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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Useful words and speech patternsСтр 1 из 5Следующая ⇒
Warm-up questions 1. What types of cars do you know? What are they generally used for? 2. What can you say about advantages and disadvantages of owning a car? 3. What do you know about the automotive industry and its history? 4. What do you think the future of automotive industry will bring? How can it change everyday life? Useful words and speech patterns
Parts of a car Exercise 1.2.1. Work in groups. Match the words from the box to the numbers in the picture.
Exercise 1.2.2. Look at the following “equations” and explain what they mean: chassis = frame + power train;
Exercise 1.2.3*. Find a picture of a car and describe it to your groupmates using the words you have learnt. Mini-video Watch the video and discuss it in groups. Use the questions to help you: 1. Where does the video come from? 2. What is the title of the news report? 3. What innovations are mentioned? 4. What automotive companies presented their new designs? 5. What did you like best in the video? Would you buy any of these cars if you had enough money? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wd33eHzjjlU Introductory text Read the text and answer the following questions: 1. How is this text related to the video you watched previously? 2. Are the ideas described in the text different from what you suggested at the beginning of the lesson? How? 3. Do you agree with the conclusions drawn in the text? Why? Useful words
In view of the fact that; because; as SINCE prep.: in the time after (a specified time or even in the past); from (a point in the past) until the present time a) He has had many jobs since he graduated. b) She drove slowly since it was raining. c) He hasn’t ridden a bike since he was a small child. d) I haven’t seen them since yesterday. e) Since he knew so much, he got a good job. f) We went for a walk since the weather was fine. Grammar introduction Participles
Participle Clause | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A film disappointing every viewer is a waste of time. | The boy disappointed by the film wrote a bad review. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Participle Forms
Adjectival modifier (определение) |
Adverbial modifier (обстоятельство) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Voice | Active | Passive | Active | Passive | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At the same time | doing The engineer designing a new car consulted old patents. | being done The car being designed (by the engineer) represents a new challenge. | doing Designing a new car, the engineer forgot to eat and sleep. | being done Being designed at the moment, this car is not available on the market yet. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Previously | Always use clauses! The engineer who designed the car will receive a raise. | done The car designed (by the engineer) received a lot of praise. | having done Having designed many cars, the engineer was ready to deal with a new challenge. | having been done Having been designed by the best engineers, this car will change your life. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conjunction + Participle
1. No conjunction:
Being a scientist Einstein knew many things very well.
=
Einstein knew many things very well because he was a scientist.
Having heard the news the Lead Designer began dancing with joy.
=
The Lead Designer began dancing with joy after he heard the news.
2.
WHEN
|
IF
UNLESS
ONCE
THOUGH
Exercise 1.5.3. Rephrase the sentences using participles, if possible.
Example:
The car won’t start because it has no engine = Having no engine, the car won’t start.
a)After my sister damaged her car, she changed her driving style. b) While the engineers were designing a new transmission, they realised the old one was not so bad. c) My sister damaged the bumper because she was driving recklessly (неосторожно). d) Once the design is finished, it can be manufactured. e) This lady, who changed the tyre herself, says she will not wait for the service crew. f) We may re-use the parking lot that was built last year. g) English is studied in many countries, since it’s a language of international cooperation. h) I was thinking about the man who had won the latest motor race. i) The criminal had been seen, so he had no chance of escaping. j) Jimmy thought he didn’t have enough money, so he didn’t buy anything.
Exercise 1.5.4. Translate into English using participles, whenever possible.
a) Ошибка, замеченная поздно, привела к серьезной проблеме. b) Когда работа будет закончена, она должна быть подписана. c) Поскольку суп все еще варится, его невозможно есть. d) Водитель, увидевший странное животное, тут же остановился. e) Исследуя этот вопрос, мы пришли к интересным выводам. f) Так как ошибка была замечена вовремя, она была исправлена. g) Мы познакомились с инженером, разработавшим новый двигатель. h) Добавив новый элемент, мы заметно улучшили конструкцию. i) Хотя ошибка не была замечена вовремя, она не вызвала проблем. j) Что вы можете рассказать о проводимой вами сейчас работе?
Lesson 2
Grammar
Exercise 2.1.1. Revision time! Watch the video and name the participles that the presenter uses. Explain the difference in meaning.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuTSOQ9kIdY
Exercise 2.1.2*. Watch the video. Using information from the video and the chart below, tell your classmates about the Absolute Participle Clause in your own words.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iuXxwvkRIY
Absolute Participle Clause
= Participle with its own “Subject”
Meaning: condition (“when”/”if”/”because” etc)
The letters having been sent, I decided to take a rest.
