Elements in Quenya and Sindarin Names

These notes have been compiled for those who take an interest in the Eldarin languages, and The Lord of the Rings is extensively drawn upon for illustration. They are necessarily very compressed, giving an air of certainty and finality that is not altogether justified; and they are very selective, this depending both on considerations of length and the limitations of the editor’s knowledge. The headings are not arranged systematically by roots or in Quenya or Sindarin forms, but somewhat arbitrarily, the aim being to make the component elements of names as readily identifiable as possible.

adan	(plural Edain) in Adanedhel, Aradan, Dúnedain. For its meaning and history see Atani in the Appendix E.
aelin	‘lake, pool’ in Aelin-uial; cf. lin (2).
aglar	‘glory, brilliance’ in Dagor Aglareb, Aglarond. The form in Quenya, alkar, has transposition of the consonants: to Sindarin aglareb corresponds Alkarinquë. The root  is kal- ‘shine’, q.v.
aina	‘holy’ in Ainur, Ainulindalë.
alda	‘tree’ (Quenya) in Aldaron, Aldudénië, Malinalda, corresponding to Sindarin galadh (seen in Caras Galadon and the Galadrim of Lothlórien).
alqua	‘swan’ (Sindarin alph) in Alqualondë; from a root alak- ‘rushing’ occurring also in Ancalagon.
amarth	‘doom’ in Amon Amarth, Cabed Naeramarth, Úmarth, and in the Sindarin form of Túrin’s name ‘Master of Doom’, Turamarth. The Quenya form of the word appears in Turambar.
amon	‘hill’, a Sindarin word occurring as the first element of many names; plural emyn, as in Emyn Beraid.
anca	‘jaws’ in Ancalagon (for the second element in this name see alqua).
an(d)	‘long’ in Andram, Anduin; also in Anfalas (‘Lang-strand’) in Gondor, Cair Andros (‘ship of long-foam’) an island in Anduin, and Angerthas, ‘long rune-rows’.
andúnë	‘sunset, west’ in Andúnië, to which corresponds in Sindarin annun, cf. Annúminas, and Henneth Annun ‘window of the sunset’ in Ithilien. The ancient root of these words, ndu, meaning ‘down, from on high’, appears also in Quenya – numen, ‘the way of the sunset, west’ and in Sindarin – dun, ‘west’, cf. Dúnedain, and in Adûnaic – adun in Adunakhôr, Anadûnë was a loan from Eldarin speech.
anga	‘iron’, Sindarin ang, in Angainor, Angband, Anghabar, Anglachel, Angrist, Angrod, Anguirel, Gurthang; angren ‘of iron’ in Angrenost, plural engrin in Ered Engrin.
anna	‘gift’ in Annatar, Melian, Yavanna; the same stem in Andor, ‘Land of Gift’.
annon	‘great door or gate’, plural ennyn, in Annon-in-Gelydh; cf. Morannon – the ‘Black Gate’ of Mordor and Sirannon – the ‘Gate-stream’ of Moria.
ar-	‘beside, outside’ (whence Quenya ar – ‘and’, Sindarin a), probably in Araman, ‘outside Aman’; cf. also (Nirnaeth) Arnoediad, ‘(Tears) without reckoning’.
ar(a)-	‘high, noble, royal’ appears in a great many names, as Aradan, Aredhel, Argonath, Arnor, etc.; extended stem arat- appearing in Aratar, and in arato, ‘champion, eminent man’, e.g. Angrod from Angaráto and Finrod from Findaráto; also aran, ‘king’ in Aranrúth. Ereinion ‘scion of kings’ (name of Gil-galad) has the plural of aran; cf. Fornost Erain, ‘Norbury of the Kings’ in Arnor. The prefix Ar- of the Adûnaic names of the Kings of Númenor was derived from this.
arien	(the Maia of the Sun) is derived from a root as- seen also in Quenya árë, ‘sunlight’.
atar	‘father’ in Atanatári (see Atani in Appendix E), Ilúvatar.
band	‘prison, duress’ in Angband; from original mbando, of which the Quenya form appears in Mandos (Sindarin Angband = Quenya Angamando).
bar	‘dwelling’ in Bar-en-Danwedh. The ancient word mbar (Quenya mar, Sindarin bar) meant the ‘home’ both of persons and of peoples, and thus appears in many place-names, as Brithombar, Dimbar (the first element of which means ‘sad, gloomy’), Eldamar, Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar. Mardil, name of the first of the Ruling Stewards of Gondor, means ‘devoted to the house’ (i.e. of the Kings).
barad	‘tower’ in Barad-dûr, Barad Either, Barad Nimras; the plural in Emyn Beraid.
beleg	‘mighty’ in Beleg, Belegaer, Belegost, Laer Cú Beleg.
brago	‘sudden’ in Dagor Bragollach.
brethil	probably means ‘silver birch’; cf. Nimbrethil, the birchwoods in Arvernien, and Fimbrethil, one of the Entwives.
brith	‘gravel’ in Brithiach, Brithombar, Brithon.
	(For many names beginning with C see entries under K)
