Reading 2: The Language of the Law
Pre-reading task. Read words. Mind the stress. A):
΄separate so΄licitor em΄ploy
΄barrister de΄scend ,prose΄cution
΄notary a΄ttorney a΄ccomplice
΄counsel re΄tain for΄bid
΄summarise be΄yond su΄ggest
΄verdict con΄duct ,summing-΄up
΄evidence per΄mit pro΄fession
B) Complete the word building table.
| Noun/Verb Adjective
| Verb Noun
|
| proud
| to descend
|
| boast
| to employ
|
| notary
| prosecution
|
| separate
| to conduct
|
| guilty
| to suggest
|
| evidence
| summing-up
|
D) Before you read look through the following words and phrases to make sure that you know them. Learn those that you don’t know.
proud [  ]
He’s very proud of his daughter’s achievements.
| гордий, який володіє почуттям власної гідності
Він дуже пишається досягненнями своєї дочки.
|
pride [  ]
(2. = proper pride)
to take great pride in one's children
| 1. гордість, почуття гордості;
2. почуття власної гідності або самоповаги;
пишатися своїми дітьми
|
boast [  ]
empty / idle / vain boast
proud boast
| 1. хвастощі, похвальба; 2. предмет гордості;
марні хвастощі;
хвастощі
|
separate [  ],[  ]
separate cell
| 1. окремий; ізольований; відособлений, відділений;
одиночна камера;
2. роздільний; сепаратний; 3. особливий, спеціальний; самостійний
|
solicitor [  ]
| соліситор, повірник, повірений у справах; адвокат (який готує справи для баристера е виступає лише в судах нижчої інстанції)
|
barrister [  ]
briefless barrister
| баристер, адвокат;
адвокат без практики
|
to descend [  ]
to descend the stairs
to be descended from Vikings
| спускатися, сходити, іти вниз; знижуватися; походити;
спускатися сходами;
походити від вікінгів
|
notary [  ]
notary public
| нотаріус;
державний нотаріус
|
attorney [  ]
district attorney; circuit attorney pardon attorney
| повірений; юрист; (Am .) адвокат; чиновник органів юстиції; прокурор, аторней;
прокурор округу (США);
аторней з питань помилувань
|
client [  ]
lawyer’s clients
| 1. клієнт; 2. постійний покупець, замовник; 3. постоялець, гість (у готелі)
клієнти адвоката
|
to employ [  ]
to be employed by smb
| надавати роботу; наймати; тримати на службі, роботі; користуватися послугами;
працювати, служити у когось
|
counsel [  ] ( = legal counsel)
to be heard by counsel
| (pl . без змін) представник захисту або обвинувачення; юрисконсульт;
вести справу через адвоката
|
to summarise [  ]
| підсумовувати, резюмувати, підбивати підсумок
|
brief / to brief [  ]
to have plenty of briefs
to take a brief
to hold a brief
to throw down one's brief
| (n.) 1. короткий письмовий виклад справи (складене соліситором для баристера); 2. справа, клієнт; (v.) давати інструкції адвокатові; доручати ведення справи;
мати велику практику (про адвокату);
взяти на себе ведення справи; вести справу в суді (як адвокат);
відмовитися від подальшого ведення справи
|
to retain [  ]
to retain an attorney
to retain in custody
| 1. запрошувати, наймати (про адвоката); 2. утримувати; стримувати; підтримувати; 3. зберігати;
наймати адвоката;
утримувати під вартою;
|
rank [  ]
rank badge
persons of rank
pride of rank
| звання; чин; достоїнство; посада, службове становище; ранг (дипломатичний)
військовий знак розрізнення;
аристократія; високопоставлені особи
зарозумілість
|
the Bar [  ]
to be at the Bar
to be called to the Bar (= to call within the bar )
bar
| адвокатура, колегія адвокатів; стан адвокатів; баристери (у Великій Британії);
бути адвокатом;
отримати право адвокатської практики
брусок; планка; рейка; поперечина
|
beyond [  ]
beyond the ocean
it is beyond me
beyond reach
| 1. поза, за межами; 2. удалині; далеко від, далі;
по той бік океану;
це за межами мого розуміння;
за межами досяжності
|
| the Bench
to elevate to the Bench
| місце суддів (у залі суду); суд; суддівська посада; судді, суддівська колегія
призначити на посаду судді
|
jury [  ]
to charge / instruct a jury
to dismiss a jury
to empanel, swear in a jury
to serve on a jury
| присяжні (засідателі); суд присяжних;
наставляти, давати інструкції присяжним;
розпустити суд присяжних;
привести присяжних до присяги;
виступати у ролі присяжних
|
| by means of
| за допомоги (чогось), через (щось)
|
verdict [  ]
verdict of acquittal
to bring in /to return a verdict of guilty (not guilty)
| вердикт, рішення присяжних
виправдання підсудного вердиктом присяжних
винести вердикт про винність (невинності)
|
guilty [  ] (of)
guilty of murder
verdict of guilty
| винний, винуватий;
винний у вбивстві;
обвинувальний вирок
|
beyond reasonable doubt [  ]
| поза всякими обґрунтованими сумнівами
|
prosecution [  ]
| судове переслідування; пред'явлення позову; обвинувачення (як сторона в карному процесі);
|
to conduct [  ]
to conduct a campaign
| вести, керувати; проводити;
проводити кампанію
|
accomplice [  ]
accomplice in crime
| спільник, співучасник (злочину);
співучасник злочину
|
| to turn the King/Queen’s evidence
| стати свідком обвинувачення
|
witness [  ]
| свідок, очевидець
|
| to forbid (forbad(e) – forbidden)
| забороняти, не давати дозволу
|
to suggest [  ]
The architect suggested restoring the building.
| пропонувати, радити; висувати; припускати
Архітектор запропонував реконструкцію будівлі.
|
| leading question
| навідне запитання
|
evidence [  ]
hearsay evidence
evidence-in-chief
| свідчення; доказ; показання свідка або обвинувачуваного;
показання з чужих слів;
свідчення, які отримані на головному допиті
|
summing-up [  ]
| заключна промова судді; резюме
|
1. Read the text about Legal English and answer the questions.
1. Why are the English proud of their legal system?
2. What is the difference between solicitor and barrister?
3. What are the Bar and the Bench, and why are they called so?
4. What is a jury, and what is their function in court?
5. Explain the following legal terms: beyond reasonable doubt, to turn the King/Queen’s evidence, leading question, cross-examination and summing-up.
