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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Part I THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELANDСтр 1 из 12Следующая ⇒
Part I THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND Unit 1 GEOGRAPHY 1. Read and memorize the following words: mainland - материк, континентальный peninsula - полуостров apart from - не считая, кроме extreme - крайний bay - залив, бухта inlet - узкий морской залив, фиорд, небольшая бухта tidal - подверженный действию приливов, приливоотливный shallow - мелкий indented coastline - изрезанная береговая линия therefore - поэтому, следовательно harbour - гавань, порт cape - мыс despite - несмотря на comprise - включать, охватывать extend - простираться, тянуться
2. Read and memorize the following proper names: Northern Ireland - Северная Ирландия the British Isles - Британские острова the Atlantic Ocean - Атлантический океан the English Channel (La Manche) - пролив Ла-Манш the Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais) - пролив Па-де-Кале the Irish Sea - Ирландское море Scotland - Шотландия Wales - Уэльс Eire - Эйре the Hebrides - Гебридские острова the Orkneys - Оркнейские острова the Shetland Islands - Шетландские острова the Isle of Man - остров Мэн Anglesey - остров Англси the Isle of Wight - остров Уайт the Isle of Scilly - остров Силли the Channel Islands - Нормандские острова Lowland Britain - низменная часть Великобритании Highland Britain - гористая часть Великобритании
3. Read and translate the text: LOCATION The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom or UK) occupies the territory of the British Isles. They lie off the northwest coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean in the north and northwest and the North Sea in the east. From the European continent the British Isles are separated by the English Channel and the North Sea. The English Channel (or La Manche) is 220 km wide in its widest part in the west and in the narrowest, what is called the Strait of Dover (or Pas de Calais), only 32 km. So, the islands have had an easy and mainly profitable contact with mainland Europe. In the past there were a number of schemes how to connect the two coasts. In 1994 the dream came true: the construction of the two-rail tunnel was completed and it was opened for public use. The United Kingdom is an island state and is composed of some 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain to the east and Ireland to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea. The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain includes England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the west) and Scotland (the northern part of the island). Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland and borders on the Irish Republic (or Eire) in the south. The British Isles, apart from Great Britain and Ireland, include several other important islands and groups of islands. Among them are: the Hebrides off the north-western coast of Great Britain; the Orkney Islands off the northern coast of Scotland; the Shetland Islands about 70 miles north of the Orkneys; the Isle of Man in the middle of the Irish Sea; Anglesey off the north coast of Wales; the Isle of Wight in the English Channel; the Isle of Scilly off the extreme south-western coast of Great Britain; the Channel Islands to the south-west on the French side of the English Channel. Great Britain stretches for about 1,000 km from the southern coast to the extreme north of mainland Britain and 500 km across the widest part. There are numerous bays and inlets and no place is as much as 120 km from tidal water. The seas surrounding the British Isles are shallow - usually less than 90 metres - because the islands lie on the continental shelf. The British Isles are known for their greatly indented coastline. Therefore there are many harbours, peninsulas and capes on the coast. Due to its extreme indentity the coastline of Great Britain, despite its relatively modest size, is 8,000 km long. Geographically, the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two main regions — Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines, and the Lake District. The Pennine Chain extends southward from the Cheviot Hills into the Midlands, a plain region with low hills and valleys. England is separated from Scotland by the Cheviot Hills, running from east to west. The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: Ben Nevis is 1.343 metres and Snowdon is 1,085 metres respectively. Unit 2 GENERAL OUTLINE 1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations: refer — относить(ся) county - графство rank - занимать density - плотность densely populated - густонаселенный inhabitant - житель constitute - составлять descendant - потомок nevertheless - однако, тем не менее Protestantism - протестантство Catholicism - католицизм encourage - поощрять, поддерживать parliamentary monarchy - парламентская монархия anthem - гимн coat of arms (тж. arms) - герб 2. Read and memorize the following proper names: Edinburgh – Эдинбург Cardiff- Кардифф Ulster - Ольстер the Scottish – шотландцы the Welsh – уэльсцы the Irish - ирландцы the Iberians — иберы the Celts – кельты the Romans – римляне the Angles – англы the Saxons – саксы the Normans – норманны Gaelic - гэльский язык Birmingham — Бирмингем Glasgow – Глазго Liverpool – Ливерпуль Manchester - Манчестер Sheffield – Шеффилд Bristol – Бристоль Leeds – Лидс Southampton – Саутгемптон 3. Read and translate the text: BASIC FACTS The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the United Kingdom or UK for short) is the unity of four countries which are England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. This state is sometimes referred to as Great Britain or Britain (after its major isle), England (after its major historic part) or the British Isles. Each country of the UK is divided into counties and has its own capital: England: 46 counties. Capital: London (it is also the capita), of the United Kingdom). Scotland: 33 counties. Capital: Edinburgh. Wales: 13 counties. Capital: Cardiff. Northern Ireland or Ulster: 6 counties. Capital: Belfast. The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. It ranks 76th in the world in size of area. Its territory is 224,046 square kilometres. But at the same time Great Britain is one of the most densely populated countries and ranks 16th in population (which is over 57 million). The average density is 234 people per sqkm. But the distribution of the population is rather uneven. England is the most populous part (47 million). It is followed by Scotland (over 5 million), Wales (3 million), and Northern Ireland (1.5 million). England, with 360 inhabitants per sq km, is one of the most densely populated countries in the world (the rest of Britain is much lower: Wales: 135 inhabitants per sq km, Scotland: 65 and Northern Ireland: 110). The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, and the Northern Irish, who constitute the British nation. The British are the descendants of different peoples who settled in the British Isles at different times (the Iberians, the Celts, the Romans, the Angles, the Saxons, the Normans). Now there are many people of all colours and races in the UK. They are mostly immigrants from the former British colonies. Nevertheless native-born United Kingdomers constitute over 92 per cent of the population. The main religions of the UK are Protestantism and Catholicism. The official language in the United Kingdom is English. But it is not the only one which people use in Great Britain. Some people in Western Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland speak Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and Irish Gaelic. All these languages are now officially encouraged and taught in schools. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. The Queen is the head of the state. Prime Minister is the head of the government. The national anthem of Great Britain is "God Save the Queen". The state has its national flag, called the Union Jack, and the Royal Coat of Arms. The largest cities of Great Britain are: London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, Bristol, Edinburgh. The most important ports are: London, Liverpool, Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and Cardiff. 4. Complete each definition with one of the following words: national anthem, UK, county, Ulster, Union Jack 1. The abbreviation for the United Kingdom is .... 2. The national flag of the United Kingdom is .... 3. "God Save the .Queen" is the .... 4. The administrative division in Great Britain is .... Northern Ireland is also called .... 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the text: 1. The UK is sometimes referred to as England after its major...... 2. The average ... is 234 people per sq km. 3. England is divided into 46 ... 4. English is the official language in the UK, but some United Kingdomers speak ... , Welsh and Irish Gaelic. The main religions of the UK are ... and Catholicism. Great Britain ... 16th in the world in population. 7. England is one of the most densely ... countries in the world. 8. The UK is ... by the English, the Scottish, the Welsh and the Northern Irish. 9. ... is the head of the state. 6. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false statements. Use the expressions: As far as I know ..., It is obvious from the text that..., I (don't) think it is correct ..., On the contrary ..., ft is not quite right ..., That is wrong ... 1. The United Kingdom is the unity of four countries, which are England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. 2. Each country of the UK has its own capital. 3. The UK is one of the world's biggest countries. 4. The distribution of the population in Great Britain is rather even. 5. The British are the descendants of different peoples who were from the former British colonies. 6. English is not the only language, which is spoken in the UK. 7. Catholicism is the main religion of the UK. 8. Scotland is the most populous part of Great Britain. 9. The United Kingdom is an absolute monarchy. 7. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the official name of Great Britain? 2. What countries make up the United Kingdom? 3. Why is the United Kingdom sometimes called England; Britain? 4. How many counties are there in each country of the UK? 5. What is the capital of the UK? 6. What is the total area of the UK? 7. How many people live in the United Kingdom? 8. What is the average density of the United Kingdom? 9. What can you say about the distribution of the population? 10. What nations inhabit the United Kingdom? 11. What peoples settled in the British Isles at different times? 12. What is the official language of the UK? 13. What other languages do the British speak now? 14. Is the UK a parliamentary or an absolute monarchy? 15. Who is the head of the state? 8. Study the tables and answer the questions below them: Table 1