=
After the letters were sent, I decided to take a rest.
(action preceding the main action)
A new alloy being used, our car was described as the most lightweight on the market.
=
Our car was described as the most lightweight on the market because a new alloy was used.
(actions taking place simultaneously)
Exercise 2.1.3. Rephrase the sentences using absolute participle clauses, as in the examples above.
a) Electric current is generated because electrons move through a conductor. b) We went home since work was over for tonight. c) After a new engine was installed, the maximum speed of our design increased. d) Since many experiments had been carried out, we were able to publish our article. e) When the water vaporised, the sensor sent out a signal. f) As the bear ruined my car, I had to buy a new one. g) Life can exist on Earth because the Moon is so large(1). h) As gold doesn’t need to be extracted from ore, even primitive human tribes used it. i) When those problems were solved, everyone could finally get some rest. j) The driver had to stop because there had been an accident.
(1) It’s true! Google it*
Active vocabulary
to specialise in v.
[ ˈspeʃəlaɪz ] 
| специализироваться на | smart (car) n. [ smɑːt ] | «умный» (об устройстве) |
| to manufacture v. [ ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r) ] | изготовлять, производить | to be characterized by v. [ ˈkærɪktəraɪz ] | отличаться чем-либо |
| feature n. [ ˈfiːtʃə(r) ] | свойство, особенность | to open-source v. [ ˌəʊpənˈsɔːs ] | открывать исходный код чего-либо |
| trend n. [ trend ] | тенденция | to automate v. [ ˈɔːtəmeɪt ] | автоматизировать |
| accessible adj. [ əkˈsesəbl ] | доступный | to master v. [ ˈmɑːstə(r) ] | овладевать, осваивать |
| autonomous adj. [ ɔːˈtɒnəməs ] | автономный | according to prep. [ əˈkɔːd ] | соответственно чему-л., по мнению кого-л. |
| critical adj. [ ˈkrɪtɪkl ] | решающий, крайне важный | (accident)-prone adj. [ prəʊn ] | предрасположенный к чему-л. |
| to process v. [ ˈprəʊses ] | обрабатывать | as compared to prep. [kəmˈpeəd] | по сравнению с |
| accurate adj. [ ˈækjərət ] | точный | tolerance for n. [ ˈtɒlərəns ] | терпимость к чему-либо |
| error rate n. [ ˈerə(r) ] [ reɪt ] | частота появления ошибок | to justify v. [ ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ ] | находить оправдание чему-либо |
Exercise 2.2.1. Match the words to their synonyms.
| accurate | crucial |
| trend | to produce |
| feature | to computerize |
| critical | to become familiar with |
| to manufacture | precise |
| to master | large-mindedness |
| tolerance | tendency |
| to process | characteristic |
| to automate | to be an expert in |
| to specialize in | to treat |
Exercise 2.2.2. Fill the gaps with a suitable word from the vocabulary list.
a) The variety of machines currently under study is __________ at www.roadabletimes.com .
b) Demand for such schemes is great, and waiting lists can be up to six months, __________ some local experts.
c) Overall growth in passenger car production in 2010 was about 100% __________ 2009.
d) The ___________electric current source is turned on.
e) __________drivers keep destroying their cars, and self-destructive traders keep destroying their accounts.
f) This type of antenna is __________ by parameter h of the antenna effective height.
g) Spending so much money on this cannot be __________.
i) The developers ___________ the code for their 1990s game engine.
Exercise 2.2.3. Write down your own example sentences using as many words from the vocabulary list as possible.
Exercise 2.2.4. Work with a dictionary. Study the table and put the words in the right columns (some words can be both). Name other “-ate” words that you know. Practice pronouncing these words.
| THE -ATE SUFFIX | |
| Adjectives | Verbs |
| How to pronounce: The primary stress does not fall on the suffix itself! | |
| [ət] (similarly to preposition “at”) | [eɪt] (similarly to “ate”, past tense of “eat”) |
| Accurate, ... | To automate, ... |
| Adequate, alternate, approximate, degenerate, delicate, duplicate, calibrate, consolidate, elaborate, generate, immediate, separate... |
Reading Comprehension
Read the text below. Write down a short summary (7 sentences).
Grammar
Exercise 2.4.1. Find participles and participle phrases in the text. *Rephrase them, if possible.
