МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ. Рег. №____  

МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

ХЕРСОНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

Кафедра   іноземних мов

      

Рег. №____________                                              

Методичні рекомендації

та індивідуальні завдання для самостійної роботи студентів

 

з дисципліни __Іноземна мова (англійська)_____________________

                         

    для студентів ____І-ІІ____ курсу

 

 напряму підготовки       6.050201 „Системна інженерія”________

 

    галузі знань __0502 „Автоматика та управління”_________________

                       

         факультету _______кібернетики_______________________________

                           

 

 

Херсон – 2008

 

Методичні рекомендації до самостійної роботи студентів спеціальності на ступені бакалаврату призначені для розвитку навиків та вмінь читання автентичної літератури з фаху студента з метою вилучення інформації. Кожний урок (Unit) містить тексти, що підібрані з сучасної технічної оригінальної літератури на англійській мові, тестів та комунікативних завдань для контролю розуміння тексту. Пропонуються тестові завдання закритої форми з множинним вибором, завдання відкритої форми на доповнення, на встановлення співвідношення з множинним вибором, завдання на встановлення правильної послідовності фактів змісту тексту, завдання на вирішення вірної чи невірної інформації тексту. Також надаються тексти творчого характеру для розвитку навиків усного мовлення по темі заняття. До кожного уроку надається тематичний словник, що складається з термінів відповідного фаху. До тестів і до окремих завдань надаються ключі з вірними відповідями для самоконтролю та самокорекції.       

UNIT 1

LESSON 1

NIELS BOHR (1885-1962)

 

1. Bohr is a Danish scientist, one of the most ingenious inter­preters of his generation of the problems of modern theoretical physics. Born in Copenhagen on October 7, 1885, he did physics at the University of Copenhagen. Having obtained his doctor's degree in 1911, he proceeded immediately to Cavendish Labo­ratory at Cambridge for further study under Sir J.J.Thompson. In 1912 he moved to Manchester University, where he was as­sociated with Ernest Rutherford in the letter's atomic research. In 1914, following a year as lecturer at the University of Copen­hagen, Bohr returned to Manchester and remained there until 1916, when he was appointed professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.

2. Bohr proposed a new model of the atom in 1913. His model, based on Rutherford's earlier model, was originally developed to explain the structure of the simplest atom, hydrogen. Ac­cording to Bohr's model, every atom except ordinary hydrogen consists of a small nucleus containing protons and neutrons, and has electrons around the nucleus. He proposed that these elec­trons move in a well-defined, concentric, circular orbits. It is now believed that these well-defined orbits do not actually exist.

3. In 1920, largely to Bohr's efforts, the Institute of Theoreti­cal Physics was established at Copenhagen. He became its first head and under him the Institute has become an important centre for the development of theoretical and experimental physics. Prior to World War II Bohr's Institute had become the world centre for atomic physics.

4. Just before the war, Bohr advanced the idea that the com­pound nucleus was fundamental to the phenomena of nuclear disintegration, a concept that proved fruitful in later work. In collaboration with John Archibald Wheeler he proposed a theo­ry of nuclear fission that led to the atomic research which pro­duced the atomic bomb.

 5. In 1943, after the Nazis had occupied Denmark, Bohr es­caped to England in a small boat. Making the way to the United States, he took a leading part in the atomic bomb project. In 1945 he returned to Copenhagen to resume his duties as direc­tor of the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

6. Bohr's great achievement was recognized internationally by the Nobel Prize award to him in 1922 for his study of atomic structure and radiation. In 1957 he was the first recipient of the Atoms for Peace award. That same year the delivered his lec­ture on the Philosophical Lessons of Atomic Progress.

 

Exercise 1 . Give the English equivalents to the words and words-combinations:

1. бути призначеним                                                6. явища                                            

2. запропонувати                                                      7. висунути ідею 

3. існувати                                                                 8. нагорода

4. добре визначені орбіти                                        9. досягнення

5. світовий центр атомної фізики                          10. плідна праця.

 

 

Exercise 2. Match the pairs of synonyms in A and B:

A: modern, to do the subject, to obtain, to proceed, to associate, research, to remain, due to, to establish, head, prior to, to advance, fundamental, disintegration, concept, collaboration, to recognize.