1. Which is the biggest country of the British Isles? 2. Which is the most densely populated country?
Table 2
1. Which countries in Western Europe are bigger than Britain? Which are more densely populated than Britain? 2. Which three countries in the table have the lowest densities of population? 3. What is the area of your country? 4. How many people live in your country? 5. Can you calculate the population density of your country? Compare it with that of Great Britain. God Save the Queen God Save our gracious Queen! Long live our noble Queen! God Save the Queen! Send her victorious Happy and glorious, Long reign over us, God Save the Queen! The anthem originated as a patriotic song in London, England, in 1745. Neither the author nor composer is known. Say what you know about the national anthem of your own country? NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF UK The flag of the United Kingdom, known as the Union Jack, is made up of three crosses. The upright red cross on a white background is the cross of 1st George, the patron saint of England. The white diagonal cross on a blue background is the cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland. The red diagonal cross on a white background is the cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. The Welsh flag, called the Welsh Dragon, represents a red dragon on a white and green background. St. George's Day falls on 23 April and is regarded as England's national day. On this day some patriotic Englishmen wear a rose pinned to their jackets. A red rose is the national emblem of England from the time of the Wars of the Roses (15th century). St. Andrew's Day (30 November) is regarded as Scotland's national day. On this day some Scotsmen wear a thistle in their buttonhole. As a national emblem of Scotland, thistle was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence. The Order of the Thistle is one of the highest orders of knighthood. It was founded in 1687, and is mainly given to Scottish noblemen (limited to 16 in number). St. Patrick's Day (17 March) is considered as a national day in Northern Ireland and an official bank holiday there. The national emblem of Ireland is shamrock. According to the legend, it was the plant chosen by St. Patrick to illustrate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity to the Irish. St. David's Day (1 March) is the church festival of St. David, a 6th -century monk and bishop, the patron saint of Wales. The day is regarded as the national holiday of Wales, although it is not an official bank holiday. On this day, however, many Welshmen wear either a yellow daffodil or a leek pinned to their jackets, as both plants are traditionally regarded as national emblems of Wales. The Royal Coat of Arms The four quarters of the shield contain two repetitions (the first and the fourth gules) of the arms of England, three golden lions passant. The second quarter represents the red rampant lion of Scotland on a gold background. This lion is surrounded by a frame with the inset fleurs-de-lis and other decorations. The third quarter represents a silver-stringed gold harp on a bright blue field symbolizing Ireland. Wales is not represented on the shield. The shield is encircled with the blue Garter, carrying in gold the motto "Honi Soit Qui Mai Y Pense" ("Shame on Him Who Thinks Evil of it") -the words of Edward III (1312 - 1377) said in 1348 at the ball. On the top of the whole rests the imperial state crown - gold, red, enriched with precious stones, and with an ermine headband. All this is supported by a rampant crowned lion and a rampant unicorn. The !ion has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The unicorn, a mythical animal that looks like a horse with a long straight horn, has appeared on the Scottish and British royal coats of arms for many centuries, and is a symbol of purity. Beneath the coat of arms is the royal motto in gold letters on a white scroll: "Dieu et Mon Droit" ("God and My Right" [Hand]) - the battle call of Richard I "Coer de Lion" (1157-1199) when he led his army in the battle of 1198.
NOTES: upright -* вертикальный background - фон, основание patron saint - святой покровитель dragon - дракон pin - прикалывать булавкой thistle - чертополох knighthood - рыцарское достоинство nobleman - аристократ bank holiday - большой праздник shamrock — трилистник the Trinity - рел. Троица church festival - церковный праздник monk - монах bishop - епископ daffodil - нарцисс leek - лук-порей shield - щит gules - (геральд.) красный цвет passant - идущий с поднятой правой передней лапой (о геральдическом животном) rampant - стоящий на задних лапах (о геральдическом животном) fleur-de-lis - ирис, геральдическая лилия string - струна harp - арфа garter - подвязка motto - девиз ermine - горностай unicorn - единорог horn - рог beneath - внизу, под scroll - свиток, манускрипт 11. Complete the sentences with the missing words: 1. The national flag of the UK consists of... crosses. 2. The patron saint of England is .... His flag represents an upright red cross on ... field. 3. St. Patrick is the patron saint of .... His red diagonal cross is ... background. 4. St. Andrew's flag represents a white diagonal cross on a ground. 5. England's national day is .... 6. The Welsh flag is called the Welsh .... 7. St. David, the patron saint of Wales, was a 6th century .... 8. The lion on the royal coat of arms is a symbol of national ... and of the British ... 9. The unicorn, a mythical animal, is a symbol of... 10. Beneath the coat of arms is the royal motto in gold letters, the battle call of... STATE SYSTEM The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the six constitutional (or parliamentary) monarchies within the European Community. The British Constitution is unwritten and is not contained in any single document. It is based on Acts of Parliament (laws). The system of state power includes three branches: Parliament, which makes Saws (the legislative branch); the government, which puts laws into effect (the executive branch); and the law courts, which interpret Acts of Parliament (the judicial branch). The monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who succeeded to the throne in 1952, is officially head of all three branches. Everything is done in the Queen's name. It is her government, her law courts, her armed forces and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process. So it is often said that the Queen reigns but does not rule. The centre of British politics is Parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords and the Queen as its head. Parliament is known as "Westminster", since it is housed in the Palace of Westminster, once a home of the monarchy. Like the monarchy, Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from 1265. It is the oldest Parliament in the world, that is why Great Britain is known as Mother of Parliaments. Parliament's functions today are to raise money for government through taxation; to examine government policy, administration and spending; to discuss important political questions. But the main function is making laws. A bill (a proposal for a new law) may be introduced by any member of Parliament. But in practice most bills are proposed by the government. When both Houses agree on a text after debating, the bill is sent to the Queen for her Royal Assent, at which point it becomes an Act of Parliament. A bill which has been passed by the House of Commons is almost certain to become law, and about fifty bills become Acts each year. The Lords can only delay the process but cannot stop bills from becoming Acts. The Royal Assent is a formality: no monarch has refused a bill since 1707. The House of Lords consists of more than 1,000 hereditary and life peers (who are not elected and not paid a salary). But only about 250 take an active part in the work of the House, including the Lords Spiritual (26 bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal, who undertake the judicial duties. (The chamber also works as the highest and final Court of Appeal). The chairman of the House of Lords is Lord Chancellor, who sits on a special seat called the Woolsack (a symbol of British welfare). The monarch's throne is in the Lords. The Queen sits on it once a year to make her speech at the opening of a new session of Parliament (concerning the government's broad programme). The House of Commons consists of 659 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. MPs are elected by the adult population at a general election every five years. The head of the Commons is the Speaker. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. (Nowadays the Conservative and the Labour Parties dominate in the UK). The political parties choose candidates in elections. The party which wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons forms the government (about 100 ministers), and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his or her party to become the Cabinet of Ministers. The nucleus of the government, the Cabinet acts as one body with 'collective responsibility'. It meets at №10, Downing Street (the Prime Minister's residence), and its discussions are secret. All major decisions of the government are made by the Cabinet. Therefore, it is the Cabinet that forms government policy. The Prime Minister has considerable individual power to introduce and control policies, to represent the nation in political matters, to run the government, to appoint Cabinet Ministers and to change the Cabinet. The Prime Minister also continues to lead the majority party. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "Shadow cabinet". 4. Fill in the blanks with the proper words and word combinations from the text: 1. The UK is one of the six constitutional monarchies within .... 2. The British Constitution is based on ... . 3. The Queen takes no part in ... process. 4. Parliament is housed in ... . 5. Britain's Parliament is the oldest Parliament in the world, that is why Great Britain is known as ... . 