One of the proudest boasts of the Englishman is of the British justice and the English legal system. In their pride they follow the tradition of Rome, but in their law they owe less to the Romans than almost any country in Europe. Much less, for instance, than Scotland, which has a quite different system of law from England. This peculiar English system has its own peculiar terms: to understand them you must understand a little of the system itself.
In England the legal profession is really two separate professions: solicitors and barristers. The solicitor is probably the more ancient profession. He descends from the notaries and attorneys of Elizabethan times and indeed even earlier. Only on the introduction of a solicitor can a client employ a barrister, who is referred to as a counsel. The solicitor summarises his client’s case for counsel, and the document on which he does so is called a brief. A barrister retained by a solicitor for a client is said to be briefed for him.
It is from the ranks of the Bar, as barristers corporately are called, that judges are chosen. The Bar referred to is a physical bar (it is actually a barrier [ 
]) in the Courts, beyond which no one may pass except the privileged Queen’s Counsel who have been called within the bar. Judges, thus, are not themselves a separate profession; they are barristers who have been elevated to the Bench, itself name derived from the part of the Court where they sit.
The judge decides the interpretation of the law, but, in serious criminal cases, all questions of fact are decided by a jury. Juries may also be found in civil cases, that is disputes other than criminal trials. By means of the jury, the man in the street enters upon the legal scene. In England a jury in a criminal case can return only one of two verdicts: Guilty or Not Guilty.
In order to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt the prosecution calls evidence. Since the prosecution is conducted in the name of the Queen / King, a criminal who decides to give evidence against his accomplices is to turn the King/Queen’s evidence.
In examining his witnesses counsel is forbidden to ask questions which suggest the answers he wants. Such questions are called leading questions and are permitted only in cross-examinations, that is, the procedure by which, after he has given his/her evidence-in-chief, a witness is further questioned by counsel for the other side. In this way the full meaning and value of the evidence is tested.
After all the evidence has been given the judge summarises the case, both law and facts, for the benefit of the jury. This is called the summing-up.
2. Match the words with their definitions.
| 1. counsel
| a. the decision of a jury at the end of a trial
|
| 2. the Bench
| b. information etc that gives reason for believing something; proof (e.g. in a law case)
|
| 3. verdict
| c. a) the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a person; b) the proceedings brought in the name of the Crown to put an accused on trial
|
| 4. guilty
| d. a) a judge or magistrate sitting in court in a judicial capacity; b) judges or magistrates collectively
|
| 5. prosecution
| e. someone who sees an event and reports what happened
|
| 6. accomplice
| f. responsible for an offence or misdeed
|
| 7. witness
| g. a barrister or group of barristers engaged in conducting cases in court and advising on legal matters
|
| 8. evidence
| h. a person who helps another in committing a crime
|
3. Writing Annotation. Read the phrases, which will help you to write the annotation and summary and write the annotation.
| Annotation
| Annotation
| Summary
|
| Introduction
The article is entitled _________
The article is published in ______
The article under the title ___ is/was published in _____
_______ is dealt with in the article.
_______ is / are considered in the article.
| The article entitled (headlined) ‘____’ published in _____ deals with (is devoted to; touches upon) the problem of _____.
The article deals with the problem _____.
The article deals with (is devoted to / considers / gives description of) ____
The article outlines / gives a review of ________
| The headline (title) of the article (text) is ________
The article is entitled (headlined) ____
The author of the article is ______.
It is taken from (published in) the newspaper / journal __________. The author of the article is ____.
|
| Main body
Special (particular) attention is given to _
Mention is also made of _____
A wide range of problems / topics / issues are considered such as _________ .
(Smth)______ is / are analyzed / touched on (upon) / dealt with __
Special attention is given to ____
the description of __
the classification of _
the problem of ___
a new approach of __
the solution of ___
| The author presents __________
comments (on) __________
analyses ________________
discusses _______________
shows________________
provides ________________
illustrates _________________
recommends _________________
describes ____________________
The article describes __________
The article gives a description of __
The author suggests a new approach to the solution of the problem of ____
The key problem of the article is ____
The general idea of the article is ____
The article considers / outlines / gives a description of _________
| At the very beginning of the article the author says __.
The next part of the article is devoted to ______.
Much attention is given to _________.
The author points out______________
explains ________
emphasizes ______
It’s necessary to note __
It’s interesting to mark __
to emphasize______
to point out ______
|
| Conclusion
A (general) conclusion is made as to (concerning) ___
It is concluded that _____
The article is intended for ___________ / may be of interest to __________ /
presents particular (special) interest to __
| The author comes to the conclusion / resumes/ asserts that ___________.
In conclusion the author states that / summarises the main points ______
The article presents definite (some, no, great) interest to __________ .
It could be recommended to professionals, specialists, in the sphere of _____, to the wide range of readers, whoever cares.
| The author draws the conclusion that _____
The article is designed (intended) for ________
|
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