Theme: Isomorphic and allomorphic features of international, national, and universal idiomatic expressions

1. Types of derivational morphemes and the role of agglutination in English and Ukrainian word-formation.

2. National and international word-forming morphemes in English and Ukrainian.

3. Substantivization, adjectivization, verbialization, adverbialization in English and Ukrainian.

4. Agglutination and suppletivity as word-formating and form-building means in English and Ukrainian.

Модулі самостійної роботи:

1. Загальна та часткова типологія.

2. Інтерференція орфоепічної норми рідної та іноземної мов.

3. Типологічне співвідношення загальної системи лексики англійської та української мов.

4.

Підсумкова тека:

1. Theoretical questions:

1) Typological constants of contrasting at the phonetic/phonological and prosodic levels.

2) Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the system of vowels of the contrasted languages.

3) Binary and group oppositions of vowels in English and Ukrainian.

4) Labialization, nasalization and mutation of vowels in the contrasted languages.

5) Quantitative and the main qualitative characteristics of English and Ukrai­nian consonants. Isomorphisms and allomophisms in the articulation and palatilization of English and Ukrainian consonant phomenes.

6) Assimilation of consonants in English and Ukrainian.

7) Oppositions of short vs. long consonants in Ukrainian. Oppositions vs. histo­rical/traditional correlations in the systems of English and Ukrainian vowels and consonants.

8) Binary, multiple, and group oppositions in the systems of consonants of the contrasted languages.

9) P. Menzerath's parallelogram and the study of syllables in different languages. Principles and rules of syllabification in the contrasted languages.

10) Common and divergent structural types of syllables in English vs. Ukrainian.

11) Word-stress and its functions in English and Ukrainian.

12). Utterance stress and utterance intonation in English vs. Ukrainian.

13) Isomorphisms and allomorphisms in the system of speech tones in English and Ukrainian.

Practical Assignments

Exercise I. Point out the isomorphic and allomorphic features in the following six common binary oppositions in the phonetic systems of English and Ukrainian. Model: /і: — υ / fully front vs. (versus) fully back vowels.

 

 

 

ENGLISH

/i: — υ / mean — moon, tea—too

/i—υ / kick—kook, tick—took

/е—∂: / jenny—journy, ten—turn

 /æ —a: / hat — heart, lad — lard

/a: — α /heart—hot, tar — tot

//\ — o: / cut — caught, shut — short

 

 

UKRAINIAN

/і—у/ бік — бук, сім — сум

/і—о/ біг — бог, скік — скок

/і—а/ грім — грам, сім—сам

/е—а/ клен — клан, трель-трал

/и—о/ мир — мор, син — сон

 

     /и—у/ мир — мур, тир—тур

 

 

Exercise II. Compare the English and Ukrainian binary oppositions/correlations and point out the main distingeishing features characterizing the vowel systems of the contrasted languages.

 

/i—iə / bid — beard /e—ε ə / merry — Mary

/ o – oə / sorry—soaring

/ o - oə / / paw— pour

/ υ - υ ə / to – tour

/ei – ai/ bay –by

/ei –oi/ bay –boy

/ei – aυ /bay – bow

/ai – oi/ tie – toy

/ai - ε ə / buy-bare

 

 

/і - а/ бік – бак

/е – а/ верть – варт

/е – і/ мене – мені

/и – о/ мир – мор

/і – у/ кіл - куль

Exercise II І, Edentify the isomorphic and allomorphic features of the phonematic correlations in English and Ukrainian. Compare their quantitative representation and their functions in the contrasted languages.

A. man—men, woman —women, mouse —mice, foot — feet, know — knew, take— took, see—saw, sell — sold, write — wrote, make —made, knife — knives.

В. весна — весни (весни), гора — гірка, піч — печі (печі), Львів — Львова, ставок — ставка (-о, -Ø ), око — очі, просо — (у) просі, пастух — пастуше, птах — птаство, хлопець — хлоп'ята, кукурудза — кукурудзі, віз — (у) возі, солома — соломка — соломці, торф — торф'яний, боротися — боротьба, ладити — ладжу, гладити — гладжу, любити — люблю, високий — височенний, сухий — сушений, сміх — смішний.

 

  Exercise IV. Point out the vowels which undergo mutation in the English and Ukrainian words below:

A. ago, forward, citizen, syllables, suggest, Monday, Sunday, portrait, potato, toboggan, mosquito.

В. беру, веду, межа, мені, печу, чешу, збирати, зима, минати, писати, сиділи, болото, зозуля, кожух, комуна, іволга, іній, інший, країна, пір'їна.

