Unit 4 (INDUSTRY) ECONOMY

1. Practise the pronunciation of the words:

Coal-mining, especially, determine, though, considerable, reserves, efficient, natural, manufacturing, specialized, aerospace, petrochemical, textile, considered, quality, leather, hosiery, engineering, machine-tool, vehicle, commercial, precision, technology, biotechnology, engine, synthetic, radio-isotopes, satellite, furniture, supplies, although, agriculture, varied, engaged, wide-spread, research, scientific, variety, wheat, barly, oats, fertile, area, finance, insurance, tourism, leisure.

2. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

coal-mining - угледобывающая промышленность

decline - уменьшаться, приходить в упадок

pollute - загрязнять

oil - нефть                                            ,

manufacturing - производство, обработка, обрабатывающая промышленность

steel - сталь

non-ferrous - цветной (о металле)

alloy - сплав

petrochemical – нефтехимический

textile – текстильный

footwear - обувь; чулки и носки (собир.)

leather goods - кожаные изделия knitwear - трикотажные изделия

hosiery - чулочные изделия, трикотаж

pottery - керамика

glassware - стеклянная посуда, изделия из стекла

engineering - техника, машиностроение

machine-tool - станок; станкостроительный

vehicle - транспортное средство

precision instruments - точные приборы

advance - успех, прогресс, продвижение

drug - лекарство, медикамент

satellite - искусственный спутник

engine - двигатель

timber - лесоматериалы

rubber - резина, резиновый

inshore - прибрежный

barley - ячмень

oats - овес

insurance - страхование

shipping - перевозка грузов, (торговый) флот

leisure - досуг

3. Read and translate the text:

INDUSTRY

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. A pioneer in the industrial revolution, it was called "the world workshop". Today in Britain there are so called "old" (traditional) industries which appeared in the period of industrial revolution and "modern" industries that appeared after the World War II.

Coal-mining is an old industry, especially in Wales, in the South of Scotland and in the northern part of England. It was Britain's development of coal production which determined its economic leadership of the world in the 18th and 19th centuries. But nowadays British coal industry is declining, though it still has considerable reserves. It is more polluting and less efficient than natural gas.

Oil and gas were discovered under the British sector of the North Sea at the end of the 1960s. Britain is the ninth largest producer of oil in the world and the fifth largest gas producer. Oil and gas turned Britain from a net importer of energy into a net exporter.

Metal manufacturing is a traditional highly developed industry. Now it is being extensively modernized. It includes production of steel and nonfer-rous metals. Besides, Britain is a major producer of specialized alloys used by the aerospace, electronic, petrochemical and other industries.

Textile industry is considered to be one of the oldest in Great Britain. High quality woollen material, called Cheviot tweed, is manufactured in England.

Great Britain is well-known for its light industry goods of high quality (clothing, footwear, leather goods, knitwear, hosiery, pottery, glassware, etc.)

Engineering is one of the main industries in Great Britain. It includes electrical and instrument engineering, ship-building, aviation and motor-car constructing, machine-tool and vehicle building. Among their leading exports are electrical machinery, cars, tractors and commercial vehicles, bicycles and precision instruments of many kinds. These make up nearly half the goods exported.

Today, in a new age of modern technology, Britain has made important advances in such new industries as electronics, aerospace, chemical, biotechnology. Their major exports are electronics and telecommunications equipment, aircraft engines, plastics and synthetic materials, radio-isotopes and new drugs. The British aerospace industry is now the third largest in the world. Its products include civil and military aircrafts and satellites, which are widely exported. Rolls-Royce is one of the world's three largest aeroengine manufacturers. British Aerospace is the largest European producer of communications satellites.

Other major manufacturing industries include food and drink, timber and furniture, printing and publishing, paper and rubber.

Fishing industry with an inshore fleet of about 8,000 vessels provides nearly 70 per sent of British fish supplies. Especially, it is of great importance in Scotland and in the north-east of England.

