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Практикум по грамматике английского языка



Авторы составители:

Н.Д.Голякевич, О.Д.Селюк

Могилев

МГУ им . А.А. Кулешова

2004

Рецензент

старший преподаватель кафедры

фонетики и практики английского языка

МГУ им. А.А. Кулешова

Л.В. Сыромолотова

       Практикум предназначен для работы со студентами II курса факультета иностранных языков, а также может быть использован в учебном процессе студентами неязыковых специальностей для ознакомления с употреблением в речи модальных глаголов английского языка.

 

CAN

Meaning Forms of the modal verb Ways of rendering in Russian Forms of the Infinitive Kinds of sentences Some other ways of expressing the same meaning Sentence patterns
1.Ability, capability can (can’t) –the present tense; could (couldn’t) – the past tense может     мог могли   Indefinite Infinitive     affirmative interrogative negative     to be able to; to know how to do something; to have the ability to do something. He can perform complicated operations. He is a very skilful surgeon. Can she swim well? He could not feel or hear anything.  
2.Possibi-lity due to circum- stances. can (can’t) – the present tense; could (couldn’t) – the past tense могу может   мог могли    Indefinite Infinitive   affirmative negative interrogative to be able to; it’s possible to do something At a chemist’s shop you can get medicines of all kinds.  
3.a) Permission   b) Request   c) Prohibition can – the present tense; could – the past tense in reported speech. can could  (a polite request)   can’t можешь можете   могу ли я не могли бы вы     нельзя Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive   Indefinite Infinitive affirmative     interrogative     negative to permit; to be allowed The doctor said, “You can take long walks every morning.” Can (could) you give me some medicine for my headache?   You can’t visit him, he has an infectious disease.
4.Unreality could – (Subjunctive II form) мог бы могли бы The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive indicates the action which was not carried out in the past. affirmative interrogative negative     would be able to do smth.     would have been able to do smth. Why don’t you want the doctor to come? He could prescribe some medicine to bring down the fever (if he came). You could have stayed in bed for a few days. But you didn’t.
5.Uncer-tainty, doubt, astonish-ment . can/could неужели может ли быть, чтобы The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking.     interrogative (general questions) Is it possible that…? Do you believe that…? Can (could) he be her husband? He is twice as old as she is.   Can (could) she still be running a high temperature? Can (could) he have been operated on? Can (could) they have been keeping to a diet for a few years?
6. Incredulity, improbabi- lity can’t/ couldn’t не может быть, чтобы; невероят-но, чтобы; вряд ли Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive negative It’s hardly possible that; I refuse to believe that; I don’t think it’s possible that; It’s next to impossible that; I don’t believe that; I doubt that; It’s impossible that; It’s incredible that; It’s doubtful that… He can’t (couldn’t) be her husband. She can’t (couldn’t) still be running a high temperature. He can’t (couldn’t) have been operated on. They can’t (couldn’t) have been keeping to a diet for a few years.
7. For emotional colouring can/could (in present time contexts) И что они… И о чем они … И как он … И что это она … Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive     interrogative (special questions)   What can (could) you know of such things? What can (could) they be speaking about? How can (could) you have made such a mistake? What can (could) he have been doing all this time?

 

Notes: I. Remember the following set phrases with the verb can:

 1.She can’t help crying. Она не может не плакать . He couldn’t help admiring the city. Он не мог не восхищаться городом .

 2. I can’t but ask about it. Мне ничего другого не остается , как спросить об этом . They couldn’ t but refuse him. Им ничего не оставалось, как отказать ему.

3.He can’t possibly do it. He couldn’t possibly afford a car on his present salary. He can’ t possibly have done it.Он просто не может (не мог, не мог бы) …

II. The Russian sentences of the type  «Неужели он не заметил вас ? Не может быть, чтобы он не заметил вас. Неужели ему не нравится здесь? Не может быть , чтобы ему здесь не нравилось ». are rendered in English in the following ways:

1. Can (could) he have failed to notice you? 2. Can (could) he dislike it here?3. Can (could) nobody have seem  him do it? 4. Can (could) he never have got my letter? 5. Can (could) it be that he didn’t notice you? 6. He can’t (couldn’t) have failed to notice you. 7.  He can’t (couldn’t) dislike it here?


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