 

B: basic, to connect, to continue, to acknowledge (to evaluate), cooperation, idea, fission, up-to-date, to get, to study, investigation, to stay, thanks to, before, to propose (to put forward), to organize, director.

 

Exercise 3 . Say if the statements are true or false:

1. Bohr did not stay in Denmark after the Nazis occupied the country.

2. Bohr worked not only in Denmark but in Germany as well.

3. Bohr took an active part in establishing the Institute of Theoretical Physics.

4. The great Danish scientist delivered the lectures at Cambridge, Manchester, Copenhagen Universities.

5. N. Bohr was a distinguished philosopher.

 

LESSON 2

L’VIV UNIVERSITY OF TODAY

1. The Ivan Franko University in L’viv has a long-standing tradition of prestige. It is an acknowledged centre for carrying out research and training specialists in many spheres.

2. At present, the teaching staff and student population amount to 15,000 persons, among them 12,000 full-time and part-time students which are trained in 33 scientific, engineer­ing and pedagogical fields. The pedagogical staff amounts to 950 teachers, with 98 Full Professors and about 550 Associate Professors among them. The University is headed by Professor Ivan Vakarchuk.

3. The University is made up of 16 faculties: Biology, Geogra­phy, Economics, Journalism, Languages and Literature, Histo­ry, International Relations, Philosophy, Mechanics and Mathe­matics, Applied mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Law. They train specialists in 109 specialities. Annually about 1,200 specialists graduate from the University. The complete Univer­sity course lasts 5 years. The University provides training for postgraduate students in 73 spheres, both humanities and sci­ences, for college teachers. It also runs entrance preparatory course.

4. The University staff is engaged in academic, research and educational activities in 91 departments, 67 research laborato­ries and the Computer Centre. It is actually a solid complex of scientific establishments, including 46 specialized laboratories dealing with problems of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology. There are also Botanical Gardens, geographic research grounds and an Observatory. The University library, with a very rich book depository, is one of the largest in Ukraine.

5. The University maintains and extends links with educa­tional establishments in Poland, Hungary, Germany, the USA, Canada, France, Austria, Great Britain, The Russian Federation, the Chech Republic, Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal, Romania and Moldova. Many teachers and students participate in joint exchange programmes. Active international contacts are an integral component of University activities.

 

Exercise 1 . Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. the student body (2)                                         5. relations (5)

2. to consist of  (3)                                              6. to take part in (5)  

3. to be involved (4)                                            7. a full course (3)

4. to expand (5)                                                   8. to be lead by (2).

 

Exercise 2. Give the English equivalents to these word-combinations:

1. надавати навчання                                       4. книгосховище

2. доцент                                                           5. підготовче відділення( початкова стадія)   

3. програма обміну                                          6. складова частина.

 

Exercise 3 . Say if the statements are true or false:

1. The University maintains links with educational establishments in Europe only.

2. Annually about 1200 students graduate from the University.

3. The Lesya Ukrainka University in L’viv has a long-standing tradition of prestige.

4. The complete University course lasts for five years.

5. The University library has a very rich book depository.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

1. The University specialized laboratories deal with the problems of…

a). biology and geography

b). physics and mathematics

c). biology and geology.

 

2. Many teachers and students participate in…

a). research and ac academic activity

b). joint exchange programmes

c). international contacts.

 

3. The University provides training of postgraduate students both in…

a). engineering and pedagogical fields

b). full-time and part-time forms of education

c). humanities and science.

 

4. There are also…

a). Botanic Gardens

b). an Observatory

c). geographic research grounds, an Observatory, Botanic Gardens.

 

5. The pedagogical staff amounts…

a). 950 teachers

b). 98 Professors

c). 550 Associate Professors.

 

Exercise 5 . Answer the following questions:

1. How many and what faculties are there in the I.Franko University?

2. What courses does the University run?

3. There is a solid complex of scientific establishments at the University, isn’t there?

4. What countries does the University extend liks with?

5. Who is its rector?

 

Exercise 6. Compare the I. Franko University with your university in:

a). student population

b). teaching staff

c). faculties

d) post-graduate course.