Exercise 2.4.2. Translate into English using participles and various participle phrases.
a) Мы описали крайне важное свойство материалов, характеризующихся высокой прочностью. b) Открыв исходный код своих программ, компания усилила свои лидирующие позиции. c) Поскольку компания автоматизировала сборку, производительность линии увеличилась. d) На конференцию приехали ученые, специализирующиеся на разработке «умных» домов. e) После того, как инженер освоил новое программное обеспечение, он получил повышение. f) Изготовленные на нашем заводе детали широко используются. g) Соответственно нашим точным расчетам, частота появления ошибок снизилась по сравнению с описанными ранее вариантами. h) Пытаясь оправдать бюджет проекта, босс говорил о новых тенденциях в отрасли. i) Информация, обработанная программой, выводится на экран. j) Поскольку это решение отличается простотой, оно стало популярным.
Lesson 3
Listening
Exercise 3.1.1. Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions:
1) What are the advantages of riding a bike instead of driving a car?
2) What are the disadvantages of riding a bike in a town or city?
3) When was the last time you rode a bike? Where did you go?
Exercise 3.1.2. Read the words you will hear in the text.
| to recharge v. | заряжать повторно |
| to last for v. | длиться, хватать на (о заряде батареи) |
| trail n. | зд. велодорожка |
| effort n. | усилие |
Exercise 3.1.3. Listen to the text and say what you learnt about an electric bike.
Exercise 3.1.4. Decide which statements are true.
1) It may look like any other bike, but the clue is in the sound.
2) What you can hear is an internal combustion engine.
3) The bikes can get up to 60 miles an hour.
4) In Britain at the moment, most people know a lot about electric bikes.
5) You can recharge a bike only at the charging station.
Exercise 3.1.5. Listen to the text again and answer the following questions.
1) What is the speed of the electric bike?
2) What are the advantages of it?
3) Where can you hire an electric bike?
4) How long does the battery last?
5) Why were the old railway tunnels reopened?
6) Do you ever go cycling in Moscow?
7) Have you ever hired a bicycle?
8) How much did it cost you?
9) Do you know where bicycle trails can be found in Moscow?
10) How convenient do you find cycling in Moscow?
Exercise 3.1.6*. Look at the following table. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different types of bicycles.
| Road bikes | designed for high-speed travel, have narrow tyres, a short wheelbase, a lightweight frame, can’t be ridden on unpaved surfaces. |
| Touring bikes | used for long distances, have a smoother ride, lower gears than the average bike. |
| Mountain bikes | equipped to handle gravel roads, have better braking systems, shock-absorbing qualities, durable. |
| Hybrids | combine comfort, speed and durability, are good for short trips on paved roads, have narrower tyres than mountain bikes, are not as fast as road bikes. |
Script
Speaking
The Car Broke Down
Burt: Hey Kevin! Where were you in the morning?
Kevin: Don't even talk about my morning.
Burt: Why? What happened? Is everything alright?
Kevin: My car broke down today and I had to miss such an important meeting.
Burt: Whoa! What happened to your car?
Kevin: The mechanic said that there was a problem with the radiator.
Burt: So, what now? Did you get it repaired?
Kevin: Not yet, but the mechanic is taking care of it. I'll get it back by Tuesday.
Burt: So, I wouldn’t worry. It’s not a major problem. But how will you commute till Tuesday?
Kevin: Haven't thought about it yet.
Burt: Why don't we share a taxi until you get your car back?
Kevin: Thanks. I think that's a good idea.
Warm-up questions
1. What would you do if you had a serious problem with a new car or with its repairs/maintenance performed by other people?
2. When do you think people should write letters of complaint?
3. Have you or anyone you know ever written a letter of complaint? Could you share any details?
Stages
Letters of complaint usually include the following stages:
1. Background
2. Problem - cause and effect
3. Solution
4. Warning (optional)
5. Closing
Exercise 4.2.1. Неre are some phrases dealing with car troubles in a typical complaint letter. Put them in the correct order according to the above stages to get a complaint letter.
a) On [date] I asked you to service the above vehicle Toyota Corolla [model, engine capacity]. When I collected the vehicle from you on [date], I was told that you had carried out a “full service”, had diagnosed [particular faults: specify if necessary] and had put these right.
b). The same evening my car wouldn’t start.
c). I look forward to receiving your cheque for [£…..] within the next 14 days.
d). Should you fail to reimburse me I shall have no alternative but to issue a claim against you in the county court for recovery of the money without further reference to you.
e). On date [], […] after the service I noticed a lot of smoke coming from the bonnet.
f) The above faults indicate that you failed to carry out the work on my [vehicle] with reasonable skill and care, using parts of satisfactory quality and fit for their purpose, as laid down by the [Consumer Rights Act 2015 OR Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982], and I am therefore legally entitled to receive compensation from you for breach of contract.