6. The main Parliament's function is .... 7. Parliament consist of.... 8. A proposal for a new law is called .... 9. The House of Commons is made up of 659 members, known as ... . 10. ... is a symbol of British welfare. 11. The nucleus of the government is .... 12. The second largest party becomes ... with its own leader and "Shadow cabinet". 5. Prove that the following statements are right. Use the expressions: If I am not mistaken..., It follows from the text that..., For all I know..., It is clear from the text.... It's evident..., It is a well-known fact that... . 1. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. 2. The Queen has little direct power. 3. Great Britain is known as Mother of Parliaments. 4. A bill which has been passed by the House of Commons is almost certain to become law. 5. The Royal Assent is a formality. 6. The Prime Minister has considerable individual power. 6. Explain what is meant by the following: 1. The UK is a parliamentary monarchy. 2. The Queen reigns but does not rule. 3. The United Kingdom has no written constitution. 4. Parliament is known as "Westminster". 5. The House of Commons is a representative body. 6. The House of Lords is a hereditary body. 7. The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. 8. The nucleus of the government is the Cabinet. 7. Answer the following questions: 1. What kind of monarchy is the UK and what does it mean? 2. What documents is the British Constitution based on? 3. What branches does Britain's system of state power include? 4. Has the Queen much direct power? 5. Who is monarch now? 6. When was the last succession to the throne? 7. Where is Parliament housed? 8. What chambers does Parliament consist of? 9. What is the main difference between these chambers? 10. What is a bill? 11. What does the British parliamentary system depend on? 12. What political parties dominate in Great Britain? 13. What are the Prime Minister's main functions? 14. Who is Prime Minister of the UK now? What party does he lead? 15. What do you know about the previous Prime Ministers of the UK? 8. Read the text and answer the questions below it: THE CROWN The reigning monarch is not only the head of state but for many people a symbol of the nation's unity. The monarchy is Britain's oldest permanent institution. Its continuity for over 1,000 years was broken only once by the republic of Cromwell that lasted 11 years (1649-1660). The traditional announcement "The King is dead, long live the King" typifies the immortality of royal authority. The hereditary principle still operates. By Act of Parliament the monarch must be a Protestant. Succession is automatic on the king's (queen's) death, confirmed later by a formal coronation ceremony. The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953, for example, took place over a year after she became queen. Her royal title is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". In law the monarch is head of the executive and of the judicial branch, head of the Church of England, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. However, since 1689, the monarch's sovereign powers have been formally limited by the idea that national sovereignty resides in "the Crown in Parliament" - the idea that the Crown is only sovereign by the will of Parliament. But it is perhaps valuable to remember that Parliament was originally created in 1265 in order to assist the king. The House of Lords was to provide a council of nobility for the king, and the Commons - to provide him with money. The more money a king demanded, the more the Commons questioned its use. Because of its growing financial power, its ability to raise or withhold money, the House of Commons from the 17th century onwards gained the power not only in maters of finance but also of legislation over both the monarch and the Lords. The remaining powers of the monarch are basically: to open and close Parliament; to approve the appointment of the Prime Minister, government ministers, officers of the armed forces, governors and diplomats; to appoint bishops and judges; to give Royal Assent to legislation; to give honours such as peerages, knighthoods and medals; to give mercy, remit sentences passed on convicted criminals. The Queen is visited regularly by her Prime Minister to receive an account of Cabinet decisions and to be consulted on matters of national life. NOTES: Crown - корона; престол; королевская власть; король, королева; государство typify - служить типичным примером, олицетворять immortality - бессмертие, вечность realm — королевство the Commonwealth - Британское Содружество Наций sovereign - государь withhold - удерживать, отказывать в remit — смягчать sentence - приговор QUESTIONS: 1. How old is the oldest permanent institution in Great Britain? 2. When was the monarchy broken? How many times has it happened? 3. What does the announcement "The king is dead, long live the king" typify? 4. What is the royal title of Queen Elizabeth II? 5. When and for what purpose was Parliament originally created? 6. How and why did the monarch lose his absolute sovereign powers? 7. What are the remaining powers of the monarch? Do you know that? Who's who. There are five levels of hereditary peer that make up the aristocracy in Britain. Each has its own special ceremonial costume, and a specially decorated crown, which peers are entitled to wear on special occasions, such as a coronation or at the official opening of Parliament. Duke. This is the highest rank in the peerage as well as the rarest title. In this country, the title has only been given to members of the Royal Family. The wife of a duke is a duchess. Marquess. The first marquess in England was created by Richard II in 1385. Ten marquess were created last century. The wife of a marquess is a marchioness. Earl. This is one of the oldest titles and comes from the ancient word for chief. Two prominent prime ministers were given the title in the 20th century. The wife of an earl is a countess. Viscount. The first viscount was created in 1440, but the title has never been widely used. The wife of a viscount is a viscountess. Baron. This is the lowest rank in the peerage and the most common title. All non-hereditary peers created today have the title baron or baroness. NOTES: Duke – герцог duchess – герцогиня marquess - marquis –маркиз marchioness — маркиза earl – граф countess – графиня viscount – виконт viscountess – виконтесса 10. Read the text and answer the questions below: POLITICAL PARTIES Political parties in Britain began to form in the 17th century. During the Civil War (1640-1660) the division between the aristocratic supporters of the Anglican Church who fought for the King, and the middle-class Puritans who took the side of Parliament, reflected a difference in religious, political and economic principles which prepare the way for future party distinctions. With the restoration of monarchy (1660) these two groups were nicknamed, respectively, as the Tory squires and the Whigs. (The word "Tories" is an Irish name for thieves and was applied to the Conservatives by their opponents, but later they adopted the name to describe themselves. The Whigs is a rude name for cattle drivers). In the 19th century the two-party system reached its solid modem form. By the 20th century the two parties were the Conservatives and the Liberals, direct descendants of the older Tory and Whig parties. Today, this two-party contest is between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The Conservative Party is the party of the Right, the party of big business, industry, commerce and landowners. It has successfully portrayed itself as the party of patriotism and it appeals to a "property-owning democracy". It gives emphasis to the importance of law and order, and the maintenance of strong armed forces to protect British interests. The Labour Party was formed in 1900 as the political arm of the trade unions. But now the trade union movement has lost the influence it once had over the party. Labour is the party of social justice, though its emphasis is less on equality than on the achievement of well-being and opportunity for ail members of society. It tends to give collective well-being of society slightly more importance than individual freedom. The Liberal Party, which traces its origins to the 18lh century "Whigs", merged with the new Social Democratic Party in 1988 to become the Liberal Democrats. The party seeks to attract votes of the middle ground between Labour and the Conservatives. It is the party keenest on constitutional and electoral reform. It also prides itself on being less tied to either capitalist or union interests, and being free to offer more radical policies. There are a number of minor parties in Great Britain: the Scottish Nationalist Party; the Welsh Nationalist Party; the Ulster Unionists, the Social Democratic and Labour Party and the Democratic Unionists in Northern Ireland.
QUESTIONS: 1. What events in the UK history influenced the two-party system formation? 2. What are the differences between the UK main parties? 3. Can you compare the party system in the UK and that in your country? 11. Speak about the UK system of government according to the plan below. Use the expressions: To begin with..., As far as I know..., As it is known..., According to the text..., I'll consider..., It is to be noted that..., I'd like to say a few words about..., It is essential that..., It is important to say..., Finally..., To sum up everything .... 1. One of the six constitutional monarchies within the European Community. 2. The British Constitution. 3. Three branches of state power. 4. The Queen and her powers. 5. "Mother of Parliaments". 6. Parliament and its functions today. 7. Parliament's original functions. 8. The House of Lords. 9. The House of Commons. 10. The government and its nucleus. 11. The Prime Minister and his (her) powers. 12. Political Parties (formation and distinctions).