 

LESSON 3

HISTORY OF EDUCATION

1. As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writing which made them necessary. Writing made it possible to store up knowledge which grew with each gener­ation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it. 

2. Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behaviour.

3. A clear example of the way in which even the neighbouring peoples produce different types of education comes from an­cient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. The Spartans, a hard and warlike people, gave a purely military education. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their families and sent to live in groups. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spar­tans despised literature, and some people think they could not even read.

4. At the same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal education - one that helps the man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They thought it important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a programme of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian education paid special attention to reading, writing and literature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the «grammatist». Com­mon people were not educated, they were trained in craftsman­ship and trades.

5. Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what ed­ucation should try to do and what it should include. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and uni­versity education.

6. The Romans were good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by the government free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.

7. At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to the primary school, where they learnt «three R's»: reading, writing and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this, but at 12 or 13 boys of rich families went on to the «grammar» school to study the Greek and Latin languages and their litera­tures, that is, what had been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to the school of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.

8. In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In the early 19th century the main system of teaching was the «Monitor» system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or «monitors» to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.

 

Exercise 1. Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. to get (1)                                                            5. to reject (3)

2. to begin (1)                                                        6. to educate (3)   

3. to keep (1)                                                          7. level of education (6)

4. educated people (1)                                            8. to organize (8).

 

Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. The first schools started in Egypt 3000 years ago.

2. The Spartans gave their children a liberal education.

3. At the age of seven all the boys from noble families in Athens were taken from their parents and sent to live in groups.

4. The Republic is one of the best books ever written on education.

5. The “grammatists” in Athenian schools were the teachers , who taught the Greek grammar.

 

UNIT 2

LESSON 1

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

Key terms: measurement, the Common (English) system, themetric (international) system, the MKS system, the CGS system, value, convert, unit of distance, metre, aver­age time, mean solar day, second, mass, gram, pound, kil­ogram, force, energy.

1. There are two main systems of measurement in use today: the English system of units (or as it is after called the Common system of units) and the metric system of units (the SI). Except for the United States and Great Britain nearly all the nations of the world use the metric system. Although the English system of units is still the official system in the US, American scientists use the metric system almost exclusively. The value of the met­ric aystem is that its various units possess simple and logical relationshi p among themselves, while in the Common system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards; 1 yard is equal to 3 feet; 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. In the latter system converting one unit into another is a hard and monotonous job.

2. In the metric system the main unit of distance is the metre. Other units of distance are always obtained by multiplying the metre by 10 or some power of 10. Thanks to our system ofwriting this means that conversions of one unit to another with­in the metric system can be carried out by shifts of a decimal point.

3. Time is a physical concept and its definition is related to certain laws of physics. The laws of physics say that the aver­age time it takes for the sun to move from its noon position one day to its noon position the other day is'called the mean solar day. The basic unit of time used in both the English and the metric systems is the second. It is equal to l/60th of a minute x l/60th of an hour x l/24th of a day = l/86,400th of a mean solar day.

4. Being also a physical concept mass must be defined in terms of certain laws of physics. In the metric system the unit of mass was originally defined as the amount of mass contained in 1 cubic centimetre (cc) of water at a specified temperature and pressure. This amount of mass is called the gram. Thus the density of water is conveniently one gram per cubic centimetre. In the English system the unit of mass is the pound, one kilo­gram being equal to 2.204 pounds of mass. We shall use the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram and lb for pound.

5. In physics the quantities such as force and energy are usu­ally measured either in meters, kilograms and seconds, or in centimetres, grams and seconds. The former system is called the MKS system and the latter the CGS (the Gaussian) system. Both of these metric systems are used in scientific papers.

 

 

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents from the text to the following words and words-combinations:

1. фізичне поняття                                        6. тиск

2. одиниця часу                                             7. плотність

3. дорівнювати                                              8. сила                                          

4. крім, не враховуючи                                 9. енергія 

5. кількість                                                    10. наукові статті

 

LESSON 2

MECHANICS

Key terms: motion, mechanics, kinematics, dynamics, acceleration, free fall, distance, displacement, speed, constant speed, average speed, velocity, constant velocity

1. The motion of bodies - sailboats, automobiles, rockets, the Sun or the Moon - is an inescapable part of everyday life. Mo­tion is defined as the movement of an object, or any of its parts, from one place to another. The study of the motion of objects and of the forces that affect their motion is called mechanics. Mechanics is divided into two distinct categories: kinematics and dynamics. Kinematics is the description of the motion of objects without considering the cause of the motion. Dynamics deals with examination of the causes of the motion of objects.