 

Exercise V. Find isomorphic and allomorphic features in English and Ukrainian consonant sounds formed as a result of clustering in the initial positions or doubling in the mid or concluding position in the following words:

abbreviation, cobble, addition, gladder, wedding, coffee, suffice, ggregate, trigging, collect, illegal, Willie, command, commune, connotation, unknown, pippin, puppy, irregular, merry, session, Mississippi, cottage, knitting.

оббити, вводити, віддавати, Наддністрянська,

безладдя, безмежжя збіжжя, ззаду, роззброїти, заліззя, пониззя, міськком, Алла, дозвілля, Ганна, юннат, звання, ссавець, узлісся, брутто, гетто, завзяття, паліччя, узбіччя, затишшя, піддашшя.

Exercise VI. Analyse the phonetic structure of the words below and point out sounds characteristic of the English language only and of the Ukrainian language only.

A. rather, few, rare, sure, mouths, dreaming, thoughtfully, wigwam, bud, narrow, victorious, plot, Monday, coroner, boy, Mary, shot.

B. громадський, хоровий, нагір'я, розрісся, мимохіть, дзеленькати, цвяхи, дзявоніти, ворітця, боротися, змагатися.

Exercise VII. Find in the counteropposed English and Ukrainian words isomorphic or allomorphic binary (multiple) oppositions and correlations of initial, medial or final consonant phonems.

 

pill —bill, pull —bull

tot — dot, toll — doll

coal — goal, coast — ghost

fail —veil, few —view

sink — zink, seal — zeal

charge –judge, chop – job

ball – doll – call

ball – doll – goal

pot — tot — cot

pot — tot — cot — hot

seat — seed, threat — thread / dread

back — bag, track — drag

rich — ridge, breech —bridge

pressure — pleasure, mouth — mouths

enrichment — abridgement

thretfully - dreadfully

біб –діб – кіт, брати – драти – грати

піт – тік – кіт, баб – дам – хат

піл – тіл – кіл, муха – мусі – мушин

рука – руці – ручний, піл – тіл – кіл –гін

Exercise VIII. Characterise the type of assimilation (progressive or regressive) in the words below. State which of these types is more frequent in English and which in Ukrainian.

Handkerchief, grandmother, kindness, sandwich, session, voiced, don’t you, called you, gooseberry, horse-shoe, newspaper. nature, used, to (say), isthmus, eighths, isle, Wednesday, congress.

 

бджола, Ґандзя, (на) з'їзді, у гаразді (з'ді), м'яч (мна'ч), м'який (мна'кий), вісті (віс'ці), близь'кість (с'ц'), громадський (мац'киі), без-честя (с'ц'а), у діжці (з'ц'), у пляшці, при­нісши, в'їжджати (6к), квітчати, казці, сонця, звірина,                                              

 

вокзал, для мене (ґл'а), боротьба, з хати, багатства.

Exercise IX. Point out the difference, if any, in the morphemic and syllabic structures of the given words. Distinguish isomorphic and allamorphic features and types of syllables in the contrasted languages. Model: many-mæ -nі-(historically short vowels before the preceding consonant sound do not form open syllables); functions: f ŋ -k nz (a CCCC syllable formed by the sonorant /n/ sound; буття (бу-т'а: ) — long Ukrai­nian consonants form one syllable:

 

colony, possibilities, bonnie, agree, together, opened, rythms, films, icecream, fodder, splashed, a pretty penny, graduate, junctions, serfdom, draughtsman, horseback, district, intrude, fiddlestick, Middlesborough, Fitsclarence.

 

 

молоко, сінокосами, виніс, мітелочка, одинак, мітла, чаклун, висхідний, заочник, мудрити, опришок, пожмаканий, спізнився, жлукто, об'ївся, очкур, письменник, прісний, заступник, коржик, піддашшя, робиться, смертність, кіс­ка, розгвинчувати, уткнути, земство, шефство, абстрактне, держстрах, складський, стрімкість.

Exercise X. Read carefully the counteropposed English and Ukrainian words. State the quantitative and qualitative correlation between the constitutive (word-forming) and distinguishing (form-building) functions of accentuation in the contrasted languages.

 

conduct (n): conduct (v)

 import (n): import (v)

produce (n): produce (v) suspect (n): suspect (v)

absent (s): absent (v)

frequent (a): frequent (v) perfect (a): perfect (v) blackboard (n): blackboard (v) drawback (n): drawback (v) attempt (v): attempt (n) сomment (v): comment (n) concern (v): concern (n)

defeat (v): defeat (n)

quarrel (v): quarrel (n) concrete (n): concrete (a, v)

 

замок (n): замок (n)

мука (n): мука (n)

заняття (n): заняття (n)

левади (Nplur): левади Ngenit, dual n)

корови, (Npl): корови (Ngenit, dual num.) голубці (Npl): голубці (Ndat.)

