were the (close) to the stage.

7) The magician’s show was (long) than the clown’s.

8) The clown’s shoes were the (funny) of all the shoes.

9) Our laughs were the (loud) in the crowd.

10)  The stage was the (big) one I’ve ever seen.

4.3.Give the comparative and superlative forms for the following adjectives:

1) kind – kinder – the kindest, fast, green, hard, tall, sad, cheap, dry, fine, long.

2) early, easy, famous, funny, honest, wealthy, pleasant, dirty, clever,

3) perfect, narrow, simple, friendly, foolish, useful.

4) favourable, wonderful, dangerous, reactionary, comfortable, popular.

5) good, bad, many, late, far, little, near, old.

 

4.4.Complete the sentences according to the model:

Model: My brother is (old) … his brother.

a) My brother is as old as his brother.

b) My brother is not as/so old as his brother.

c) My brother is older than his brother.

1) The dinner is (good) … lunch. 2) Your room is (bright) … hers. 5) The boy was (clever) … his sister. 6) The first story is (interesting) … the second. 7) This way is (short) … that.

3) This writer is (famous) … that. 4) This hill is (high) … that. 8) This flower is (beautiful) … a rose. 9) Your hands are (cold) … his. 10) The green pencil is (long) … the red one.

4.5.Read the poem and comment on the form of the adjectives.

 

The more we study, the more we know;

The more we know, the more we forget;

The more we forget, the less we know;

The less we know, the less we forget;

The less we forget, the more we know.

Why study?

 

4.6.Use much ( many with countable nouns) before the comparative forms for emphasis.

1) Skiing is harder than it looks. – Skiing is much harder than it looks.

2) She has more boyfriends than she knows what to do with. – She has many more boyfriends than she knows what to do with.

3) That boy is more intelligent than he looks.

4) Joe swam more miles than Richard.

5) That job takes more experience than he has.

6) I have less work than last week.

7) Her pies are better than her cakes.

8) Speaking English is more fun than reading English.

9) New York City has more sky-scrapers than Chicago.

10) It is a better place to live than that.

11) I have more money at the beginning of the month than at the end.

12) English is easier to learn than Chinese.

13) That BMW costs more than a Mercedes.

14) Cars cause more pollution than bicycles.

 

4.7.Translate into English.

1) Самый чистый, намного чище, самый лучший, значительно лучше, самый длинный, гораздо длиннее, самый трудный, значительно более трудный, богаче, намного богаче, хуже, гораздо хуже, серьезнее, намного серьезнее, более известный, значительно более известный, интереснее, гораздо более интересный, самый занятый, гораздо более занятый, более храбрый, самый храбрый, гораздо более храбрый.

2) Чем ярче солнце, тем теплее дни. Чем больше учишься, тем больше знаешь. Чем скорее вы придете, тем лучше. Чем раньше встанешь, тем больше сделаешь. Чем меньше читаешь, тем меньше знаешь

UNIT 5      ADJECTIVES ENDING IN -ing AND -ed

(interesting/interested)

There are many adjectives that have the same form as participles: his surprising views, he seemed very surprised.

Pairs of adjectives ending in –ing and –ed may cause confusion.

Adjectives ending with –ed are used to show how people feel about something: an interest ed crowd (= something interested them). I was so excit ed that I couldn't sleep (= something excited me).

Adjectives ending with –ing are used to describe objects or people that make people feel excited, interested, etc.: The picture is very interest ing (= it interests me). Skiing is an excit ing sport.

Someone is –ed (bor ed ) if something (or someone) is –ing (bor ing ).

 

 

E x e r c i s e s

 

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