calen (galen)	the usual Sindarin word for ‘green’, in Ard-galen, Tol Galen, Calenardhon; also in Parth Galen (‘Green Sward’) beside Anduin and Pinnath Gelin (‘Green Ridges’) in Gondor. See kal-.
cam	(from kamba) ‘hand’, but specifically of the hand held cupped in the attitude of receiving or holding, in Camlost, Erchamion.
carak-	this root is seen in Quenya carca, ‘fang’, of which the Sindarin form carch occurs in Carcharoth, and also in Carchost (‘Fang Fort’, one of the Towers of the Teeth at the entrance to Mordor). Cf. Caragdûr, Carach Angren (‘Iron Jaws’, the rampart and dike guarding the entrance to Udun in Mordor), and Helcaraxë.
caran	‘red’, Quenya carnë, in Caranthir, Carnil, Orocarni; also in Caradhras, from caran-rass, the ‘Red-horn’ in the Misty Mountains, and Carnimirie, ‘red-jewelled’, the rowan-tree in Treebeard’s song. The translation of Carcharoth in the text as ‘Red Maw’ must depend on association with this word. See carak-.
celeb	‘silver’ (Quenya telep, telpë, as in Telperion) in Celeborn, Celebrant, Celebros. Celebrimbor means ‘silver-fist’, from the adjective celebrin, ‘silver’ (meaning not ‘made of silver’ but ‘like silver, in hue or worth’) and paur (Quenya quare), ‘fist’ often used to mean ‘hand’; the Quenya form of the name was Telperinquar. Celebrindal has celebrin and tal, dal, ‘foot’.
coron	‘mound’ in Corollairë (also called Coron Oiolairë, which latter word appears to mean ‘Ever-summer’, cf. Oiolossë); cf. Cerin Amroth, the great mound in Lothlórien.
cú	‘bow’ in Cúthalion, Dor Cúarthol, Laer Cú Beleg.
cuivië	‘awakening’ in Cuiviénen (Sindarin Nen Echui). Other derivatives of the same root are Dor Firn‑i‑Guinar; coire, the first beginning of Spring, Sindarin echuir; and coimas ‘life-bread’, Quenya name of lembas.
cul-	‘golden-red’ in Culúrien.
curu	‘skill’ in Curufin(we), Curunír.
dae	‘shadow’ in Dor Daedeloth, and perhaps in Daeron.
dagor	‘battle’; the root is ndak-, cf. Haudh-en-Ndengin. Another derivative is Dagnir (Dagnir Glaurunga, ‘Glaurung’s Bane’).
del	‘horror’ in Deldúwath; deloth, ‘abhorrence’ in Dor Daedeloth.
dîn	‘silent’ in Dor Dínen; cf. Rath Dínen, the Silent Street in Minas Tirith, and Amon Dîn, one of the beacon-hills of Gondor.
dol	‘head’ in Lórindol; often applied to hills and mountains, as in Dol Guldur, Dolmed, Mindolluin (also Nardol, one of the beacon-hills of Gondor, and Fanuidhol, one of the Mountains of Moria).
dôr	‘land’ (i.e. dry land as opposed to sea) was derived from ndor; it occurs in many Sindarin names, as Doriath, Dorthonion, Eriador, Gondor, Mordor, etc. In Quenya the stem was blended and confused with a quite distinct word nórë meaning ‘people’; in origin Valinórë was strictly ‘the people of the Valar’, but Valandor – ‘the land of the Valar’, and similarly Númen(n)órë, ‘people of the West’, but Númendor, ‘land of the West’. Quenya Endor, ‘Middle-earth’ was from ened, ‘middle’ and ndor; this in Sindarin became Ennor (cf. ennorath, ‘middle lands’).
draug	‘wolf’ in Draugluin.
dú	‘night, dimness’ in Deldúwath, Ephel Dúath. Derived from earlier dömë, whence Quenya lómë; thus Sindarin dúlin, ‘nightingale’ corresponds to lómelindë.
duin	‘(long) river’ in Anduin, Baranduin, Esgalduin, Malduin, Taur-im-Duinath.
dûr	‘dark’ in Barad-dûr, Caragdûr, Dol Guldur; also in Durthang (a castle in Mordor).
ëar	‘sea’ (Quenya) in Eärendil, Eärrámë, and many other names. The Sindarin word gaer (in Belegaer) is apparently derived from the same original stem.
echor	in Echoriath, ‘Encircling Mountains’ and Orfalch Echor; cf. Rammas Echor, ‘the great wall of the outer circle’ about the Pelennor Fields at Minas Tirith.
edhel	‘elf’ (Sindarin) in Adanedhel, Aredhel, Glóredhel, Ost-in-Edhil; also in Peredhil, ‘Half-elven’.
eithel	‘well’ in Eithel Ivrin, Eithel Sirion, Barad Eithel; also in Mitheithel, the river Hoarwell in Eriador (named from its source). See kel-.
êl, elen	‘star’. According to Elvish legend, ele was a primitive exclamation ‘behold!’ made by the Elves when they first saw the stars. From this origin derived the ancient words êl and elen, meaning ‘star’, and the adjectives elda and elena, meaning ‘of the stars’. These elements appear in a great many names. For the later use of the name Eldar see the Appendix E. The Sindarin equivalent of Elda was Edhel (plural Edhil), q.v.; but the strictly corresponding form was Eledh, which occurs in Eledhwen.