Unit 4 (INDUSTRY) ECONOMY 1. Practise the pronunciation of the words: Coal-mining, especially, determine, though, considerable, reserves, efficient, natural, manufacturing, specialized, aerospace, petrochemical, textile, considered, quality, leather, hosiery, engineering, machine-tool, vehicle, commercial, precision, technology, biotechnology, engine, synthetic, radio-isotopes, satellite, furniture, supplies, although, agriculture, varied, engaged, wide-spread, research, scientific, variety, wheat, barly, oats, fertile, area, finance, insurance, tourism, leisure. 2. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations: coal-mining - угледобывающая промышленность decline - уменьшаться, приходить в упадок pollute - загрязнять oil - нефть , manufacturing - производство, обработка, обрабатывающая промышленность steel - сталь non-ferrous - цветной (о металле) alloy - сплав petrochemical – нефтехимический textile – текстильный footwear - обувь; чулки и носки (собир.) leather goods - кожаные изделия knitwear - трикотажные изделия hosiery - чулочные изделия, трикотаж pottery - керамика glassware - стеклянная посуда, изделия из стекла engineering - техника, машиностроение machine-tool - станок; станкостроительный vehicle - транспортное средство precision instruments - точные приборы advance - успех, прогресс, продвижение drug - лекарство, медикамент satellite - искусственный спутник engine - двигатель timber - лесоматериалы rubber - резина, резиновый inshore - прибрежный barley - ячмень oats - овес insurance - страхование shipping - перевозка грузов, (торговый) флот leisure - досуг 3. Read and translate the text: INDUSTRY Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. A pioneer in the industrial revolution, it was called "the world workshop". Today in Britain there are so called "old" (traditional) industries which appeared in the period of industrial revolution and "modern" industries that appeared after the World War II. Coal-mining is an old industry, especially in Wales, in the South of Scotland and in the northern part of England. It was Britain's development of coal production which determined its economic leadership of the world in the 18th and 19th centuries. But nowadays British coal industry is declining, though it still has considerable reserves. It is more polluting and less efficient than natural gas. Oil and gas were discovered under the British sector of the North Sea at the end of the 1960s. Britain is the ninth largest producer of oil in the world and the fifth largest gas producer. Oil and gas turned Britain from a net importer of energy into a net exporter. Metal manufacturing is a traditional highly developed industry. Now it is being extensively modernized. It includes production of steel and nonfer-rous metals. Besides, Britain is a major producer of specialized alloys used by the aerospace, electronic, petrochemical and other industries. Textile industry is considered to be one of the oldest in Great Britain. High quality woollen material, called Cheviot tweed, is manufactured in England. Great Britain is well-known for its light industry goods of high quality (clothing, footwear, leather goods, knitwear, hosiery, pottery, glassware, etc.) Engineering is one of the main industries in Great Britain. It includes electrical and instrument engineering, ship-building, aviation and motor-car constructing, machine-tool and vehicle building. Among their leading exports are electrical machinery, cars, tractors and commercial vehicles, bicycles and precision instruments of many kinds. These make up nearly half the goods exported. Today, in a new age of modern technology, Britain has made important advances in such new industries as electronics, aerospace, chemical, biotechnology. Their major exports are electronics and telecommunications equipment, aircraft engines, plastics and synthetic materials, radio-isotopes and new drugs. The British aerospace industry is now the third largest in the world. Its products include civil and military aircrafts and satellites, which are widely exported. Rolls-Royce is one of the world's three largest aeroengine manufacturers. British Aerospace is the largest European producer of communications satellites. Other major manufacturing industries include food and drink, timber and furniture, printing and publishing, paper and rubber. Fishing industry with an inshore fleet of about 8,000 vessels provides nearly 70 per sent of British fish supplies. Especially, it is of great importance in Scotland and in the north-east of England. Although Britain is a highly industrialized country, agriculture is still one of its most important industries. Over three-quarters of Britain's varied landscape is used for agriculture. Over 700,000 people who are engaged in agriculture provide over half the food needed by some 57 million people. This is achieved by wide-spread use of machinery (mere are over 500,000 tractors in use) and the results of research and scientific experiments, For a small country, Britain has a great variety of soil, climate and types of farming, ranging from beef breeding in Scotland and sheep farming in the mountains of Wales to growing crops, mainly wheat, barley, oats and potatoes, in the large, flat, fertile areas of eastern counties. As in other developed countries, rising living standards have led to a growth of the role of services. The service industries include banking, finance, insurance, trade, travel, shipping, tourism, health, leisure, education. Tourism now is one of Britain's most important industries and source of income and employment (it employs about 1,5 million people). And nowadays in Britain invisible exports earn nearly as much as commodity exports. 4. Complete the following sentences: 1. A pioneer in the industrial revolution, Great Britain was called .... 2. Today in Britain there are so called "old" (traditional) industries which appeared in the period of industrial revolution and "modem" industries which appeared after.... 3. Coal-mining is declining nowadays because it is more polluting and less efficient than .... 4. Oil and gas were discovered under the British sector of... . 5. Metal manufacturing includes production of... . 6. Textile industry is considered to be of... . 7. Among the leading exports of British engineering are .... 8. Today Britain has made important advances in such new industries as ... . 9. The British aerospace industry widely exports .... 10. Other major manufacturing industries include .... 11. Fishing industry provides .... 12. Agriculture uses ... of Britain's varied landscape. 13. The service industries include .... 5. Match each word in the first column with one in the second in ways that relate to the text: coal electrical ship telecommunications traditional invisible leather synthetic military specialized nonferrous beef sheep fertile areas breeding metals farming mining engineering equipment building alloys goods industry exports materials aircrafts 6. Answer the following questions: 1. When did so called "old" industries appear in Great Britain? 2. When did "modern" industries appear? 3. What is the role of coal-mining in Britain's economic development? 4. Why is coal-mining declining nowadays? 5. When and where were oil and gas discovered? 6. What can you say about metal manufacturing in Great Britain? 7. What light industry goods of high quality is Great Britain well-known for? 8. What goods does British engineering export? 9. What new industries of Great Britain do you know? What do they export? 10. What part of British fish supplies does fishing industry provide? 11. Can you compare the agriculture of Great Britain and that of your country? 12. What can you say about the service industries in Great Britain? 13. How many people does tourism employ in Great Britain? 7. Speak on Britain's economy according to the plan: 1. Great Britain as a pioneer in the industrial revolution. 2. "Old" and "modern" industries. 3. Coal-mining. 4. Oil and gas industries. 5. Metal manufacturing. 6. Light industry. 7. Engineering. 8. New industries. 9. Fishing. 10. Agriculture. 11. Service industries. Unit 5 LONDON 1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations: Borough, numerous, St. Paul's Cathedral, Guildhall, Buckingham, Piccadilly Circus, Column, entertainment, Madam Tussauds, the Royal Observatory, Trafalgar Square, avenue, restaurant, Hyde Park, tower. 2. Read and memorize the words and word combinations: Roman - римлянин borough - небольшой город, округ Stock Exchange - фондовая биржа the Old Bailey - Центральный уголовный суд (в Лондоне) St. Paul's Cathedral - Собор Святого Павла the Tower - Тауэр (Лондонский) tower - башня; возвышаться the Guildhall - ратуша (в Лондоне) Mansion House - резиденция лорд-мэра Лондона; mansion-house - дворец Westminster Abbey - Вестминстерское аббатство Intersection - перекресток 3. Read and translate the text: LONDON London is the capital of the United Kingdom, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. One of the oldest cities, it was founded by the Romans in 43 A.D. Now London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. It covers 1,580 sq km. Its population is about 8 million. The river Thames flows through the heart of London. About 64 km east of the city, the Thames empties into the North Sea. The river thus links London with shipping routes throughout the world. London is divided into 32 boroughs plus the City. The City and each borough have their own governments. Central London covers about 26 sq km and can be divided into several main sections. They are the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. It covers about 1 sq mile. Only about 5,000 people live in the City. But half a million office workers crowd its buildings each working day. Numerous banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey. The City is the oldest part of London. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Among them are St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches, the Tower, a museum (used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison), Guildhall, Mansion House, the Monument (a 62-meter stone column near the spot where the Great Fire started in 1666). Westminster is the governmental part of London. Nearly all the kings and queens have been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding people are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc. Westminster Palace, the seat of the British Parliament towers along the Thames. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell, known as "Big Ben", one of the finest time-keepers in the world. From Parliament, the governmental buildings extend along a broad avenue called Whitehall. The home of Prime Minister (№10, Downing Street) is located off Whitehall. Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the Queen, lies a short distance of the Prime Minister's home. The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs and theatres are situated there. The Strand, one of London's oldest and business streets, links the West End and the City. London's main shopping districts spread out from two West End intersections. One intersection, Trafalgar Square, is an area of open pavement with statues and fountains. It is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. Whitehall and the Strand meet at the square. At the other intersection, Piccadilly Circus, six busy streets come together. Many of London's finest shops are in this area. It also forms the centre of London's largest entertainment area. Among the places of interest are the National Portrait Gallery, the British Museum (the biggest in London) with its famous library, the Natural Museum with a huge collection of animals and plants, Madame Tassauds (the Waxworks Museum), the Royal Observatory (Greenwich), etc. London is full of parks and green places. The largest one is Hyde Park, famous for its Speaker's corner. The East End contains London docks, factories and workshops. 4. Complete the following sentences: 1. London was founded ... 2. London is the largest city in ... 3. The Thames flows through ... 4. London is divided into ... 5. London covers ... 6. The population of London is ... 7. London's financial and business centre is ... 8. The governmental part of London is ... 9. Westminster Palace is the seat of... 10.Buckingham Palace is ... 11. The richest and the most beautiful part of London is ... 12.The Strand links ... 13. There are two intersections in the West End. They are . 14. Among London's places of interest are ... 15. Hyde Park is famous for ... 5. Choose the right variant: 1. London is divided into 32 ... plus the City. a) streets; b) districts; c) boroughs; d) counties. 2. St. Paul's Cathedral is situated in ... a) the City; b) the West End; c) the East End; d) Westminster. 3. Now the Tower of London is ... a) a fortress; b) a royal palace; c) a museum; d) a prison. 4. Many outstanding people are buried in ... a) Westminster Abbey; b) St. Paul's Cathedral; c) Buckingham Palace; d) The Tower. 5. The official residence of the Queen is ... a) The Tower; b) Buckingham Palace; c) Westminster Palace; d) Whitehall. 6. The geographical centre of London is ... a) Piccadilly Circus; b) Trafalgar Square; c) The Strand; d) Whitehall. 7. The biggest museum of London is ... a) Madame Tussauds; b) The Natural Museum; c) The Tower; d) The British Museum. 8. The East End contains many London's ... a) factories and docks; b) theatres and cinemas; c) museums and art galleries; d) parks and gardens. 6. Answer the following questions: 1. When was London founded? 2. What is the area of London? - 3. What is the oldest part of London? 4. Where is the Bank of England located? 5. What is the Monument? Where is it situated? 6. What is Westminster? 7. Where are the Houses of Parliament situated? 8. What is "Big Ben"? 9. Where is the home of Prime Minister? 10. What is the geographical centre of London? 11. What is the richest and the most beautiful part of London? 12. Where are many outstanding people buried? 13. What street links the West End and the City? 14. Where is the official residence of the Queen? 15. What museums is London famous for? 16. What does the East End contain? 17. What is the centre of London's largest entertainment area? SUPPLEMENTARY READING. Text 2. Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace has served as the official London residence of Britain's sovereigns since 1837 and today is the administrative headquarters of the Monarch. Although in use for the many official events and receptions held by The Queen, the State Rooms at Buckingham Palace are open to visitors every year. For visitor information, please visit the Royal Collection website. Buckingham Palace has 775 rooms. These include 19 State rooms, 52 Royal and guest bedrooms, 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices and 78 bathrooms. In measurements, the building is 108 metres long across the front, 120 metres deep (including the central quadrangle) and 24 metres high. The Palace is very much a working building and the centrepiece of Britain's constitutional monarchy. It houses the offices of those who support the day-to-day activities and duties of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh and their immediate family. The Palace is also the venue for great Royal ceremonies, State Visits and Investitures, all of which are organised by the Royal Household. Although Buckingham Palace is furnished and decorated with priceless works of art that form part of the Royal Collection, one of the major art collections in the world today. It is not an art gallery and nor is it a museum. Its State Rooms form the nucleus of the working Palace and are used regularly by The Queen and members of the Royal Family for official and State entertaining. More than 50,000 people visit the Palace each year as guests to banquets, lunches, dinners, receptions and the Royal Garden Parties. For those who do receive an invitation to Buckingham Palace, the first step across the threshold is into the Grand Hall and up the curving marble stairs of the Grand Staircase. Portraits are still set in the walls, as they were by Queen Victoria. The Throne Room, sometimes used during Queen Victoria's reign for Court gatherings and as a second dancing room, is dominated by a proscenium arch supported by a pair of winged figures of 'victory' holding garlands above the 'chairs of state'. It is in the Throne Room that The Queen, on very special occasions like Jubilees, receives loyal addresses. Another use of the Throne Room has been for formal wedding photographs. George IV's original palace lacked a large room in which to entertain. Queen Victoria rectified that shortcoming by adding in 1853-5 what was, at the time of its construction, the largest room in London. At 36.6m long, 18m wide and 13.5m high, the Ballroom is the largest multi-purpose room in Buckingham Palace. It was opened in 1856 with a ball to celebrate the end of the Crimean War. It is along the East Gallery that The Queen and her State guests process to the Ballroom for the State Banquet normally held on the first day of the visit. Around 150 guests are invited and include members of the Royal Family, the government and other political leaders, High Commissioners and Ambassadors and prominent people who have trade or other associations with the visiting country. Today, it is used by The Queen for State banquets and other formal occasions such as the annual Diplomatic Reception attended by 1,500 guests. This is a very formal occasion during which The Queen will meet every head of mission accredited to the Court of St James's. For the diplomats it is perhaps the highlight of the annual diplomatic social calendar. The Ballroom has been used variously as a concert hall for memorial concerts and performances of the arts and it is the regular venue for Investitures of which there are usually 21 a year - nine in spring, two in the summer and ten in the autumn. At Investitures, The Queen (or The Prince of Wales as Her Majesty's representative) will meet recipients of British honours and give them their awards, including knighting those who have been awarded knighthoods. From the Ballroom, the West Gallery, with its four Gobelin tapestries, leads into the first of the great rooms that overlook lawn and the formal gardens - setting for the annual Garden Parties introduced by Queen Victoria in 1868. The State Dining Room is one of the principal State Rooms on the West side of the Palace. Many distinguished people have dined in this room including the 24 holders of the Order of Merit as well as presidents and prime ministers. Before the Ballroom was added to the Palace in the 1850s, the first State Ball was held in the Blue Drawing Room in May 1838 as part of the celebrations leading up to Queen Victoria's Coronation. The Music Room was originally known as the Bow Drawing Room and is the centre of the suite of rooms on the Garden Front between the Blue and the White Drawing Rooms. Four Royal babies - The Prince of Wales, The Princess Royal, The Duke of York and Prince William - were all christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury in the Music Room. One of its more formal uses is during a State Visit when guests are presented to The Queen, The Duke of Edinburgh and the visiting Head of State or for receptions. The last of the suite of rooms overlooking the gardens on the principal floor is the White Drawing Room. Originally called the North Drawing Room, it is perhaps the grandest of all the State Rooms. The Room also serves as a Royal reception room for The Queen and members of the Royal Family to gather before State and official occasions. The Bow Room is familiar to the many thousands of guests to Royal Garden Parties who pass through it on their way to the garden. It was originally intended as a part of George IV's private apartments - to be the King's Library - but it was never fitted up as such. Instead, it has become another room for entertaining and is where The Queen holds the arrival lunch for a visiting