кленові (Ndat.): кленові (а)

говірка (n): говірка (а)

коса (n): коса (а)

коси (Npl): коси (Ngen., Vimperative)

тепла (Ngen): тепла (а)

свята (Ngen): свята (а)

багатію (Ndat): багатію (v)

поперек, (n): поперек (prep.)

рачки (Nplur): рачки (adv)

шкода (n): шкода (adv)

 

Exercise XI. Analyse the accentuation in the listed English and Ukrainian words. Prove the existence or non-existence in the contrasted languages of a) constant or shifting and b) strong (primary) and weak (secondary, tertiary, etc.) kind of stress.

bookcase, discouraged, snowball, thunderstruck, available-availability, ambassy-ambassador-ambassadorial, omnipotential, misrepresentation, ultraleftist, corrupt-incorruptibility, blackeyed, ill-mannered, paratrooper, schoolboyishness, taximetercab, forget-me-nots, mer­ry-go-round, never-to-be-forgotten, well-to-do.

 

 

байдуже, байдужість, вимога, вимогли­вість, запитання, обгрунтувати, обгрунту­вання, найневтішніший, недовиторгуваний, псевдореалістичний, ультралівацький, що­найменше, вищепоіменовані, державно-кооперативний, зернозбиральний, щиро­сердечність, перекотиполе, світловодолі­карня, Незовибатько, Панібудьласка, Убий вовк.

2. Theoretical questions:

1. Point to the extralingual factors predetermining the birth and functioning of
universal lexicon.

2. Name and characterize the existing approaches to the systemic study and classification of lexicon.

3. Point out the common and divergent features in the onomasiological structures of
some English vs. Ukrainian notional and functional words.

4. Characterize the existing approaches to the systemic study and classification
of lexicon.

5. Point to the correlation of the phonetical, phonological, morphological, and
semantic types of motivation in the lexical units of English and Ukrainian.

6. Typologically isomorphic layers of lexicon in the English and Ukrainian langua­ges, stylistically neutral vs. stylistically evaluative units of lexicon.

7.  Socially predetermined layers of lexicon in the contrasted languages (termino­logical, professional, colloquial, low colloquial etc. words and-expressions).

8. Words of common Indo-European stock and nationally specific lexicon in English
and Ukrainian.

9. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of international, national, and universal
idiomatic expressions.

10. Types of derivational morphemes and the role of agglutination in English and
Ukrainian word-formation.

11. National and international word-forming morphemes in English and Ukrainian.

12. Substantivization, adjectivization, verbialization, adverbialization in English
and Ukrainian.

13. Agglutination and suppletivity as word-formating and form-building means in
English and Ukrainian.

Practical Assignments

Exercise I. Read carefully the English (A) passage first and then the Ukrainian (B) passage. Identify in each of them: a) notionals forming a layer of lexicon due to the environmental principle and b) notionals forming a layer of lexicon due to the socially predetermined principle.

A. Suleiman-din-Daoud was wise. He understood what the beasts said, what the birds said, what the fishes said and what the insects said. He uderstood what the rocks said deep under the earth when they bowed in towards each other and groaned: and he understood what the trees said when they rustled in the middle of the morning. (Kipling).

В. М. Kotsyubynskyi was at the centre of civic initiatives in Chernihiv, where he collaborated with the Prosvita, a Ukrainian organization for the promotion of education and culture. The Chernihiv period was remarkably prolific for Kotsyubynskyi, who wrote quite a few essays, sketches, novelettes and stories, in which he identified him­self with the European school of psycological prose. (Ukraine. 1989. N 8).

 

Exercise II. Analyse the meaning of each noun, adjective and cardinal numeral in the English and Ukrainian passages below. State, whether their meanings are denota­tive only or connotative only.

A. Liquid crystals display screens, or LCD's, and are used in many lap-top com­
puters, calculators and other electronic devices. It may not be long before the screens of full-size personal computers and television sets are made of liquid crystals, too.

B. У контрабандистки було виявлено ікони, 4208 американських доларів, 1500 франків, 410 російських рублів, 13260 західнонімецьких марок, 1620 польських злотих, а також злитки золота вагою 112, 72 грама. (З газет).

 

Exercise III. Read only the English and Ukrainian passages below and point out in them the animal names which have apart from the denotative meaning also a connota­tive meaning a) in one of the contrasted languages only or b) in both the contrasted languages.

