A future without human drivers ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 5Следующая ⇒ Self-driving cars can be compared to Henry Ford's Model T, which was like the iPhone of the time — a real technology game changer. At first, consumer cars seemed impossible — roads weren't paved and no one knew how to drive cars. But the product was a hit, and everything changed to make way for them. Right now, it's hard to imagine not owning a car. But in the future, self-driving cars won't be purchased by the masses, only the wealthy. And driving a car yourself will be a hobby, not a necessity. Instead, we'll hail autonomous vehicles that are parts of dispatch networks, like Uber or Lyft. The networks will be reliable and efficient, like subway systems are, and therefore affordable. It makes so much more sense from an economic point of view to share the cars and utilize them optimally. A car drops you off and picks up the next person, as opposed to the model now, which is just so wasteful, with the car sitting in a parking lot 90% of the time. Parking spaces, which are estimated to take up 25% of city real estate, can be largely removed since people won't need to own cars. That means more room for parks and expanded sidewalks. Autonomous vehicles are likely to be electric, which will help keep air clean. There will be no street signs, because driverless cars won't need them. And fewer human drivers means less unpredictability and more vehicle coordination, which means fewer traffic jams. This is what will happen if a city converts its transportation system to use self-driving cars. Exercise 1.4.1. Study the meanings of the word “since”. If possible, replace it with a synonym in the sentences below. What can you say about the relation between the meaning of the word and the verb tenses? SINCE conj.: 1) in the period after a certain moment; from a certain time in the past; In view of the fact that; because; as SINCE prep.: in the time after (a specified time or even in the past); from (a point in the past) until the present time a) He has had many jobs since he graduated. b) She drove slowly since it was raining. c) He hasn’t ridden a bike since he was a small child. d) I haven’t seen them since yesterday. e) Since he knew so much, he got a good job. f) We went for a walk since the weather was fine. Grammar introduction Participles -ING (Active) -ED or 3rd verb form (Passive) The film was disappointing = The film disappointed someone The boy was disappointed = Something disappointed the boy Participle Clause
A film disappointing every viewer is a waste of time.	The boy disappointed by the film wrote a bad review.
Note: in English, participle clauses and participles in general are often found AFTER the noun they modify

 

Exercise 1.5.1. Open the brackets.

Example: a motor … by electricity – a lady … a Toyota (drive) = a motor driven by electricity – a lady driving a Toyota

a) a … jacket – a student … a jacket (wear); b) a student … physics – a subject … in a university (study); c) a professor … many things – a fact … to many (know); d) a tool … for repairs – a worker … a tool (use); e) a job … higher education – qualification … for the job (require); f) an engineer … new solutions – a tool … by the Chinese (invent); g) an invention … to further progress – an army … by a commander (lead); h) a film … many times – an astronomer … a comet (see); i) a university … higher education – electricity … by the power plant (provide); j) a road less … on - a person … a lot (travel).

Exercise 1.5.2. Translate into English using participles and participle clauses.

a) используемый для работы инструмент; b) страна, возглавляемая президентом; c) изношенная шина; d) джентльмен, который видит решение; e) астроном, изучающий далекие галактики; f) требуемое количество; g) студент, который знает ответ; h) изобретенный в Германии двигатель; i) местность, по которой много путешествуют; j) батарея, которая поставляет энергию.

Participle Forms

Function in a sentence

Adjectival modifier

(определение)

Adverbial modifier

(обстоятельство)

Voice Active Passive Active Passive At the same time doing The engineer designing a new car consulted old patents. being done The car being designed (by the engineer) represents a new challenge. doing Designing a new car, the engineer forgot to eat and sleep. being done Being designed at the moment, this car is not available on the market yet. Previously   Always use clauses! The engineer who designed the car will receive a raise. done The car designed (by the engineer) received a lot of praise. having done Having designed many cars, the engineer was ready to deal with a new challenge. having been done Having been designed by the best engineers, this car will change your life.

 

Conjunction + Participle

1. No conjunction:

Being a scientist Einstein knew many things very well.

=

Einstein knew many things very well because he was a scientist.

 

Having heard the news the Lead Designer began dancing with joy.

=

The Lead Designer began dancing with joy after he heard the news.

2.

       WHEN

Your work will not be accepted unless signed. = = Your work will not be accepted unless it is signed.   Though feeling great pain, the tennis player finished the game. = = Though he was feeling great pain, the tennis player finished the game.

       WHILE

       IF

       UNLESS

       ONCE

       THOUGH

 

Exercise 1.5.3. Rephrase the sentences using participles, if possible.

Example:

The car won’t start because it has no engine = Having no engine, the car won’t start.

a)After my sister damaged her car, she changed her driving style. b) While the engineers were designing a new transmission, they realised the old one was not so bad. c) My sister damaged the bumper because she was driving recklessly (неосторожно). d) Once the design is finished, it can be manufactured. e) This lady, who changed the tyre herself, says she will not wait for the service crew. f) We may re-use the parking lot that was built last year. g) English is studied in many countries, since it’s a language of international cooperation. h) I was thinking about the man who had won the latest motor race. i) The criminal had been seen, so he had no chance of escaping. j) Jimmy thought he didn’t have enough money, so he didn’t buy anything.