2. The most common example of motion with nearly constant acceleration is that of a body falling towards the earth. In the absence of air resistance it is found that all bodies, regardless of their size, weight or composition, fall with the same acceleration at the same point of the earth's surface, and if the distance covered is not too great, the acceleration remains constant throughout the fall. This ideal motion, in which air resistance and the small change in acceleration with altitude are neglect­ed, is called free fall.

3. The acceleration of a freely falling body is called the accel­eration due to gravity and is denoted by symbol g.

4. The length of the path travelled by an object as it moves from one location to another is called distance. The change in position of an object is called its displacement.

5. Anything that moves takes a certain amount of time to trav­el a given ^distance. Speed is defined as the distance travelled per unit time. An object that travels the same distance every second has a constant speed. The symbol for constant speed is v. The speed of light in a vacuum is constant. At this speed it takes light from the sun about 8 minutes to reach the Earth.

6. It is difficult to drive a car or to walk at a constant speed all the time. Suppose that you are walking 2.0 km to your home. You walk the first kilometre in 10 minutes and the next kilome­tre in 20 minutes. You walked at a slower speed during the second kilometre than the first. Average speed is a useful quan­tity for describing the motion of objects that change speed. Average speed is calculated by dividing the total distance trav­elled by the time taken to travel that distance.

           7. Many people use the terms speed and velocity interchange­ably in everyday language. However, they have very different meanings in physics. Velocity describes how fast an object is moving and its direction. It is defined as the displacement (change in position) of an object per unit time. An object that has a constant speed and a constant direction has a constant velocity.

 

 

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

1. рух                                                                                   6. вага та склад

2. сили, що впливають                                                       7. поверхня Землі

3. прискорення                                                                   8. відстань та переміщення

4. опір повітря                                                                    9. висота

5. відсутність                                                                     10. пройдена путь.

 

Exercise 2 . Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:

1. reason (1)                                                            6. unchangeable (2)

2. place (4)                                                              7. pay no attention to (2) 

3. imagine (6)                                                          8. not likely to be achieved (2)

4. count (6)                                                              9. material thing (1).

5. quickly (7)

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. An object in motion is always affected by some forces.

2. Mechanics deals with the motion of objects.

3. Velocity describes the change in position of an object for a certain period of time.

4. Acceleration due to the gravity is constant.

5. The symbol for constant speed is g.

 

Exercise 4. Choose the definition to the words:

1. speed                                                            1 the acceleration of freely falling body             

2. mechanics                                                    2 movement of an object from one place to another.

3. motion                                                            3 ideal motion     

4. free fall                                                        4 the description of motion without considering its cause.            

5. kinematics                     is defined as… 5 the change in position of an object

6. distance                                                        6 the distance traveled per unit time

7. dynamics                                                      7 the study of motion of objects and of the forces that affect their

                                                                                                                                                                      motion 

8. acceleration due gravity                                8 the length of the path traveled by an object

9. displacement                                                  9 examination of the causes of the motion of objects                                                                               

10. velocity                                                         10 the displacement of an object per unit time                                                     

                                                                                

                                                                          

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the speed of light?

2. What is the subject-matter of mechanics?

3. It is difficult for objects to travel with the constant speed, is not it?

4. What is more important for the division into categories of mechanics: the motion of objects itself or its causes?

5. What are the causes of any motion?

 

LESSON 3

 

NUMBER SYSTEMS

 

1. Number names were among the first words used when people began to talk, but it has taken thousands of years for people to learn how to use numbers or the written figures which we call "numerals".

2. In early days people often counted on a scale of three or four instead of ten and sometimes other number scales were used. Later they found it more convenient to count by tens, using the fingers of both hands. We still use this "scale" in counting; that is, we count to ten; then to ten tens; then to ten times ten tens; and so on.

3. When people first began to use numbers they knew only one way to work with them; that was to count. Later they found out how to add, subtract, and multiply. They invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers.

