Fill in each gap using one of the modals of possibility or certainty.

e. g. I'm sure he is here - I can see his car in front of the building.

He must be here. I can see his car in front of the building.

1. They're coming this week but I don't know which day.

They _______ be coming tomorrow. 

2. I'm not sure I'm going to pass the exam. I don't feel very confident. I _______ pass the exam. I don't feel very confident.

3. I've bought a lottery ticket. There's a chance I'll become a millionaire!

I ______ become a millionaire!

4.  I'm sure she doesn't speak French very well - she's lived in Paris only for a few weeks.

She _________ speak French very well. She's lived in Paris only for a few weeks.

5. My key's not in my pocket or on my desk, so I'm sure it's in the drawer.

My key's not in my pocket or on my desk, so it ________ be in the drawer.

6. Someone told me that Mark was in Mexico but I saw him yesterday, so I'm sure he's not abroad. Mark ________ be abroad.

7. You got the job! That's great! I'm sure you're delighted.

You got the job! That's great. You_______ be delighted.

8. They told me to prepare the project by tomorrow, but it’s almost impossible to have it done so fast.

I _______ finish it by tomorrow if I stay at work all night, but I'm not sure.

9. I asked them to send the goods as soon as possible; we _______receive them by the end of the week if the post is fast.

Work in pairs. Paraphrase the sentences using the modal verb may/might to express probability

Student 1 I don`t know when the experiment is going to start. Possibly it is going to start in an hour.

Student 2 I don`t know when the experiment is going to start. It may start in an hour.

1. The Universe is probably much bigger than we can see. 2. I suppose, there are other Universes, parallel Universes. 3. I don`t know where astronauts train to prepare for microgravity. Possibly they train underwater. 4. Wearing a space suit is probably a difficult task. 5. Perhaps one day production in space will become routine. 6. I don`t know how to apply for this course. I`ll probably write a letter of application. 7. Alan wasn't at the last meeting. I suppose he doesn`t know the new members of the crew. 8. Helen sustained a stress. I'm afraid she won`t pass her exam.

 

31 Rewrite the sentences in italics with must.

e.g. Her light's on. She's certainly in. She must be in.

1.  John's coming to see me. I`m sure he wants something. He …

2.  Listen to her accent. I feel sure she`s French. She…

3.  Look at all those books. He certainly reads a lot. He …

4. So you're studying politics. I`m sure that`s interesting. It…

5.  Are those his shoes? He certainly has very big feet. His feet…

6.  Do you live in Barton? You certainly know Paul Baker.You…

 

32. Watch the video “Benefits for Humanity. Hope Crystalizes ” (4: 48 min) and answer the questions. Use the prompts.

https: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=hCWqNy6tVOM

 

Useful notes

 

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) - мышечная дистрофия Дюшенна

incurable genetic disorder – неизлечимая генетическая болезнь

adolescence | adə ˈ lɛ s(ə )ns| – юность, молодость

1 What is this video about?

       Earth/application/ISS research

2 What are the growing conditions of high quality crystals?

   they/grow/ microgravity

3 What is the investigation of protein crystals in space helping treat?

       treat/ DMD/affect/muscles/young boys

4 Why couldn’t scientists grow a crystal on Earth?

   gravity/impact (влиять )/quality/crystal

5 How many experiments have been conducted since 2003?

       there/conduct/more/sixteen/

6 What is the result of the experiments?

          are able/to slow/by half/

7 What are scientists going to do in the future?

       determine/ thousands of proteins/structures/

8 Who are they doing this research for?

        not only/ourselves/generation/to come

 

 

Phrases due to, thanks to, because of and no longer

33. Translate into Russian the following sentences with the phrase prepositions due to, thanks to, because of

1. Ships could communicate over long distances thanks to the invention of radio. 2. Because of the earth's rotation there are days and nights on the earth. 4. Perhaps the blue color of water and ice is due to the light and air they contain. 5. Thanks to the development of radio telescopes radio astronomy has made great achievements. 6. Our century can be called “Space Age” because of the development of a new branch of science and technology - cosmonautics. 7. Many well-known processes go on differently due to the absence of weight.

 

34. Complete the sentences using due to, thanks to, because of

A.

1. Even in quiet weather conversation is difficult	because of   due to     thanks to	the weightlessness.
2. The bubbles move very slowly		the wind.
3. There are a lot of power cuts in this area		his boss.
4. Everyone knows when I'm lying		the advent of space stations.
5. Frank wants to find another job but doesn't have a lot of confidence		the miracle of television.
6. You will have to wait		the weather.
7. It became possible to sustain a weightless environment long enough to carry out experiments		the expression on my face.
8. We can watch events happening on the other side of the world		the high number of calls today.

 

 

Remember! Because (conjunction) and because of (preposition) are different. We stayed in because it was raining - We stayed in because of the rain.

B. Change the sentences following the rule in Remember section.

1. He was able to go to university because his uncle helped him.

2. Because I was unhappy, I didn't want to see anybody.

3. Ann arrived late because there was a problem at the airport.

4. We couldn`t play match because the weather was bad.

5. I couldn't understand them because they had an accent.

6. We had to drink a lot because it was hot.

7. I couldn't go away last weekend because I worked.

8. I couldn't understand her because I was tired.

 

35. Change the following negative sentences using negation no longer in accordance with the model

e.g. It isn`t possible to put off the solution of ecological problems any longer. - It is no longer possible to put off the solution of ecological problems.

 

1. People don`t think of radio and television as something fantastic any longer.

2. In space the Archimedes principal is not valid any more.

3. Now, with these food delivered by the space shuttle a few times a year, you don`t have to take special pills any longer.

4. When we are not able to change a situation any longer, we are challenged to change ourselves.

5. We have a small two-door wardrobe we do not need any more.

6. He was told he didn`t have a job any more.

7. Due to understanding of the protein’s shape this genetic disorder isn`t hopeless any longer.   

Discussion

Space research is a waste of money. vs. Space research is money well spent.

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