A. The Dog was wild, and the Horse was wild, and the Cow was wild, and the Sheep was wild, and the Pig was wild. But the wildest of all the wild animals was the Cat. Now there is also the Rat up in the Moon... (Kipling) You only make an ass of yourself... (B. Shaw) " You made a monkey of me last week..." (Carter).

B. За золотими ґратами млів папуга... (Ільченко) Вирячився, як барчн на нові ворота. Вовком дивиться. (Приказки)...а капітани — справжні морські воили. (Яновський) Як же це ти таку Ґаву упіймав... (Кропивницький). Хлоп'ята стали грати у свинки. (Мирний). А соцький, він свиня пиката. (Кропивницький).

 

Exercise IV. Try to prove the universal nature of the sociallly distinct layers/ groups of lexicon in the passages below.

A. I wad na been surpris'd to spy

You on an auld wife's flainen toy;     

Or aiblings some bit duddie boy,

                      On's wyliecoat; .

      But Miss's fine Lunardi! fye!

                   How daur ye do't!

                  (R. Burns. To a Louse)

would not have been old flannel cap maybe small ragged flannel vest ballon, bonnet dare

 

 

 

В. Зближившися до хати, він поздоровив її і станув на хвилинку. Відтак мусив іти дальше. Все (всі) гуртом пігнало до керниці; Декоторі з моїх камратів похору-валися зі спеки, ...а один німець помер, сарака, таки під час маневрів. Ба сеє візьме (Михайло) в руки, ба теє. Ба йде в поле, ба вештається колотварин, коло бджіл (Кобилянська).

Exercise V. Read the English and Ukrainian sentences/lines carefully and state, whether the divergences in the means of expressing stylistic/genre peculiarities of speech testify to the systemic organization of lexicon in English and Ukrainian.

A. Ye voices, that arose After the Evening close And Whispered to my restless heart repose! Spake full well in language quaint and olden. One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine... (Longfellow) I speak not, I trace not, I breathe not thy name. (Byron) Hark! heard you not the forest, monarch's roar? Thrice sounds the clarion; Lo! the signal falls. In truth he was a noble steed. A Tartar of the Ukraine breed. Awake, bold Bligh! the foe is at the gate! Without a sigh he left to cross the brine. A few short hours, and he will rise. To give the morrow birth: and I shall hail the main and skies... Strange pangs would flash Along Child Harold's brow. (After Byron)

В. Так, вже знялася бранная тривога, Комоні ржуть, почувши дим війни. (Кочерга) Прийдуть роки, з полону бранець верне. (Л. Українка) Двадцятий вік нову главу в історії почав. (Дорошко) Ще сідла там були... І крицеві панцири. (Іль­ченко) Йде вояк, закутий в зброю. Щит черлений на руці. (Олесь) Ланіти і уста марніють зримо. (Шевченко) Літа пригасили горе... (Стельмах) Ой поїхав з Укра­їни козак молоденький — Оріхове сіделечко, ще й кінь вороненький. (Народна піс­ня).

Exercise VI. Read and translate the English (A) words into Ukrainian and point out a) words whose onomasiological form and semasiological structure coinside and b) words whose structures do not coincide in the contrasted languages.

Model: five; п'ять — the onomasiological form and the semasiological structure of the word coincide; ski (V); ходити на лижах (word-group)—the onomasiological form is different in Ukrainian; рука; hand/arm — the semasiological structure of the word is larger in English.

A. Blue, red, two-thirds, forty, akimbo, fall in love, good-for-nothing (N), merry-
go-round, examinee, portable (N), snow-ball, participate, teach-in, fishing-rod, ink­-pot, sidewise, hairdresser, decamp, perfectible.

B. Розкохати (когось), свататися, господарювати, спатки, окріп, партієць, сані­тар, миттєво, самотужки, самохіть, вусики, вустонька, кулачище, кабанюра, кільканадцять, щонайкраще, якнайбільше, нога, палець, покашлювати, попоходити, сла­витися, викати, нікати/некати.

 

Exercise VII. Read the English and Ukrainian words and word-combinations below. Point to the existence or non-existence of isomorphism in the types of their motivation in the contrasted languages.

A. Black, blacken, large, enlarge, examinee, forget, unforgettable, good, goodish, hang, hiss, moo, cock-a-doodle-doo; foot of a mountain, school of fish, arms of a coat, arms of a tree, to warm the viper, to make both ends meet, to have a sleepless pillow, to man ships.

B. Збір, збирач, вимога, вимогливий, товариський, кульбаба, кульбабовий, гей­кати, мекати, ґельґотати, сьорбати, дзеленчати, квітень, квітневий, лютий, лютневий, підкопуватися (під когось), носити каменя в пазусі, рісочки в роті не мати, не знати нібе, ні ме/ні кукуріку, купатися в розкошах, липкий на руку, пастися в чужому городі, пастися в чужому зошиті.