Head of State at the start of a State visit. Text 3 BRITISH WAYS Did you know that in Britain: · strangers usually don't talk to each other on trains? · it is polite to queue for everything: buses, theatre tickets, in shops, etc.? · people say 'thank you' when they give money to a shop assistant? · people open presents in front of people they receive them from? · people don't take their shoes off when they enter a house? · people wash in their own bath water? British people are said to be good listeners. In other words, it is not considered polite to interrupt the person who is just speaking. Do you? Understatement is another character trait of the British. It is a very complex concept. George Mikes, a Hungarian by birth, knows a lot about it. Read this funny passage, which he wrote more than forty years ago. Foreigners have souls; the English haven't. On the Continent if you find any amount of people who sigh deeply for no conspicuous reason, yearn, suffer and look in the air extremely sadly. This is soul. The English have no soul; they have the understatement instead. If a continental youth wants to declare his love to a girl, he kneels down, tells her that she is the sweetest, the most charming and ravishing person in the world, that she has something in her, something peculiar and individual which only a few hundred thousand other women have and that he would be unable to live one more minute without her. Often, to give a little more emphasis to the statement, he shoots himself on the spot. This is a normal, week-day declaration of love in the more temperamental continental countries. In England the boy pats his adored one on the back and says softly: 'I don't object to you, you know.' If he is quite mad with passion, he may add: 'I rather fancy you, in fact.' In Britain, a twenty-first birthday party traditionally marks 'the coming of age'. Today, this tradition is less important because young people get so many rights before they are twenty-one. For example, in Britain young people have the right to vote at the age of eighteen. Now, the eighteenth birthday is becoming as important as the twenty-first. There are six and a half million dogs and six to eight million cats in Britain. This means that approximately one in ten people own a dog or cat. Every year the British spend over 1,5 billion pounds on pet food such as tinned dog food. They also support over 380 charities and societies which aim to protect animals. These include donkey sanctuaries, horses' rest homes, and dog and cat sanctuaries. The RSPCA (The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) is the largest animal welfare society in Britain. It provides practical help to animals in homes, hospitals and clinics. However, it also campaigns against animal cruelty. It has over 250 inspectors who make sure nobody breaks the laws which protect animals. In Britain, people give help and money to charity in different ways, and for different reasons. It is quite common for people to arrive on the doorstep of a favourite charity with a valued possession. For example, someone gave the British Heart Foundation his late father's watch. Some people give money for a special purpose. For example, The RSPCA got £1.7 million from an animal lover to help them prosecute people who were guilty of cruelty. But gifts of money for specific items can be a problem. For example, a man gave thousands of pounds so that the children who were in hospital at Christmas could get presents. As most of the children go home, a few children got some very expensive presents. Many charities get letters from people enclosing fifty pence or a pound. There is usually a note saying, 'This is all I can give.' Read and memorize:
2. Remember the pronunciation of the following words: North America Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Gulf of Mexico Canada Mexico District of Columbia Appalachian Mountains Rocky Mountains Cordilleras Sierra Nevada Yellowstone National Park Wyoming Great Lakes Lake Superior Lake Michigan Lake Huron Lake Erie Niagara Lake Ontario Great Salt Lake Utah Mississippi Missouri Ohio 3. Read and translate the text: GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE USA The United States of America occupy a large area over 9,400 million square kilometers. The USA is situated in the central and southern parts of the continent of North America. The USA is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Gulf of Mexico in the southeast and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. In the north it borders on Canada and in the south - on Mexico. The USA consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia. If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The areas in the middle of the country are called the prairies and the eastern lowlands are called the Mississippi valley. In the east there are the Appalachian Mountains. In the west there are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordilleras, the Sierra Nevada. When the first miners and hunters returned from the Rocky Mountains, they brought home such tales about the natural beauty that a group of scientists decided to test the truth of these stories. The doubting scientists who visited the Rockies in 1870 wrote reports that sounded more like poetry than like science. Within the Rocky Mountains there are many national parks where trees, plants and birds are protected. The largest of them is the Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, with its great Geysers, but the most famous being Old Faithful, which erupts regularly from 30 to 60 meters into the air many times each day to the delight of thousands of visitors. Yellowstone is also known for its brown bears, which like to come down to the roadside and beg for handsout from a passer-by. The main lakes in the USA are the Great Lakes in the north. The largest of them is Lake Superior, which is the highest above the sea. To the south of it is Lake Michigan, entirely in the US territory; to the east is Lake Huron, from the southern end of which the St. Clair River leads into Lake Erie. From Lake Erie the Niagara River rushes over the famous Niagara Falls into Lake Ontario. Niagara is an Indian word which means "roaring waters". Indeed, the roar of the falling water can be heard within a distance of 25 km. All the lakes are connected by canals or navigable channels, but the Lakes can be used only between months of April and December, as they freeze in winter. The Great Salt Lake is in the northwest of the state of Utah. It is so salty that the human body cannot sink in it. Its present area is much smaller than the ancient lake. The saltiness of the lake has increased as its area has diminished, and today it is about six times as salty as the ocean. For a long time it was thought, because of the lake's saltiness, that it must be an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi is one of the world's great continental rivers. The waters of the Mississippi are gathered from two-thirds of the United States. Together with the Missouri River, the Mississippi flows some 4,000 miles from its northern sources in the Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called the "father of waters". Where the Missouri River pours into the Mississippi, from the west, it colours the river deep brown with small pieces of soil. Farther downstream the waters of the Ohio River join the Mississippi, where the two rivers join, evidence of the difference between the dry west and rainy east is already apparent. For miles, the waters of the two rivers flow on side by side, without mixing. Those from the west are brown because they wash away the soil in areas where few plants grow. The waters from the east are clear and blue; they come from hills and valleys where plentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away. The two great rivers of the Pacific side are the Colorado and the Columbia. In the dry western country, both rivers are important and necessary sources of life. The Rio Grand forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the USA, which together have built irrigation and flood control projects of mutual benefit. 4. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the territory of the USA? 2. Where is the USA situated? 3. How many states are there in the USA? 4. What oceans is the USA washed by? 5. What countries does the USA border on? 6. What mountains are there in the east of the country? 7. What is the largest national park in the Rocky Mountains? 8. Why is the Old Faithful the most famous geyser? 9. What mountains are there in the west of the country? 10. What are the main lakes in the USA? 11. Which is the largest lake among the Great Lakes? 12. What does the word "Niagara" mean?, 13. Why cannot the Lakes be used in wmten? 14. Where is the Great Salt Lake situated? 15. Why cannot the human body sink in the Great Salt Lake? 16. Why has the saltiness of the lake increased? 17. Why did people think it was an arm of the Pacific Ocean? 18. What are the main rivers in the USA? 19. How long is the Mississippi? 20. What happens when the Missouri pours into the Mississippi? 5. Finish the following sentences: 1. The USA is situated ... 2. The USA is washed ... 3. The USA borders on ... 4. The first miners and hunters brought home ... 5. The doubting scientists wrote reports ... 6. Within the Rocky Mountains there are ... 7. Old Faithful erupts regularly ... 8. Brown bears like to come ... 9. The main lakes in the USA ... 10. The roar of the falling water can ... 11. All the lakes are connected ... 12. The Great Salt Lake is so salty ... 13. The saltiness of the lake has increased ... 14. The Mississippi has been called ... 15. Where the Missouri River pours into ... 16. The Mississippi and the Ohio flow on ... 17. The two great rivers of the Pacific side ... 18. The Rio Grand forms ... 6. Ask your fellow students what new information he got having read the text. Use the formulas: Can you tell me ... , Could you speak about... , What information have you got about... .