er	‘one, alone’, in Amon Ereb (cf, Erebor, the Lonely Mountain), Erchamion, Eressëa,Eru.
ereg	‘thorn, holly’ in Eregion, Region.
esgal	‘screen, hiding’ in Esgalduin.
falas	‘shore, line of surf’ (Quenya falassë) in Falas, Belfalas; also Anfalas in Gondor. Cf. Falathar, Falathrim. Another derivative from the root was Quenya falma ‘(crested) wave’, whence Falmari, Mar-nu-Falmar.
faroth	is derived from a root meaning ‘hunt, pursue’; in the ‘Lay of Leithian’ the Taur-en-Faroth above Nargothrond are called ‘the Hills of the Hunters’.
faug-	‘gape’ in Anfauglir, Anfauglith, Dor-nu-Fauglith.
fea	‘spirit’ in Fëanor, Fëanturi.
fin-	‘hair’ in Finduilas, Fingon, Finrod, Glorftndel.
formen	‘north’ (Quenya) in Formenos; Sindarin forn (also for, forod) in Fornost.
fuin	‘gloom, darkness’ (Quenya huine) in Fuinur, Taur-nu-Fuin.
gaer	‘sea’ in Belegaer (and in Gaerys, Sindarin name of Ossë). Said to derive from the stem gaya, ‘awe, dread’, and to have been the name made for the vast and terrifying Great Sea when the Eldar first came to its shores.
gaur	‘werewolf’ (from a root ngwaw- ‘howl’) in Tol-in-Gaurhoth.
gil	‘star’ in Dagor-nuin-Giliath, Osgiliath (giliath, ‘host of stars’); Gil-Estel, Gil-galad.
girith	‘shuddering’ in Nen Girith; cf. also Girithron, name of the last month of the year in Sindarin (see The Lord of the Rings, Appendix D).
glin	‘gleam’ (particularly applied to the eyes) in Maeglin.
golodh	is the Sindarin form of Quenya Noldo; see gul. Plural Golodhrim, and Gelydh (in Annon-in-Gelydh).
gond	‘stone’ in Gondolin, Gondor, Gonnhirrim, Argonath, seregon. The name of the hidden city of King Turgon was devised by him in Quenya as Ondolindë (Quenya ondo= Sindarin gond, and lindë – ‘singing, song’); but it was known always in legend in the Sindarin form Gondolin, which was probably interpreted as gond-dolen,’Hidden Rock’
gor	‘horror, dread’ in Gorthaur, Gorthol; goroth of the same meaning, with reduplicated gor, in Gorgoroth, Ered Gorgoroth.
groth (grod)	‘delving, underground dwelling’ in Menegroth, Nogrod (probably also in Nimrodel, ‘lady of the white cave’). Nogrod was originally Novrod, ‘hollow delving’ (hence the translation Hollowbold), but was altered under the influence of naug, ‘dwarf’.
gul	‘sorcery’ in Dol Guldur, Minas Morgul. This word was derived from the same ancient stem ngol- that appears in Noldor; cf. Quenya nólë, ‘long study, lore, knowledge’. But the Sindarin word was darkened in sense by its frequent use in the compound morgul ‘black arts’.
gurth	‘death’ in Gurthang (see also Melkor in the Appendix E).
gwaith	‘people’ in Gwaith-i-Mírdain; cf. Enedwaith, ‘Middle-folk’, name of the land between the Greyflood and the Isen.
gwath, wath	‘shadow’ in Deldúwath, Ephel Dúath; also in Gwathlo, the river Greyflood in Eriador. Related forms in Ered Wethrin, Thuringwëthil. (This Sindarin word referred to dim light, not to the shadows of objects cast by light: these were called morchaint, ‘dark shapes’.)
hadhod	in Hadhodrond (translation of Khazad-dûm) was a rendering of Khazâd into Sindarin sounds.
haudh	‘mound’ in Haudh-en-Arwen, Haudh-en-Elleth, etc.
heru	‘lord’ in Herumor, Herunúmen; Sindarin hir in Gonnhirrim, Rohirrim, Barahir; híril, ‘lady’ in Hírilorn.
him	‘cool’ in Himlad and Himring(?).
hîn	‘children’ in Eruhini, ‘Children of Eru’; Narn i Hîn Húrin.
hith	‘mist’ in Hithaeglir, Hithlum (also in Nen Hithoel, a lake in Anduin). Hithlum is Sindarin in form, adapted from the Quenya name Hísilómë given by the Noldorin exiles (Quenya hísië, ‘mist’, cf. Hísimë, the name of the eleventh month of the year).
hoth	‘host, horde’ (nearly always in a bad sense) in Tol-in-Gaurhoth; also in Loss(h)oth, the Snowmen of Forochel (The Lord of the Rings, Appendix A) and Glamhoth, ‘din-horde’, a name for Orcs.
hyarmen	‘south’ (Quenya) in Hyarmentir; Sindarin har-, harn, harad.
ia	‘void, abyss’ in Moria.
iant	‘bridge’ in Iant Iaur.
iâth	‘fence’ in Doriath.
iaur	‘old’ in Iant Iaur; cf. the Elvish name of Bombadil, Iarwain.
ilm-	this stem appears in Ilmen, Ilmarë, and also in Ilmarin (‘mansion of the high airs’, the dwelling of Manwë and Varda upon Oiolossë).
ilúvë	‘the whole, the all’ in Ilúvatar.