Exercise VIII. Analyse carefully the given groups of English and Ukrainian words and word-groups/stable expressions. Try to allot them to the corresponding layers of lexicon: internationalisms (terms), professionalisms, archaisms, neologisms. State their typologically national or universal nature.

A. Electron, bacteria, cholera, motor, computer, theorem, triangle, grammar, physics, jurisdiction, lawyer, teacher, dentist, poem, culture, addition/summation, subtraction, pronoun, attribute, predicate, prefix, cubic equation, outer space, specificgravity, scooling.

B. Кібернетика, література, музика, поезія, академія, інститут, журнал, пекар, письменник, хлібороб, фінанси, валютний фонд, педагогіка, філософія, консенсус, імпіч­мент, ламбада, рекет, орендар, скрижалі, мечники, списники, осавули, земне тяжіння, питома вага, електричне поле.

Exercise IX. Contrast each of the 4 corresponding types of idiomatic expressions in English and Ukrainian. Give your reasons for the non-existence of absolute onoma­siological equivalents and the existence of semasiological equivalents in all languages of the world.

A. Achille's heel, to cross the Rubicon, the apple of one's eye, between Scylla and Charybdis, the labour of Sisyphus, the massacre of the innocents, the Trojan horse, a prodigal son, the Ten Commandments.

B. A croocked stick throws a crooked shadow, strike the iron while it is hot, when at Rome do as the Romans do, there is no use crying over spilled milk, scratch my backand I'll scratch yours, a good beginning is half the battle, when pigs fly.

C. To do harm, to make decision, to be in a hurry, to be on the alert, to keep within the law, to make money, to take part, to say the truth, to throw light, to turn smth upside down, a war of words, what of it?

D. To accept the Chiltern Hundreds, to cut off with a shilling, Hobson's choice, to dine with Duke Humphrey, to mind one's p's and q's, to treat like a lord, time is money, when Queen Ann was alive, a pretty penny.

A. Альфа й омега, гордіїв вузол, жереб кинуто, канути в Лету; око за око, зуб за зуб, золотий телець, бути на сьомому небі, скринька Пандори, пригріти гадюку в пазусі, глас волаючого в пустелі.

Б. Кирпу гнути (дерти носа); народитися в сорочці; не знати ні бе, ні ме; що з воза впало, те пропало; скажеш гоп, як перескочиш; не спитавши броду, не лізь у воду; не вчи вченого; який батько — такий син, яка хата — такий тин.

B. Водити компанію, володіти собою, волосся стає дибом, вразливе місце, грати на нервах, гучна справа, давати дорогу, давати змогу, дивитися великими очима, мо­рочити собі голову, розпускати чутки.

Г. Збити з пантелику, дурне сало без хліба, пекти раки, скакати в гречку, товкти воду в ступі, ложка дьогтю в бочці меду, наговорити сім кіп/мішків гречаної вовни, на козаку нема знаку, товчеться, як Марко в пеклі, (не довго) ряст топтати.

 

ІІ. Змістовний модуль

Тема: Типологія граматичних систем порівнюваних мов.

Лекційні модулі:

1. Аломорфізм та ізоморфізм морфологічних систем.

Allomrphisms and isomorphims in the Morphemic structure of English and   Ukrainian words. Typology of the parts of speech. Ways of expressing morphological categories. Typological characteristics of notional words. Typological characteristics of functional words.

2. Типологія частин мов.

Typological features of the noun. Typology of adjective. Typology characteristics of the verb and verbal. Statives and their Typology characteristics. Modal words, verbs and phrases. Typology characteristics of prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections.

3. Типологія граматичних категорій порівнювальних мов.

The category of definiteness and indefiniteness. Typology of the adjectives categories. Classes of verbs in English and Ukrainian. Categories of the non-finite forms. Grammatical categories of the verb. Grammatical categories of nominal parts of speech.

4. Типологія словосполучень порівнювальних мов.

The word-groups in both contrasted languages. Common features of in the structural forms of word-groups. Simple or elemental word-groups. Word-groups of complicated structure. Word-groups with syndetic and asyndatic connection. Types of word-groups. Co-ordinate word-groups. Subordinate word-groups. Predicative word-groups.

5. Типологія речень порівнювальних мов.

Typology of the sentence. The main parts of the sentence. The secondary parts of the sentence. Non-segmentable sentences. Typology of the composite sentences. The compound sentence. The complex sentence. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system in the compound sentences in English and Ukrainian.

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