Although Britain is a highly industrialized country, agriculture is still one of its most important industries. Over three-quarters of Britain's varied landscape is used for agriculture. Over 700,000 people who are engaged in agriculture provide over half the food needed by some 57 million people. This is achieved by wide-spread use of machinery (mere are over 500,000 tractors in use) and the results of research and scientific experiments,

For a small country, Britain has a great variety of soil, climate and types of farming, ranging from beef breeding in Scotland and sheep farming in the mountains of Wales to growing crops, mainly wheat, barley, oats and potatoes, in the large, flat, fertile areas of eastern counties.

As in other developed countries, rising living standards have led to a growth of the role of services. The service industries include banking, finance, insurance, trade, travel, shipping, tourism, health, leisure, education. Tourism now is one of Britain's most important industries and source of income and employment (it employs about 1,5 million people). And nowadays in Britain invisible exports earn nearly as much as commodity exports.

4. Complete the following sentences:

1. A pioneer in the industrial revolution, Great Britain was called ....

2. Today in Britain there are so called "old" (traditional) industries which appeared in the period of industrial revolution and "modem" industries which appeared after....

3. Coal-mining is declining nowadays because it is more polluting and less efficient than ....

4. Oil and gas were discovered under the British sector of... .

5. Metal manufacturing includes production of... .

6. Textile industry is considered to be of... .

7. Among the leading exports of British engineering are ....

8. Today Britain has made important advances in such new industries as ... .

9. The British aerospace industry widely exports ....

10. Other major manufacturing industries include ....

11. Fishing industry provides ....

12. Agriculture uses ... of Britain's varied landscape.

13. The service industries include ....

5. Match each word in the first column with one in the second in ways that relate to the text:

coal

electrical

ship

telecommunications

traditional

invisible

leather

synthetic

military

specialized

nonferrous

beef

sheep

fertile

areas

breeding

metals

farming

mining

engineering

equipment

building

alloys

goods

industry

exports

materials

aircrafts

6. Answer the following questions:

1. When did so called "old" industries appear in Great Britain?

2. When did "modern" industries appear?

3. What is the role of coal-mining in Britain's economic development?

4. Why is coal-mining declining nowadays?

5. When and where were oil and gas discovered?

6. What can you say about metal manufacturing in Great Britain?

7. What light industry goods of high quality is Great Britain well-known for?

8. What goods does British engineering export?

9. What new industries of Great Britain do you know? What do they export?

10. What part of British fish supplies does fishing industry provide?

11. Can you compare the agriculture of Great Britain and that of your country?

12. What can you say about the service industries in Great Britain?

13. How many people does tourism employ in Great Britain?

7. Speak on Britain's economy according to the plan:

1. Great Britain as a pioneer in the industrial revolution.

2. "Old" and "modern" industries.

3. Coal-mining.

4. Oil and gas industries.

5. Metal manufacturing.

6. Light industry.

7. Engineering.

8. New industries.

9. Fishing.

10. Agriculture.

11. Service industries.

Unit 5 LONDON

1.  Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations:

Borough, numerous, St. Paul's Cathedral, Guildhall, Buckingham, Piccadilly Circus, Column, entertainment, Madam Tussauds, the Royal Observatory, Trafalgar Square, avenue, restaurant, Hyde Park, tower.

2. Read and memorize the words and word combinations:

Roman - римлянин

borough - небольшой город, округ

Stock Exchange - фондовая биржа

the Old Bailey - Центральный уголовный суд (в Лондоне)

St. Paul's Cathedral - Собор Святого Павла

the Tower - Тауэр (Лондонский)

tower - башня; возвышаться

the Guildhall - ратуша (в Лондоне)

Mansion House - резиденция лорд-мэра Лондона;

mansion-house - дворец

Westminster Abbey - Вестминстерское аббатство

Intersection - перекресток

3. Read and translate the text:

LONDON

London is the capital of the United Kingdom, its political, economic, commercial and cultural centre. One of the oldest cities, it was founded by the Romans in 43 A.D.

Now London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. It covers 1,580 sq km. Its population is about 8 million.

The river Thames flows through the heart of London. About 64 km east of the city, the Thames empties into the North Sea. The river thus links London with shipping routes throughout the world.

London is divided into 32 boroughs plus the City. The City and each borough have their own governments.