kal- (gal-)	this root, meaning ‘shine’, appears in Calacirya, Calaquendi, Tar-Calion; galvorn, Gil-galad, Galadriel. The last two names have no connexion with Sindarin galadh, ‘tree’, although in the case of Galadriel such a connexion was often made, and the name altered to Galadhriel. In the High-elven speech her name was Al(a)táriel, derived from alata, ‘radiance’ (Sindarin galad) and riel, ‘garlanded maiden’ (from a root rig- ‘twine, wreathe’): the whole meaning: ‘maiden crowned with a radiant garland’, referring to her hair. Calen (galen), ‘green’ is etymologically ‘bright’, and derives from this root; see also aglar.
káno	‘commander’: this Quenya word is the origin of the second element in Fingon and Turgon.
kel-	‘go away’, of water ‘flow away, flow down’, in Celon; from et-kele, ‘issue of water, spring’ was derived, with transposition of the consonants, Quenya ehtele, Sindarin eithel.
kemen	‘earth’ in Kementári; a Quenya word referring to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the ‘heavens’.
kheliek-	‘ice’ in Helcar, Helcaraxë (Quenya helka, ‘icy, ice-cold’). But in Helevorn the first element is Sindarin heledh, ‘glass’, taken from Khuzdul kheled (cf. Kheled-zaram, ‘Mirrormere’); Helevorn means ‘black glass’ (cf. galvorn).
khil-	‘follow’ in Hildor, Hildórien, Eluchíl.
kir-	‘cut, cleave’ in Calacirya, Cirth, Angerthas, Cirith (Ninniach, Thoronath). From the sense ‘pass swiftly through’ was derived Quenya círya, ‘sharp-prowed ship’ (cf. English cutter), and this meaning appears also in Círdan, Tar-Ciryatan, and no doubt in the name of Isildur’s son Círyon.
lad	‘plain, valley’ in Dagorlad, Himlad; imlad a narrow valley with steep sides, in Imladris (cf. also Imlad Morgul in the Ephel Dúath).
laure	‘gold’ (but of light and colour, not of the metal) in Laurelin; the Sindarin forms in Glóredhel, Glorfindel, Loeg Ningloron, Lórindol, Rathlóriel.
lach	‘leaping flame’ in Dagor Bragollach, and probably in Anglachel (the sword made by Eöl of meteoric iron).
lin (1)	‘pool, mere’ in Linaewen (which contains aew [Quenya aiwe], ‘small bird’), Teiglin; cf. aelin.
lin- (2)	this root, meaning ‘sing, make a musical sound’, occurs in Ainulindalë, Laurelin, Lindar, Lindon, Ered Lindon, lómelindi.
lith	‘ash’ in Anfauglith, Dor-nu-Fauglith; also in Ered Lithui, the Ashen Mountains, forming the northern border of Mordor, and Lithlad, ‘Plain of Ashes’ at the feet of Ered Lithui.
lok-	‘bend, loop’ in Urulóki. Quenya (h)lókë , ‘snake, serpent’, Sindarin Ihûg.
lóm	‘echo’ in Dor-lómin, Ered Lómin; related are Lammoth, Lanthir Lamath.
lómë	‘dusk’ in Lómion, lómelindi; see dú.
londë	‘land-locked haven’ in Alqualondë; the Sindarin form lond (lonn) in Mithlond.
los	‘snow’ in Oiolossë (Quenya oio, ‘ever’ and losse, ‘snow, snow-white’); Sindarin loss in Amon Uilos and Aeglos.
loth	‘flower’ in Lothlórien, Nimloth; Quenya lótë in Ninquelótë, Vingilótë.
luin	‘blue’ in Ered Luin, Helluin, Luinil, Mindolluin.
maeg	‘sharp, piercing’ (Quenya maika) in Maeglin.
mal-	‘gold’ in Malduin, Malinalda; also m mallorn, and in the Field of Cormallen, which means ‘golden circle’ and was named from the culumalda, trees that grew there (see cul-).
man-	‘good, blessed, unmarred’ in Aman, Manwë; derivatives of Aman in Amandil, Araman, Úmanyar.
mel-	‘love’ in Melian (from Melyanna ‘dear gift’); this stem is seen also in the Sindarin word mellon, ‘friend’ in the inscription on the West-gate of Moria.
men	‘way’ in Númen, Hyarmen, Rómen, Formen.
menel	‘the heavens’ in Meneldil, Menelmacar, Meneltarma.
mereth	‘feast’ in Mereth Aderthad; also in Merethrond, the Hall of Feasts in Minas Tirith.
minas	‘tower’ in Annúminas, Minas Anor, Minas Tirith, etc. The same stem occurs in other words referring to isolated, prominent things, e.g. Mindolluin, Mindon; probably related is Quenya minya, ‘first’ (cf. Tar-Minyatur, the name of Elros as first King of Númenor).
mîr	‘jewel’ (Quenya mîrë) in Elemmírë, Gwaith-i-Mírdain, Míriel, Nauglamír.
mith	‘grey’ in Mithlond, Mithrandir, Mithrim; also in Mitheithel, the river Hoarwell in Eriador.
mor	‘dark’ in Mordor, Morgoth, Moria, Moriquendi, Mormegil, Morwen, etc.
moth	‘dusk’ in Nan Elmoth.
nan(d)	‘valley’ in Nan Dungortheb, Nan Elmoth, Nan Tathren.
nár	‘fire’ in Narsil, Narya; present also in the original forms of Aegnor (Aikanáro, ‘Sharp Flame’ or ‘Fell Fire’) and Fëanor (Feanaro, ‘Spirit of Fire’). The Sindarin form was naur, as in Sammath Naur, the Chambers of Fire in Orodruin. Derived from the same ancient root (a)nar was the name of the Sun, Quenya Anar (also in Anárion), Sindarin Anor (cf. Minas Anor, Anorien).