4. Division was not often needed in ancient times in compar­ison with multiplication, and it is far more rarely employed than addition and subtraction at the present time. In ancient times it was very difficult to use fractions" because they did not know any easy way of writing them. Decimal fractions were introduced in the 16th century and are now much more commonly used than common fractions.

           5. Besides the decimal number system which we commonly use there are other systems of numeration such as the binary, octal, etc. In the number systems we use digits. The Latin word digiti means "fingers".

           6. The binary number system can best be described by analogy to the decimal number system. The decimal number system utilizes the arabic numerals 0 to 9 in a shorthand notation for certain arithme­tic operations. Each digit in a decimal number is actually multiplied by a power of 10; the various products are then summed together to yield the decimal quantity.

           7. In the binary number system, the arabic numerals 0 and 1 are the only digits used. By combining these binary digits, or bits, in the proper manner, decimal numbers can be represented. For the pre­sent analysis, only integer decimal values will be considered. In order to represent a decimal number, the bits 0 and 1 are written in a se­quence. The various bits in a binary sequence are multiplied by power of 2, and the position of a bit determines the power of 2 by which the bit is to be multiplied. The sequence is often written from right to left, with the most significant bit to the extreme left.

 

Exercise1. Find the synonyms from the text to the following words:

1. start (1)                                                  6. calculations (3)

2. sign (1)                                                  7. seldom (4)                                                    

3. calculate (2)                                           8. to use (6)

4. comfortable (2)                                      9. to give (math.) (6)

5. machine tool, apparatus (3)                   10. important (7).

 

Exercise 2. Give the English equivalents to the following phrases:

1. минуло тисячi років, коли люди дізналися, як користуватися цифрами

2. у давні часи

3. лічити десятками

4. у порівнянні з

5. зазвичай використовуються

6. зробити обчислювання більш

7. десяткова кількість

8. десяткова величина

 

Exercise 3 . Say if the statements are true or false :

1. In early days people counted by tens using their hands.

2. People invented special devices to make counting easier. These machines learnt them to add, to subtract and multiply.

3. There are only two number systems: the decimal and the binary ones.

4. The decimal quantity is yielded by summing together various products.

5. The Arabic numerals from 0 to 9 are the only digits used in the binary number system.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences choosing the right variant:

1. In ancient times people use… rarely.

a). multiplication

b). addition

c). division.

 

2. They avoided using fractions, because…

a). couldn’t write them properly

b). couldn’t count them properly

c). couldn’t read them properly.

 

3. The binary system utilizes...

a). the Arabic numerals 0 to 9

b). the Arabic numerals 0 and 1

c). the Arabic numerals 0 and 10.

 

4. The digits in a decimal number are multiplied …

a). by a power of 2

b). by a power of 10

c). by a power of 0.

 

5. The most significant bit in a binary sequence is…

a). at the beginning

b). at the end

 

Exercise 5 Arrange the following facts in chronological order:

1. People introduced decimal fractions.

2. People found out how to add, subtract, multiply.

3. They found it more convenient to count by tens, using fingers of both hands.

4. People used numbers when they began to talk.

5. They learnt how to use written figures.

6. People counted on a scale of three or four.

7. They invented special devices to make calculations easier.

 

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What scales were used by people in ancient times?

2. What number systems are commonly used?

3. Why are decimal fractions much more commonly used than common fractions? When were decimal fractions introduced?

4. What numerals does the decimal/ binary system utilize?

5. How can decimal numbers be represented?

 

LESSON 4

RADIATION

Key terms : conduc|ion, convection, radiation, transfer, visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared light, microwaves, radio waves, electromagnetic spectrum, vacuum, wavelength, radiator, absorber, emitter

1. Suppose you touch the surface of a hot water tank with your hand. Heat travels from the hot water through the metal to your hand by conduction. Conduction can be defined as the movement of heat as a result of collisions between molecules. Hold your hand above the water tank. Heat is now carried to your hand by convection currents of air. Convection is the trans­fer of heat by movement of the molecules from one place to another. Hold your hand off to the side of the tank. Most of the heat reaches your hand by a process called radiation.