Unit 2 THE POLITICAL SYSTEM The Senate. The Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 States, who are elected for a term of six years. Congressional elections take place every two years but only one -third of the Senate is re-elected. The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the US for nine years and a resident of the state from which he is elected. The individual seats in the Senate are numbered. Democrats sit in the western part - on Vice-President's right. Republicans sit on his left. Vice-President presides over the Senate and he conducts debates. The Senate is more conservative than the House of Representatives, as many Senators are re-elected several times and often they are more experienced politicians. Unit 4 WASHINGTON, D.C. 1. Read and memorize: dominate - возвышаться wing - крыло contain - содержать в себе inauguration - инаугурация dedicate - посвящать law - закон sign - подписывать accomplishment - достижение temple - храм brood - размышлять surround - окружать inscribe - писать colossal - громадный vast - обширный wind - обвивать hollow - пустотелый shaft - столб tomb - могила seize - захватить site - участок 2. Read and translate the text: Washington is the capital of the United States of America. When George Washington became the first president he chose the place for the new capital, which was named after him. Washington is situated in an independent area on the east coast of the Potomac River, named District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus and it was planned by a French artist and architect who had fought in the Revolutionary War, Pierre L'Enfant. Washington has been described as the most beautiful capital city in the world and the most beautiful American city. As the matter of fact it has nothing characteristically American in it, as its conception is purely French. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parts and no skyscrapers at all. Many tourists come to Washington every summer to see the nation's capital and get .acquainted with some of its sights. The Capitol. The Capitol is the seat of the US Congress. Building of the Capitol was begun in 1793. In 1800 the building was partly finished, and Congress removed from Philadelphia. The Capitol Building dominates all Washington. The Capitol consists of a central building and two wings. The north wing contains the Senate Chamber, and the south wing - the House of Representatives. Both chambers of the Congress are open to public. They have visitors galleries, there is a special gallery for foreign diplomats. Special places are set aside for press, radio and TV representatives. Inauguration of presidents and vice-presidents are held in front of the Capitol. Jefferson Memorial. Jefferson Memorial is dedicated to Thomas Jefferson, third president, author of the nation's Declaration of Independence. On the walls of the memorial are passages of his writings: "... laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind..." Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Among his many accomplishments, he wished to be remembered most of all as the author of this document and as a founding father of the University of Virginia. Lincoln Memorial. Lincoln Memorial, designed by Henry Bacon, is of white marble, built like a Greek temple. It was set high on the edge of the Potomac River. Lincoln often came to its banks to brood upon the outcome of the union. The 36 columns surrounding the walls represent the 36 States in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death. The words of two of Lincoln's major speeches are inscribed on the inside walls of the memorial. The memorial chamber contains a colossal statue of Lincoln. It is seated in the center, facing the Capitol. The figure, 19 feet tall, was designed by David French. Washington Monument. The 555-foot Washington Monument is the tallest stone structure in the world. An elevator carries the visitor to the top where he can enjoy the vast panorama of the city. Or he can walk the 898 steps which wind round in the hollow shaft. Unit 6. YOUTH'S PROBLEMS 1. Study the text and answer the following questions: 1. What are the typical problems of the young people in the US? 2. What does SAJDD stand for? 3. What's the objective of the Teen Health Project in New York City? 4. What are the causes of juvenile Delinquency in the US? 5. What measures are taken to combat juvenile crimes? 6. Can you give some new programes to help troubled youths?
To some observers, teens today may seem spoiled (undisciplined and egocentric) compared to those of earlier times. The reality, however, is different. While poverty has decreased and political turmoil has lessened, young people are still under many types of stress. Peer pressure, changing family conditions, mobility of families and unemployment are just a few reasons why some young people may try to escape reality by turning to alcohol or drugs. However, most young people in the United States do not have problems with drinking, drug abuse, teen pregnancies or juvenile delinquency. Drug use (marijuana and cocaine are the most commonly used drugs) has decreased among young people in the United States within the last 10 years, though alcohol abuse has increased. According to a 1991 government survey, about 8 million teenagers are weekly users of alcohol, including more than 450,000 who consume an average of 15 drinks a week. And;-although all 50 states prohibit the sale of alcohol to anyone under 21. some 6.9 million teenagers, including some as young as 13, reported no problems in obtaining alcohol using false identification cards. Although many teenagers say they never drive a tier drinking, o one-third of the students surveyed admitted they has accepted rides from friends who kid been drinking. Many young Americans are joining organizations to help teenagers stop drinking and driving. Thousands of teenagers have joined Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD). They sign contracts in which they and their parents pledge not to drive after drinking. In some schools, students have joined anti-drug programs. Young people with drug problems can also call special telephone numbers to ask for help. Aside from drug abuse, another problem of America's youths is pregnancy among young women. One million teenagers become pregnant each year. Why are the statistics so high? The post-World War II baby boom resulted in a 43 percent increase in the number of teenagers in the 1960s and 1970s. The numbers of sexually active teens also increased. And some commentators believe that regulations for obtaining federal welfare assistance unintentionally encourage teenage pregnancies. Many community programs help cut down on the numbers of teenage pregnancies. Some programs rely on strong counseling against premarital sex and others provide contraceptive counseling. The "Teen Health Project" in New York City has led to a decline of 13.5 percent in the rate of teenage pregnancies since 1976. Why? Their program offers health care, contraceptive counseling, sports programs, job referrals and substance abuse programs. About one million young people run away from home each year. Most return after a few days or a few weeks, but a few turn to crime and become juvenile delinquents. In 1989, approximately one-third of those arrested for serious crimes were under 18 years of age. Why are young people committing crimes? Among the causes are poor family relationships (often the children were abused or neglected while growing up), bad neighborhood conditions, peer pressure and sometimes, drug addiction. Laws vary from state to state regarding juvenile delinquents. Once arrested, a juvenile must appear in a juvenile court. Juvenile courts often give lighter punishments to young people than to adults who commit tire same crime. Juvenile courts hope to reform or rehabilitate the juvenile delinquent. New programs to help troubled youths are created every year. For example, the city of New York and the Rheedlen Foundation provide an after-school program at a junior high school to help keep teens from becoming juvenile delinquents. Young people can go after school and talk with peer counselors (people their own age), receive academic tutoring or take part in athletic and social activities. One New York community's library offers weekday evening workshops in dance, art, music and theater. They also sponsor social events, such as theater productions, in which young people can participate. Another group, the "Youth Rescue Fund" has a celebrity peer council of 15 teenage actors and actresses who' volunteer their time to increase teen crisis awareness. As one young television actress said: "Teenagers are an important resource in improving the quality of life for all people." 2. What do these numbers refer to: 1976; 450,000; 6,9mln; 13,5%; 21 SUPPLEMENTARY READING TEXT I. Administrative System of the States Government in the United States can be divided into levels and brunches. The different levels of the government consist of the federal government, 50 state governments, and countless local and regional governments. In the Constitution, different responsibilities are given to each level of government. The federal government is responsible for foreign policy, foreign trade, the infrastructure (the system of railroads and interstate highways that criss-cross the United States), and federal governmental spending on social programs. In contrast, the states have their own state government and control their state educational systems, their police forces, and state taxes. The federal government and other states cannot interfere in state concerns, like education and taxation, but the state must follow all federal laws. Local governments are given power over spending in local schools (with the help of state governments), and provide public services for their communities (cleaning streets, garbage collection, etc.). In this way, everybody's needs are served by one of the levels of government. As with the federal level of government, the state level of government is divided into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The executive branch is headed by the governor of each state. Therefore, there are 50 state governors in the United States. The responsibility of these officials is to execute the laws, that is, to make sure that every citizen follows the law. This job is not easy, and many governors have cabinets of secretaries, who advise these officials on the laws and help implement them. The laws themselves, though, are made by the legislative branch, which consists of 50 state congresses. In all but the state of Nebraska, these congresses are broken up into the House of Representatives and the Senate (Nebraska only has one "Congress"). Each state has a State Supreme Court that can decide legal matters within the state. There are also lower courts, both federal and state, that hold trials and decide if the defendant (the person accused of a crime) is guilty or innocent. Therefore, because of these divisions, the different parts of these governments are able to do the difficult job of governing the United States. Discussion Questions 1. What was the Articles of Confederation and its faults? 2. What is it meant by a system of "checks and balances"? 3. What is the most important part of the Constitution? 4. Why is the Constitution called a "living" document? 5. How is the structure of the state government similar to that of the federal government? For each level of government (federal, state, and local) please list three things for which it is responsible.