naug	‘dwarf’ in Naugrim; see also Nogrod in entry groth. Related is another Sindarin word for ‘dwarf’, nogoth, plural noegyth (Noegyth Nibin, ‘Petty-dwarves’) and nogothrim.
-(n)dil	is a very frequent ending of personal names, Amandil, Eärendil (shortened Eärnil), Elendil, Mardil, etc.; it implies ‘devotion’, ‘disinterested love’ (see Mardil in entry bar).
-(n)dur	in names such as Eärendur (shortened Eärnur) is similar in meaning to -(n)dil.
neldor	‘beech’ in Neldoreth; but it seems that this was properly the name of Hírilorn, the great beech-tree with three trunks (nelde, ‘three’ and orn).
nen	‘water’, used of lakes, pools, and lesser rivers, in Nen Girith, Nenning, Nenuial, Nenya, Cuiviénen, Uinen; also in many names in The Lord of the Rings, as Nen Hithoel, Bruinen, Emyn Arnen, Núrnen. Nîn, ‘wet’ in Loeg Ningloron.
nim	‘white’ (from earlier nimf, nimp) in Nimbrethil, Nimloth, Nimphelos, niphredil (niphred, ‘pallor’), Barad Nimras, Ered Nimrais. The Quenya form was ninque; thus Ninquelótë=Nimloth. Cf. also Taniquetil.
orn	‘tree’ in Celeborn, Hírilorn; cf. Fangorn, ‘Treebeard’ and mallorn, plural mellyrn, the trees of Lothlórien.
orod	‘mountain’ in Orodruin, Thangorodrim, Orocarni, Oromët. Plural ered in Ered Engrin, Ered Linden, etc.
os(t)	‘fortress’ in Angrenost, Belegost, Formenos, Fornost, Mandos, Nargothrond (from Narog-ost-rond), Os(t)giliaih, Ost-in-Edhil.
palan	(Quenya) ‘far and wide’ in Palantíri, Tar-Palantir.
pel-	‘go round, encircle’ in Pelargir, Pelóri, and in the Pelennor, the ‘fenced land’ of Minas Tirith; also in Ephel Brandir, Ephel Dúath (ephel from et-pel, ‘outer fence’).
quen- (quet-)	‘say, speak’ in Quendi (Calaquendi, Laiquendi, Moriquendi), Quenya, Valaquenta, Quenta Silmarillion. The Sindarin forms have p (or b) for qu; e.g. pedo, ‘speak’ in the inscription on the West-gate of Moria, corresponding to the Quenya stem quet; and Gandalf’s words before the gate, lasto beth lammen – ‘listen to the words of my tongue’, where beth, ‘word’ corresponds to Quenya quetta.
ram	‘wall’ (Quenya ramba) in Andram, Ramdal; also in Rammas Echor, the wall about the Pelennor Fields at Minas Tirith.
ran-	‘wander, stray’ in Rána, the Moon, and in Mithrandir, Aerandir; also in the river Gilraen in Gondor.
rant	‘course’ in the river-names Adurant (with adu ‘double’) and Celebrant (‘Silverlode’).
ras	‘horn’ in Barad Nimras, also in Caradhras (‘Redhorn’) and Methedras (‘Last Peak’) in the Misty Mountains; plural rais in Ered Nimrais.
rauko	‘demon’ in Valaraukar; Sindarin raug, rog in Balrog.
ril	‘brilliance’ in Idril, Silmaril; also in Anduril (the sword of Aragorn) and in mithril (Moria-silver). Idril’s name in Quenya form was Itarillë (or Itarildë), from a stem ita-, ‘sparkle’.
rim	‘great number, host’ (Quenya rimbe) was commonly used to form collective plurals, as Golodhrim, Mithrim (see the Appendix E), Naugrim, Thangorodrim, etc.
ring	‘cold, chill’ in Ringil, Ringwil, Himring; also in the river Ringló in Gondor, and in Ringarë, Quenya name of the last month of the year.
ris	‘cleave’ appears to have blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning (a derivative of the root kir- ‘cleave, cut’, q.v.); hence Angrist (also Orcrist, ‘Orc-cleaver’, the sword of Thorin Oakenshield), Crissaegrim, Imladris.
roch	‘horse’ (Quenya rokko) in Rochallor, Rohan (from Rochand, ‘land of horses’), Rohirrim; also in Roheryn, ‘horse of the lady’ (cf. heru), Aragorn’s horse, which was so called because given to him by Arwen.
rom-	a stem used of the sound of trumpets and horns which appears in Oromë and Valaróma; cf. Bema, the name of this Vala in the language of Rohan as translated into Anglo-Saxon: Anglo-Saxon bëme – ‘trumpet’.
romen	‘uprising, sunrise, east’ (Quenya) in Romenna. The Sindarin words for ‘east’, rhûn (in Talath Rhunen) and amrûn, were of the same origin.
rond	meant a vaulted or arched roof, or a large hall or chamber so roofed; so Nargothrond (see ost), Hadhodrond, Aglarond. It could be applied to the heavens, hence the name Elrond, ‘star-dome’.
ros	‘foam, spindrift, spray’ in Celebros, Elros, Rauros; also in Cair Andros, an island in the river Anduin.
ruin	‘red flame’ (Quenya runya) in Orodruin.
