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Reading 1: Legal Language
Pre-reading task. Read words. Mind the stress. A): ΄prejudice re΄ciprocal sub,sidi΄arity ΄triplet e΄rect ,here΄after ΄liable a΄llege ,notwith΄standing ΄justice im΄ply ,bene΄ficiary ΄technical spe΄cific ,characte΄ristic ΄jargon re΄lationship ,punctu΄ation
B) Complete the word building table.
D) Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.
1. Read the text about Legal English and answer the questions. 1. What way legal writing in English is characterized by? 2. What do characteristics of legal writing include? 3. What has encouraged the use of English rather than Latin in the English justice system? 4. What do a number of linking terms used in older written legal texts refer to?
Legalese Lawyers use Latin words and expressions when writing legal texts of every kind, from statutes to emails. Legal Language Legal writing in English has developed over hundreds of years and is characterised by specific features, some of which can make it difficult for the non-lawyers to understand. Characteristics of legal writing include: using Latin terms; using technical terms (“subsidiarity”); using old-fashioned words not much in general use; using pair of words with reciprocal relationship (‘lessor’/’lessee’); using legal jargon (‘without prejudice to’) including the use of pairs of words (‘terms and conditions’), or triplets (‘build, erect or construct’); having special meanings for words in ordinary use (‘the judge determined the fact of the case’), where ‘determined’ means ‘decided’; using vague words (‘provide a sufficient service’); using long sentences with little punctuation; inverting word order (‘title absolute’); using capital letters to signal important or defined terms (‘the terms of the Lease…’) avoiding personal pronouns (‘you’, ‘we’, ‘I’); the specific use of the modal verb ‘shall’ to impose an obligation or duty on someone (‘The tenant shall not sub-let the whole or part of the premises.’); the use of ‘shall’ in a directory sense (‘Notice of an appeal shall be filed within 28 days.’) There is a movement to draft legal text in standard, modern, ‘plain’ English but any change will be slow. Note: Some legal drafters argue that the use of ‘shall’ in a directory sense is to be avoided because of confusion. Note also the general English use of ‘shall’ to refer to future intentions (‘I shall write to him’), although this use is increasingly uncommon. Latin terms There are many legal terms in written English legal texts, although recent reforms in the English justice system have encouraged the use of English rather than Latin. Some Latin terms are used so frequently that they are in general English use (e.g. ad hoc, bona fide, pro rata, etc.). It is useful to be able to recognize their meaning and a dictionary or online glossary will help. Forms of pronunciation vary. |
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