2. Radiation is the transfer of energy by means of electromag­netic waves. Electromagnetic waves include gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared light, microwaves and radiowaves. Figure 3 shows the approximate wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. Heat radiation is the infrared portion of this spectrum. Electromagnetic waves travel through a vacuum at a speed of light and can also travel through gases. This is how the energy from the Sun reaches us.

3.  The surface of any object Continually emits radiant energy over a range of wavelengths. The energy emitted by the object depends on the nature of the surface and on its temperature. At room temperature the emission is small, occurring chiefly in the form of long infrared waves. These wavelengths are invisible to the eye. The rate of emission by a hot incandescent filament at a temperature of 3000°C is much larger. Although most of the energy is still in the form of infrared waves, it now also contains much shorter wavelengths that the eye is able to detect.

 

4. The best radiators have black surfaces. For this reason, car radiators and heat exchangers, such as cooling coils on the back of refrigerators, are painted black. The best emitter of radiant energy is also the best absorber. That is why the cool absorbing surface of a solar collector, trapping radiant energy from the sun, is black. Radiant energy absorbed by any surface becomes thermal energy.

5. The poorest emitter and absorber of radiant energy is the best reflector. This explains why we wear white clothing in the summer. It also explains why the inside of thermos bottles are silvered and why the outside of kettles are light coloured.

6. Every object continually absorbs and emits radiant energy. The greater the temperature difference between a body and its surroundings the faster the transfer of energy. A body cooler than its surroundings absorbs more radiant energy than it emits and, as a result, heats up. Conversely, a body hotter than its surroundings emits more radiant energy than it absorbs, and so cools down. A cup of hot tea loses radiant energy much faster than a cup of warm tea.

 

Exercise 1. Find synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. reservoir (1)                                                    6. to move (1)

2. to happen (3)                                                   7. to radiate (3)

3. mainly (3)                                                       8. to discover ( the existence or presence) (3)

4. to make clear (5)                                             9. always (3, 6)

5. a share (2)                                                       10. environment (6)

 

Exercise 2. Classify the words into international and terms:

Thermos; microwaves; ultraviolet rays; molecule; metal; spectrum; radiator; refrigerator; solar; gamma rays; collector; heat exchangers; x-rays; energy; absorb; process; vacuum; wavelength; incandescent filament; temperature; emission.

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. Conduction, convection, radiation are the examples of energy transfer.

2. Electromagnetic waves are invisible to the man’s eye.

3. Radiant energy can be emitted and absorbed by any object.

4. The best emitters are the best reflectors.

5. Long infrared waves are invisible and short infrared waves are visible.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

1. If you touch the hot object, heat travels from it to your hand by…

a). convection

b). conduction

c). radiation

 

2. Heat radiation is the… portion of spectrum.

a). ultraviolet

b). infrared

c). microwaves

 

3. The rate of emission depends on…

a). wavelength

b). temperature

c). surroundings

 

4. The worst emitter of radiant energy is the best…

a). absorber

b). collector

c). reflector

 

5. A body cools down if it emits more… than it absorbs.

a). thermal energy

b). heat energy

c). radiant energy.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What ways do electromagnetic waves include?

2. How does the energy of the Sun reach us?

3. What factors affect the radiant energy emitted by an object?

4. Why do we tend to wear dark-coloured clothes in winter and light-coloured clothes in summer?

5. Why are emitters and absorbers grouped together and opposed to reflectors?

 

Explain why.

 

LESSON 5

 

UNIT 3

LESSON 1

 

ELECTRONICS HELPS MAN

 

1. Our age has been called a variety of things: the Space Age, the Electronic Age, the Atomic Age, etc. one of them, however, is very exact and that is the Age of Automation.

2. Automation is considered to be the highest stage in the development of technology. It has made the development of rocket production and nuclear industry possible. Automation is known to be very effective in continuous cycle production rolled stock production and operation of thermal and hydropower plants. Automation of production processes is impossible without automatic control; the required machines based on electronic computation. Electronic computing techniques find broad application in many spheres and are a bases for the development of modern program-controlled machine tools and the controlling of spaceship flights. The following can be given as example of how electronics helps man.