ruth	‘anger’ in Aranrúth.
sarn	‘(small) stone’ in Sarn Athrad (Sarn Ford on the Brandywine is a half-translation of this); also in Sarn Gebir (‘stone-spikes’: ceber, plural cebir, ‘stakes’), rapids in the river Anduin. A derivative is Serni, a river in Gondor.
sereg	‘blood’ (Quenya serke) in seregon.
sil-	(and variant thil-) ‘shine (with white or silver light)’ in Belthil, Galathilion, Silpion, and in Quenya Isil, Sindarin Ithil, the Moon (whence Isildur, Narsil; Minas Ithil, Ithilien). The Quenya word Silmarilli is said to derive from the name silima that Fëanor gave to the substance from which they were made.
sîr	‘river’, from root sir- ‘flow’, in Ossiriand (the first element is from the stem of the numeral ‘seven’, Quenya otso, Sindarin odo), Sirion; also in Sirannon (the ‘Gate-stream’ of Moria) and Sirith (‘a flowing’, as tirith, ‘watching’ from tir), a river in Gondor. With change of s to h in the middle of words it is present in Minhiriath, ‘between the rivers’, the region between the Brandywine and the Greyflood; in Nanduhirion, ‘vale of dim streams’, the Dimrill Dale (see nan[d] and dú), and in Ethir Anduin, the outflow or delta of Anduin (from et-sir).
sûl	‘wind’ in Amon Sûl, Súlimo; cf. súlimë, Quenya name of the third month of the year.
tal (dal)	‘foot’ in Celebrindal, and with the meaning ‘end’ in Ramdal.
talath	‘flat lands, plain’ in Talath Dirnen, Talath Rhunen.
tar-	‘high’ (Quenya tara, ‘lofty’), prefix of the Quenya names of the Númenórean Kings; also in Annatar. Feminine tari, ‘she that is high, Queen’ in Elentári, Kementári. Cf. tarma, ‘pillar’ in Meneltarma.
tathar	‘willow’; adjective tathren in Nan-tathren; Quenya tasare in Tasarinan, Nan-tasarion (see Nan-tathren in the Appendix E).
taur	‘wood, forest’ (Quenya taure) in Tauron, Taur-im-Duinath, Taur-nu-Fuin.
tel-	‘finish, end, be last’ in Teleri.
thalion	‘strong, dauntless’ in Cúthalion, Thalion.
thong	‘oppression’ in Thangorodrim, also in Durthang (a castle in Mordor). Quenya sanga meant ‘press, throng’, whence Sangahyando, ‘Throng-cleaver’, name of a man in Gondor.
thar-	‘athwart, across’ in Sarn Athrad, Thargelion; also in Tharbad (from thara-pata, ‘crossway’) where the ancient road from Arnor and Gondor crossed the Grey-flood.
thaur	‘abominable, abhorrent’ in Sauron (from Thauron), Gorthaur.
thin(d)	‘grey’ in Thingol; Quenya sinda in Sindar, Singollo (Sindacollo: collo, ‘cloak’).
thôl	‘helm’ in Dor Cúarthol, Gorthol.
thon	‘pine-tree’ in Dorthonion.
thoron	‘eagle’ in Thorondor (Quenya Sorontar), Cirith Thoronath. The Quenya form is perhaps present in the constellation-name Soronúmë.
til	‘point, horn’ in Taniquetil, Tilion (‘the Horned’); also in Celebdil, ‘Silvertine’, one of the Mountains of Moria.
tin -	‘sparkle’ (Quenya tinta, ‘cause to sparkle’, tinwe, ‘spark’) in Tintallë; also in tindómë, ‘starry twilight’, whence tindómerel, ‘daughter of the twilight’, a poetic name for the nightingale (Sindarin Tinúviel). It appears also in Sindarin ithildin, ‘starmoon’, the substance of which the devices on the West-gate of Moria were made.
tir	‘watch, watch over’ in Minas Tirith, palantíri, Tar-Palantir, Tirion.
tol	‘isle’ (rising with sheer sides from the sea or from a river) in Tol Eressëa, Tol Galen, etc.
tum	‘valley’ in Tumhalad, Tumladen; Quenya tumbo (cf. Treebeard’s tumbalemorna, ‘black deep valley’). Cf. Utumno, Sindarin Udûn (Gandalf in Mordor named the Balrog ‘Flame of Udûn’), a name afterwards used of the deep dale in Mordor between the Morannon and the Isenmouths.
tur	‘power, mastery’ in Turambar, Turgon, Túrin, Fëanturi, Tar-Minyatur.
uial	‘twilight’ in Aelin-uial, Nenuial.
ur-	‘heat, be hot’ in Urulóki; cf. Urimë and Urui, Quenya and Sindarin names of the eighth month of the year. Related is the Quenya word aure, ‘sunlight, day’ (cf. Fingon’s cry before the Nirnaeth Arnoediad), Sindarin aur, which in the form Or- is prefixed to the names of the days of the week.
val -	‘power’ in Valar, Valacirca, Valaquenta, Valaraukar, Val(i)mar, Valinor. The original stem was bal-, preserved in Sindarin Balan, plural Belain, the Valar, and in Balrog.
wen	‘maiden’ is a frequent ending, as in Eärwen, Morwen.
wing	‘foam, spray’ in Elwing, Vingilot.
yave	‘fruit’ (Quenya) in Yavanna; cf. Yavannie, Quenya name of the ninth month of the year, and yavie, ‘autumn’.