Useful phrases
Here are some more introductory phrases to help you deal with your problems at each stage of your complaint letter.
| Background | I am writing to inform you that+clause/of +noun I am writing to ask for an explanation of the following issues… Unfortunately, my enjoyment of … was spoiled by a number of organizational problems. I am writing to inform you of my dissatisfaction with + noun |
| Problem | Cause: Firstly, I had difficulty in + Gerund I found …. totally unworkable. I found out that + clause Effect: This error put us in a difficult position, as… This caused us considerable inconvenience. This large number of errors is unacceptable to us, and we are therefore unable to… I am writing to ask you to … and to ensure that such errors do not happen again. Could I please ask you to look into these matters. Please send us… |
| Warning (optional) | Otherwise, we may have to look elsewhere for our supplies. I'm afraid that if these conditions are not met, we may be forced to take legal action. If the fees are not paid by Monday, 5 September 2016, you will incur a 10% late payment fee. |
| Closing | I look forward to receiving your explanation of these matters. I look forward to receiving your payment. I look forward to hearing from you shortly. |
Exercise 4.3.1. Work in groups. Practice filling the gaps in the examples above with your own information.
General tips
Here are some general tips on writing a letter of complaint:
Politeness
The tone of complaint letters should not be aggressive or insulting, as this would annoy the reader and not encourage them to solve the problem. In addition, questions such as 'Why can't you get this right?' should not be included.
Content
The content should contain enough details so that the receiver does not have to write back requesting more.
Legal action is not normally threatened in the first letter of complaint, unless the situation is very serious.
Exercise 4.3.1. Which example is taken from a successful letter of complaint, and which one is unacceptable? Explain why.
| Hey there Barry's Restaurant owners! We went to your pathetic establishment last night - the service was awful and the food was a disaster! I complained to the head waiter, but he asked me to put it in writing, so here I am writing and wasting more of my time. Why do you have to be so annoying? | Dear Sir or Madam I am writing to complain about the unacceptable treatment that I received in your restaurant last Friday. First of all, we were given a table just in front of the toilets, although we had booked a different one in advance. Secondly, we had to wait for nearly half an hour to be served. I very much hope that in future you will take care of these mistakes. |
Warm-up questions
1. What types of cars do you know? What are they generally used for?
2. What can you say about advantages and disadvantages of owning a car?
3. What do you know about the automotive industry and its history?
4. What do you think the future of automotive industry will bring? How can it change everyday life?
Useful words and speech patterns
| I can name the following types/(dis)advantages: ... | to be used for + V-ing/noun |
| First/To begin with, … Next, … Finally, … | to be used to + Infinitive |
| As far as I know/remember/understand… | to change smth in the following ways: ... |
| I’m afraid I don’t/can’t... | buggy, bus, cabriolet, combine harvester, dredger, racing car, tractor, truck |
| To my mind…/ In my opinion... | |
| The biggest (dis)advantage of V+ing is... |
Parts of a car
Exercise 1.2.1. Work in groups. Match the words from the box to the numbers in the picture.
| bumper; differential; drive wheel; engine; exhaust pipe; frame; headlight; hood/bonnet; shaft; steering wheel; transmission; trunk; tyre; windshield |
Exercise 1.2.2. Look at the following “equations” and explain what they mean:
chassis = frame + power train;
power train = engine + transmission + shafts + differentials + drive wheels.
Exercise 1.2.3*. Find a picture of a car and describe it to your groupmates using the words you have learnt.
Mini-video
Watch the video and discuss it in groups. Use the questions to help you:
1. Where does the video come from?
2. What is the title of the news report?
3. What innovations are mentioned?
4. What automotive companies presented their new designs?
5. What did you like best in the video? Would you buy any of these cars if you had enough money?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wd33eHzjjlU
Introductory text
Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. How is this text related to the video you watched previously?
2. Are the ideas described in the text different from what you suggested at the beginning of the lesson? How?
3. Do you agree with the conclusions drawn in the text? Why?
Useful words
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