TEXT II. United States Political Parties There are two major political parties in the United States, the Democratic party and the Republican party. These two parties win the offices of most governmental positions in local, state, and national offices, but sometimes socialist parties or other small parties win in state or local elections. Most people belong to the Democratic or Republican parties, though. Membership in these parties is not difficult to obtain; a citizen needs only to declare that s/he is a member of one of the parties when s/he votes. People can also choose not to be a member of either party. The Democratic party is often associated with labor and a strong central government with many social programs. The Republican party likes a smaller central government and usually supports business and industry. The Republicans believe that local and state governments should be more involved in helping people than the federal government. Democrats, however, say that many states cannot help people as well as the national government. These smaller governments do not have enough money or power to do so. With these differences, people in cities and workers often vote lor the Democrats, while richer Americans and business leaders vote more often for Republicans. In government, political parties are important, but have less power than in other countries. Although most candidates for political office are Republican or Democrat, they are mainly elected to a governmental office because they represent their "constituencies," or people who live in the area that they represent. In other words, politicians are not obliged to follow the beliefs of their political party at all times, and they will often respond to the needs and desires of the voters of their region rather than to those of any political party. Therefore, many times one Republican senator will oppose a bill proposed by another Republican senator because his constituency does not like it. Many voters also will vote for both Republicans and Democrats in an election, choosing the candidates they feel will best respond to their needs. Voters are not the only influence on politicians, though. They are also influenced by special interest groups. These are groups that lobby politicians to make laws that will help the causes and ideas they represent. These causes can be anything: animal rights, gun-control laws, environmental protections, religious rights, etc. These groups often contribute money to politicians that help them. Many voters feel that special interest groups, and their large amounts of money, influence politicians more than voters do. For this reason, some Americans believe that special interest groups are unfair and undemocratic, leading many politicians to ignore the needs of their constituencies. In fact, there are laws controlling the amount of money that a politician can accept from a special interest group, but many politicians still depend on this money as a campaign contribution. Running for political office in the United States is very expensive because of the cost of television and newspaper advertisements, and politicians need this money to win an election. So, the special interest group argument is one that no side can effectively win; both voters and politicians are affected by the work of these groups. If you were a politician running for office, what party (Democrat, Republican, Liberal, etc.) and special interest group (environment protection, minority rights, etc.) would you represent? Vocabulary List to draft - планувати checks and balances – контроль і рівновага entity – сутність, icтотa amendment - поправка to guarantee – гарантувати grievance – скарга abuse – зловживання levy – збирати court of appeal – апеляційний суд impeachment – звинувачення у державній зраді trial – судова справа plaintiff – позивач lo implement - виконувати Content SUPPLEMENTARY READING. Text I The Royal Family of Windsor …………………………………………… 29 Text 2. Buckingham Palace ……………………………………………………. 30 Text 3 BRITISH WAYS ……………………………………………………… 32 SUPPLEMENTARY READING TEXT I. Administrative System of the States………………………………….50 TEXT II. United States Political Parties ............................................................51 TEXT III. HOW A BILL BECOMES A LAW .................................................52 TEXT IV. LOBBYISTS .......................................................................................53 CONTENT ............................................................................................................55
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Отпечатано в ООО СЦ "ЧИП" Part I THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND Unit 1 GEOGRAPHY 1. Read and memorize the following words: mainland - материк, континентальный peninsula - полуостров apart from - не считая, кроме extreme - крайний bay - залив, бухта inlet - узкий морской залив, фиорд, небольшая бухта tidal - подверженный действию приливов, приливоотливный shallow - мелкий indented coastline - изрезанная береговая линия therefore - поэтому, следовательно harbour - гавань, порт cape - мыс despite - несмотря на comprise - включать, охватывать extend - простираться, тянуться
2. Read and memorize the following proper names: Northern Ireland - Северная Ирландия the British Isles - Британские острова the Atlantic Ocean - Атлантический океан the English Channel (La Manche) - пролив Ла-Манш the Strait of Dover (Pas de Calais) - пролив Па-де-Кале the Irish Sea - Ирландское море Scotland - Шотландия Wales - Уэльс Eire - Эйре the Hebrides - Гебридские острова the Orkneys - Оркнейские острова the Shetland Islands - Шетландские острова the Isle of Man - остров Мэн Anglesey - остров Англси the Isle of Wight - остров Уайт the Isle of Scilly - остров Силли the Channel Islands - Нормандские острова Lowland Britain - низменная часть Великобритании Highland Britain - гористая часть Великобритании
3. Read and translate the text: LOCATION The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (usually shortened to the United Kingdom or UK) occupies the territory of the British Isles. They lie off the northwest coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean in the north and northwest and the North Sea in the east. From the European continent the British Isles are separated by the English Channel and the North Sea. The English Channel (or La Manche) is 220 km wide in its widest part in the west and in the narrowest, what is called the Strait of Dover (or Pas de Calais), only 32 km. So, the islands have had an easy and mainly profitable contact with mainland Europe. In the past there were a number of schemes how to connect the two coasts. In 1994 the dream came true: the construction of the two-rail tunnel was completed and it was opened for public use. The United Kingdom is an island state and is composed of some 5,500 islands, large and small. The two main islands of the British Isles are Great Britain to the east and Ireland to the west. They are separated by the Irish Sea. The United Kingdom consists of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The island of Great Britain includes England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the west) and Scotland (the northern part of the island). Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland and borders on the Irish Republic (or Eire) in the south. The British Isles, apart from Great Britain and Ireland, include several other important islands and groups of islands. Among them are: the Hebrides off the north-western coast of Great Britain; the Orkney Islands off the northern coast of Scotland; the Shetland Islands about 70 miles north of the Orkneys; the Isle of Man in the middle of the Irish Sea; Anglesey off the north coast of Wales; the Isle of Wight in the English Channel; the Isle of Scilly off the extreme south-western coast of Great Britain; the Channel Islands to the south-west on the French side of the English Channel. Great Britain stretches for about 1,000 km from the southern coast to the extreme north of mainland Britain and 500 km across the widest part. There are numerous bays and inlets and no place is as much as 120 km from tidal water. The seas surrounding the British Isles are shallow - usually less than 90 metres - because the islands lie on the continental shelf. The British Isles are known for their greatly indented coastline. Therefore there are many harbours, peninsulas and capes on the coast. Due to its extreme indentity the coastline of Great Britain, despite its relatively modest size, is 8,000 km long. Geographically, the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two main regions — Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines, and the Lake District. The Pennine Chain extends southward from the Cheviot Hills into the Midlands, a plain region with low hills and valleys. England is separated from Scotland by the Cheviot Hills, running from east to west. The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: Ben Nevis is 1.343 metres and Snowdon is 1,085 metres respectively. |
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