Central London covers about 26 sq km and can be divided into several main sections. They are the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. It covers about 1 sq mile. Only about 5,000 people live in the City. But half a million office workers crowd its buildings each working day. Numerous banks, offices, and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange, and the Old Bailey.

The City is the oldest part of London. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Among them are St. Paul's Cathedral, the greatest of English churches, the Tower, a museum (used as a fortress, a royal palace, and a prison), Guildhall, Mansion House, the Monument (a 62-meter stone column near the spot where the Great Fire started in 1666).

Westminster is the governmental part of London. Nearly all the kings and queens have been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Many outstanding people are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc. Westminster Palace, the seat of the British Parliament towers along the Thames. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big bell, known as "Big Ben", one of the finest time-keepers in the world. From Parliament, the governmental buildings extend along a broad avenue called Whitehall. The home of Prime Minister (№10, Downing Street) is located off Whitehall. Buckingham Palace, the official residence of the Queen, lies a short distance of the Prime Minister's home.

The West End is the richest and the most beautiful part of London. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs and theatres are situated there. The Strand, one of London's oldest and business streets, links the West End and the City.

London's main shopping districts spread out from two West End intersections. One intersection, Trafalgar Square, is an area of open pavement with statues and fountains. It is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. Whitehall and the Strand meet at the square.

At the other intersection, Piccadilly Circus, six busy streets come together. Many of London's finest shops are in this area. It also forms the centre of London's largest entertainment area.

Among the places of interest are the National Portrait Gallery, the British Museum (the biggest in London) with its famous library, the Natural Museum with a huge collection of animals and plants, Madame Tassauds (the Waxworks Museum), the Royal Observatory (Greenwich), etc.

London is full of parks and green places. The largest one is Hyde Park, famous for its Speaker's corner.

The East End contains London docks, factories and workshops.

4. Complete the following sentences:

1. London was founded ...

2. London is the largest city in ...

3. The Thames flows through ...

4. London is divided into ...

5. London covers ...

6. The population of London is ...

7. London's financial and business centre is ...

8. The governmental part of London is ...

9. Westminster Palace is the seat of... 10.Buckingham Palace is ...

11. The richest and the most beautiful part of London is ... 12.The Strand links ...

13. There are two intersections in the West End. They are .

14. Among London's places of interest are ...

15. Hyde Park is famous for ...

5.    Choose the right variant:

1. London is divided into 32 ... plus the City.

a) streets;

b) districts;

c) boroughs;

d) counties.

2. St. Paul's Cathedral is situated in ...

a) the City;

b) the West End;

c) the East End;

d) Westminster.

3. Now the Tower of London is ...

a) a fortress;

b) a royal palace;

c) a museum;

d) a prison.

4. Many outstanding people are buried in ...

a) Westminster Abbey;

b) St. Paul's Cathedral;

c) Buckingham Palace;

d) The Tower.

5. The official residence of the Queen is ...

a) The Tower;

b) Buckingham Palace;

c) Westminster Palace;

d) Whitehall.

6. The geographical centre of London is ...

a) Piccadilly Circus;

b) Trafalgar Square;

c) The Strand;

d) Whitehall.

7. The biggest museum of London is ...

a) Madame Tussauds;

b) The Natural Museum;

c) The Tower;

d) The British Museum.

8. The East End contains many London's ...

a) factories and docks;

b) theatres and cinemas;

c) museums and art galleries;

d) parks and gardens.

6. Answer the following questions:

1. When was London founded?

2. What is the area of London?        -

3. What is the oldest part of London?

4. Where is the Bank of England located?

5. What is the Monument? Where is it situated?

6. What is Westminster?

7. Where are the Houses of Parliament situated?

8. What is "Big Ben"?

9. Where is the home of Prime Minister?

10. What is the geographical centre of London?

11. What is the richest and the most beautiful part of London?

12. Where are many outstanding people buried?

13. What street links the West End and the City?

14. Where is the official residence of the Queen?

15. What museums is London famous for?

16. What does the East End contain?

17. What is the centre of London's largest entertainment area?

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