Exercise 1.5.4. Translate into English using participles, whenever possible.

a) Ошибка, замеченная поздно, привела к серьезной проблеме. b) Когда работа будет закончена, она должна быть подписана. c) Поскольку суп все еще варится, его невозможно есть. d) Водитель, увидевший странное животное, тут же остановился. e) Исследуя этот вопрос, мы пришли к интересным выводам. f) Так как ошибка была замечена вовремя, она была исправлена. g) Мы познакомились с инженером, разработавшим новый двигатель. h) Добавив новый элемент, мы заметно улучшили конструкцию. i) Хотя ошибка не была замечена вовремя, она не вызвала проблем. j) Что вы можете рассказать о проводимой вами сейчас работе?

 

Lesson 2

Grammar

Exercise 2.1.1. Revision time! Watch the video and name the participles that the presenter uses. Explain the difference in meaning.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuTSOQ9kIdY

Exercise 2.1.2*. Watch the video. Using information from the video and the chart below, tell your classmates about the Absolute Participle Clause in your own words.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iuXxwvkRIY

 

Absolute Participle Clause

= Participle with its own “Subject”

Meaning: condition (“when”/”if”/”because” etc)

The letters having been sent, I decided to take a rest.

=

After the letters were sent, I decided to take a rest.

(action preceding the main action)

A new alloy being used, our car was described as the most lightweight on the market.

=

Our car was described as the most lightweight on the market because a new alloy was used.

(actions taking place simultaneously)

Exercise 2.1.3. Rephrase the sentences using absolute participle clauses, as in the examples above.

a) Electric current is generated because electrons move through a conductor. b) We went home since work was over for tonight. c) After a new engine was installed, the maximum speed of our design increased. d) Since many experiments had been carried out, we were able to publish our article. e) When the water vaporised, the sensor sent out a signal. f) As the bear ruined my car, I had to buy a new one. g) Life can exist on Earth because the Moon is so large⁽¹⁾. h) As gold doesn’t need to be extracted from ore, even primitive human tribes used it. i) When those problems were solved, everyone could finally get some rest. j) The driver had to stop because there had been an accident.

⁽¹⁾ It’s true! Google it*

Active vocabulary

to specialise in v. [ ˈspeʃəlaɪz ]	специализироваться на	smart (car) n. [ smɑːt ]	«умный» (об устройстве)
to manufacture v. [ ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r) ]	изготовлять, производить	to be characterized by v. [ ˈkærɪktəraɪz ]	отличаться чем-либо
feature n. [ ˈfiːtʃə(r) ]	свойство, особенность	to open-source v. [ ˌəʊpənˈsɔːs ]	открывать исходный код чего-либо
trend n. [ trend ]	тенденция	to automate v. [ ˈɔːtəmeɪt ]	автоматизировать
accessible adj. [ əkˈsesəbl ]	доступный	to master v. [ ˈmɑːstə(r) ]	овладевать, осваивать
autonomous adj. [ ɔːˈtɒnəməs ]	автономный	according to prep. [ əˈkɔːd ]	соответственно чему-л., по мнению кого-л.
critical adj. [ ˈkrɪtɪkl ]	решающий, крайне важный	(accident)-prone adj. [ prəʊn ]	предрасположенный к чему-л.
to process v. [ ˈprəʊses ]	обрабатывать	as compared to prep. [kəmˈpeəd]	по сравнению с
accurate adj. [ ˈækjərət ]	точный	tolerance for n. [ ˈtɒlərəns ]	терпимость к чему-либо
error rate n. [ ˈerə(r) ] [ reɪt ]	частота появления ошибок	to justify v. [ ˈdʒʌstɪfaɪ ]	находить оправдание чему-либо

Exercise 2.2.1. Match the words to their synonyms.

accurate	crucial
trend	to produce
feature	to computerize
critical	to become familiar with
to manufacture	precise
to master	large-mindedness
tolerance	tendency
to process	characteristic
to automate	to be an expert in
to specialize in	to treat

Exercise 2.2.2. Fill the gaps with a suitable word from the vocabulary list.

a) The variety of machines currently under study is __________ at www.roadabletimes.com .

b) Demand for such schemes is great, and waiting lists can be up to six months, __________ some local experts.

c) Overall growth in passenger car production in 2010 was about 100% __________ 2009.

d) The ___________electric current source is turned on.

e) __________drivers keep destroying their cars, and self-destructive traders keep destroying their accounts.

f) This type of antenna is __________ by parameter h of the antenna effective height.

g) Spending so much money on this cannot be __________.

i) The developers ___________ the code for their 1990s game engine.

Exercise 2.2.3. Write down your own example sentences using as many words from the vocabulary list as possible.

Exercise 2.2.4. Work with a dictionary. Study the table and put the words in the right columns (some words can be both). Name other “-ate” words that you know. Practice pronouncing these words.

THE -ATE SUFFIX
Adjectives	Verbs
How to pronounce: The primary stress does not fall on the suffix itself!
[ət] (similarly to preposition “at”)	[eɪt] (similarly to “ate”, past tense of “eat”)
Accurate, ...	To automate, ...

Adequate, alternate, approximate, degenerate, delicate, duplicate, calibrate, consolidate, elaborate, generate, immediate, separate...

Reading Comprehension

Read the text below. Write down a short summary (7 sentences).

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