 

 

APPENDIX C

ANNALS OF THE KINGS AND RULERS

 

 

The legends, histories, and lore to be found in the sources are very extensive. Only selections from them, in most places much abridged, are here presented. Their principal purpose is to illustrate the War of the Ring and its origins, and to fill up some of the gaps in the main story. The ancient legends of the First Age are very briefly referred to, since they con­cern the ancestry of Elrond and the Numenorean kings and chieftains. Actual extracts from longer annals and tales are placed within quotation marks. Insertions of later date are enclosed in brackets. Notes within quotation marks are found in the sources. Others are editorial.

 

The dates given are those of the Third Age, unless they are marked S.A. (Second Age) or F.A. (Fourth Age). The Third Age was held to have ended when the Three Rings passed away in September 3021, but for the purposes of records in Gondor F.A. began on March 25, 3021. In lists the dates following the names of longs and rulers are the dates of their deaths, if only one date is given.

 

THE NUMENOREAN KINGS

NUMENOR

 

Feanor was the greatest of the Eldar in arts and lore, but also the proudest and most selfwilled. He wrought the Three Jewels, the Silmarilli, and filled them with the radiance of the Two Trees, Telperion and Laurelin, that gave light to the land of the Valar. The Jewels were coveted by Morgoth the Enemy, who stole them and, after destroy­ing the Trees, took them to Middle-earth, and guarded them in his great fortress of Thangorodrim. Against the will of the Valar Feanor forsook the Blessed Realm and went in exile to Middle-earth, leading with him a great part of his people; for in his pride he purposed to recover the Jewels from Morgoth by force. Thereafter followed the hopeless war of the Eldar and the Edain against Than­gorodrim, in which they were at last utterly defeated. The Edain (Atani) were three peoples of Men who, coming first to the West of Middle-earth and the shores of the Great Sea, became allies of the Eldar against the Enemy.

 

There were three unions of the Eldar and the Edain: Luthien and Beren; Idril and Tuor; Arwen and Aragorn. By the last the long-sundered branches of the Half-elven were reunited and their line was restored.

 

Luthien Tinuviel was the daughter of King Thingol Grey-cloak of Doriath in the First Age, but her mother was Melian of the people of the Valar. Beren was the son of Barahir of the First House of the Edain. Together they wrested a silmaril from the Iron Crown of Morgoth. Luthien became mortal and was lost to Elven-kind. Dior was her son. Elwing was his daughter and had in her keep­ing the silmaril.

Idril Celebrindal was the daughter of Turgon, king of the hidden city of Gondolin. Tuor was the son of Huor of the House of Hador, the Third House of the Edain and the most renowned in the wars with Morgoth. Earendil the Mariner was their son.

 

Earendil wedded Elwing, and with the power of the silmaril passed the Shadows and came to the Uttermost West, and speaking as ambassador of both Elves and Men obtained the help by which Morgoth was overthrown. Earendil was not permitted to return to mortal lands, and his ship bearing the silmaril was set to sail in the heavens as a star, and a sign of hope to the dwellers in Middle-earth oppressed by the Great Enemy or his servants. The silmarilli alone preserved the ancient light of the Two Trees of Valinor before Morgoth poisoned them; but the other two were lost at the end of the First Age.

 

The sons of Earendil were Elros and Elrond, the Peredhil or Half-elven. In them alone the line of the heroic chieftains of the Edain in the First Age was preserved; and after the fall of Gil-galad the lineage of the High-elven Kings was also in Middle-earth only represented by their descendants.

 

At the end of the First Age the Valar gave to the Half-elven an irrevocable choice to which kindred they would belong. Elrond chose to be of Elven-kind, and became a master of wisdom. To him therefore was granted the same grace as to those of the High Elves that still lingered in Middle-earth: that when weary at last of the mortal lands they could take ship from the Grey Havens and pass into the Uttermost West; and this grace continued after the change of the world. But to the children of Elrond a choice was also appointed: to pass with him from the circles of the world; or if they remained, to become mortal and die in Middle-earth. For Elrond, therefore, all chances of the War of the Ring were fraught with sorrow.

 

Elros chose to be of Man-kind and remain with the Edain; but a great life-span was granted to him many times that of lesser men.

 

As a reward for their sufferings in the cause against Morgoth, the Valar, the Guardians of the World, granted to the Edain a land to dwell in, removed from the dangers of Middle-earth. Most of them, therefore, set sail over Sea, and guided by the Star of Earendil came to the great Isle of Elenna, westernmost of all Mortal lands. There they founded the realm of Numenor.

 

There was a tall mountain in the midst of the land, the Meneltarma, and from its summit the farsighted could descry the white tower of the Haven of the Eldar in Eressea. Thence the Eldar came to the Edain and enriched them with knowledge and many gifts; but one command had been laid upon the Numenoreans, the ‘Ban of the Valar’: they were forbidden to sail west out of sight of their own shores or to attempt to set foot on the Undying Lands. For though a long span of life had been granted to them, in the beginning thrice that of lesser Men, they must remain mortal, since the Valar were not permitted to take from them the Gift of Men (or the Doom of Men, as it was afterwards called).

 

Elros was the first King of Numenor, and was afterwards known by the High-elven name Tar-Minyatur. His descen­dants were long-lived but mortal. Later when they became powerful they begrudged the choice of their forefather, desiring the immortality within the life of the world that was the fate of the Eldar, and murmuring against the Ban. In this way began their rebellion which, under the evil teaching of Sauron, brought about the Downfall of Numenor and the ruin of the ancient world, as is told in the Akallabeth.

 

These are the names of the Kings and Queens of Numenor: Elros – Tar-Minyatur, Vardamir, Tar-Amandil, Tar-Elendil, Tar-Meneldur, Tar-Aldarion, Tar-Ancalime (the first Ruling Queen), Tar-Anarion, Tar-Surion, Tar-Telperien (the second Queen), Tar-Minastir, Tar-Ciryatan, Tar-Atanamir the Great, Tar-Ancalimon, Tar-Telemmaite, Tar-Vanimelde (the third Queen), Tar-Alcarin, Tar-Calmacil.

 

After Calmacil the Kings took the sceptre in names of the Niimenorean (or Adunaic) tongue: Ar-Adunakhor, Ar-Zimrathon, Ar-Sakalthor, Ar-Gimilzor, Ar-Inziladun. Inziladun repented of the ways of the Kings and changed his name to Tar-Palantir – ‘The Far-sighted’. His daughter should have been the fourth Queen, Tar-Miriel, but the King’s nephew usurped the sceptre and became Ar-Pharazon the Golden, last King of the Numenoreans.

 

In the days of Tar-Elendil the first ships of the Numeno­reans came back to Middle-earth. His elder child was a daughter, Silmarien. Her son was Valandil, first of the Lords of Andunie in the west of the land, renowned for their friendship with the Eldar. From him were descended Amandil, the last lord and his son Elendil the Tall.

 

The sixth King left only one child, a daughter. She be­came the first Queen; for it was then made a law of the royal house that the eldest child of the King, whether man or woman, should receive the sceptre.

The realm of Numenor endured to the end of the Second Age and increased ever in power and splendour; and until half the Age had passed the Numenoreans grew also in wisdom and joy. The first sign of the shadow that was to fall upon them appeared in the days of Tar-Minastir, eleventh King. He it was that sent a great force to the aid of Gil-galad. He loved the Eldar but envied them. The Numenoreans had now become great mariners, exploring all the seas eastward, and they began to yearn for the West and the forbidden waters; and the more joyful was their life, the more they began to long for the immortality of the Eldar. Moreover, after Minastir the Kings became greedy of wealth and power. At first the Numenoreans had come to Middle-earth as teachers and friends of lesser Men afflicted by Sauron; but now their havens became fortresses, hold­ing wide coastlands in subjection. Atanamir and his suc­cessors levied heavy tribute, and the ships of the Numenoreans returned laden with spoil.

 

It was Tar-Atanamir who first spoke openly against the Ban and declared that the life of the Eldar was his by right. Thus the shadow deepened, and the thought of death darkened the hearts of the people. Then the Numenoreans became divided: on the one hand were the Kings and those who followed them, and were estranged from the Eldar and the Valar; on the other were the few who called them­selves the Faithful. They lived mostly in the west of the land.

 

The Kings and their followers little by little abandoned the use of the Eldarin tongues; and at last the twentieth King took his royal name, in Numenorean form, calling himself Ar-Adunakhor, ‘Lord of the West’. This seemed ill-omened to the Faithful, for hitherto they had given that title only to one of the Valar, or to the Elder King him­self. And indeed Ar-Adunakhor began to persecute the Faithful and punished those who used the Elven tongues openly; and the Eldar came no more to Numenor.

 

The power and wealth of the Numenoreans nonetheless continued to increase; but their years lessened as their fear of death grew and their joy departed. Tar-Palantir attempted to amend the evil; but it was too late, and there was rebellion and strife in Numenor. When he died, his nephew, leader of the rebellion, seized the sceptre, and became King Ar-Pharazon. Ar-Pharazon the Golden was the proudest and most powerful of all the Kings, and no less than the kingship of the world was his desire.

 

He resolved to challenge Sauron the Great for the supre­macy in Middle-earth, and at length he himself set sail with a great navy, and he landed at Umbar. So great was the might and splendour of the Numenoreans that Sauron’s own servants deserted him; and Sauron humbled himself, doing homage, and craving pardon. Then Ar-Pharazon in the folly of his pride carried him back as a prisoner to Numenor. It was not long before he had bewitched the King and was master of his counsel; and soon he had turned the hearts of all the Numenoreans, except the remnant of the Faithful, back towards the darkness.

 

And Sauron lied to the King, declaring that everlasting life would be his who possessed the Undying Lands, and that the Ban was imposed only to prevent the Kings of Men from surpassing the Valar. “But great Kings take what is their right,” he said.

 

At length Ar-Pharazon listened to this counsel, for he felt the waning of his days and was besotted by the fear of Death. He prepared then the greatest armament that the world had seen, and when all was ready he sounded his trumpets and set sail; and he broke the Ban of the Valar, going up with war to wrest everlasting life from the Lords of the West. But when Ar-Pharazon set foot upon the shores of Aman the Blessed, the Valar laid down their Guardianship and called upon the One, and the world was changed. Numenor was thrown down and swallowed in the Sea, and the Undying Lands were removed for ever from the circles of the world. So ended the glory of Numenor.

 

The last leaders of the Faithful, Elendil and his sons, escaped from the Downfall with nine ships, bearing a seed­ling of Nimloth, and the Seven Seeing-stones (gifts of the Eldar to their House); and they were borne on the wings of a great storm and cast upon the shores of Middle-earth. There they established in the North-west the Numenorean realms in exile, Arnor and Gondor. Elendil was the High King and dwelt in the North at Annuminas; and the rule in the South was committed to his sons, Isildur and Anarion. They founded there Osgiliath, between Minas Ithil and Minas Anor, not far from the confines of Mordor. For this good at least they believed had come out of ruin, that Sauron also had perished.

 

But it was not so. Sauron was indeed caught in the wreck of Numenor, so that the bodily form in which he long had walked perished; but he fled back to Middle-earth, a spirit of hatred borne upon a dark wind. He was unable ever again to assume a form that seemed fair to men, but became black and hideous, and his power there­after was through terror alone. He reentered Mordor, and hid there for a time in silence. But his anger was great when he learned that Elendil, whom he most hated, had escaped him, and was now ordering a realm upon his borders.

 

Therefore, after a time he made war upon the Exiles, be­fore they should take root. Orodruin burst once more into flame, and was named anew in Gondor – Amon Amarth, Mount Doom. But Sauron struck too soon, before his own power was rebuilt, whereas the power of Gil-galad had in­creased in his absence; and in the Last Alliance that was made against him Sauron was overthrown and the One Ring was taken from him. So ended the Second Age.

 

 

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