3. The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by electronic automats. Not long ago hundreds of women sorted letters arriving from all the world by hand. Now, one girl sits at a control panel watching a screen which is like that of a television set. The address appears on the screen and the girl having read the number of the post office to which the letter is addressed presses the necessary button and the envelope is conveyed to the mail bag which is then taken to the post office indicated on the envelope.

4. A number of higher learning establishments are installing electronic data processing systems for the counting of educational data. Automatic translating machines, computer-based teaching devises and other different applications of computer technology are the things which help people in their life, work and study.

 

Exercise 1 . Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and combinations:

1). continuous cycle production;                                                                                                                   

2). required machines based on electronic computation;                                                                 

3). electronic computing techniques;

4). modern program-controlled machine tools;

5). higher learning establishments;

6). electronic data processing systems;

7). computer-based teaching devices;

8). automatic translating machines.

 

Exercise 2. Say if these statements are true or false :

1. One of the names of our age is exact and that is the Space Age.

2. Automation is considered the first stage in the development of technology.

3. Automation is known to be very effective in the development rocket production.

4. Electronic computing techniques find broad application in many spheres.

5. A number of higher learning establishments are installing electronic data processing systems for the counting of educational data.

 

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant :

1. One of the names of our age is very exact and that is …

а). the Age of automation;     

b). the Space Age;      

c). the Atomic Age.

 

2. Automation of production process is impossible without …

а). machines based on electronic computation;  

b). automatic control;

c). modern program-controlled machine tools.

 

3. Automation is known to be very effective in …

а). continuous cycle production;     

b). the counting of educational data; 

c). the controlling of spaceships flights.

 

4. The letters at the General Post Office are now handled by …

а). electronic computers;   

b). electronic devices;   

c). electronic automats.

 

5. Automatic translating machines, computer-based teaching devices are the things which help people in their …

а). study and work;          

b) rest and entertainment;       

c) everyday problems and concerns.

 

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the exact name of our Age?

2. What has made the development of nuclear industry possible?

3. Where is automation very effective?

4. What are the examples of how electronics helps man?

5. What things help people in their life, work, study?

 

LESSON 2

 

AUTOMATIC PLANTS IN INDUSTRY

 

1. Here are some facts about a new automatic plant in Kyiv. The new plant is truly an enterprise of tomorrow – a factory where men and women are free from manual labour, where machines do all the hard work.

2. In the high, light and clean halls hundreds of mechanical devices act with unprecedented precision and timing. The machines assembly transforms metal into complex machine parts without human intervention.

3. A few people walk quietly round the machines and check their operation. These are operators. They operate separate machines. They keep them working at just the right speed. Every operator is a very skilled technician with a wide knowledge of machines. He knows machines so well that he can feel the pulse of each machine. If any trouble arises, the operator determines the damage and repairs it quickly, in seconds. He changes tools and starts the device again. But to repair damage is only a part of his job. To prevent stoppages is even much more important.

4. The operators are well-trained people. A controller sits at a desk. He merely watches the illuminated glass panel on which he sees the entire machine assembly in graphic form. As he knows the connection between the various working processes, he directs various sections and shops of the plant.

5. Machines are used not only to produce high-precision parts. They inspect the quality of work. If any stoppage takes place an automatic device immediately sends a signal. At every stage of its journey through the plant, the part goes through accurate mechanical inspection. A mechanical device inspects and checks the weight of the part, precision of its diameter, solidity of metal. Another mechanical inspector not only checks the precision of the complex parts but sorts them out in different sizes.

6. The plant of today is a factory, which looks more like a first-class laboratory than a plant.

 

Exercise 1 . Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1). accuracy (2)                                                                                                                                                 

2). hardness (5)                                                                                                                                         

3). to control operation (3)

4). installation ( apparatus) (2)

5). trained people (4)

6). velocity (3)

7). problem (3)

 

Exercise 2. Say if these statements are true or false :

1. The new plant in Kyiv is an enterprise where people do all manual work.

2. Hundreds of mechanical deviсes act with precision and timing.

3. To repair damage is even much more important than to prevent stoppages.

4. A few people inspect the quality of work.

5. The factory looks more like a shop or laboratory than a plant.

 

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant :

1. The machine assembly transforms metal into complex machine parts without:

а). human manual labour;     

b) human-being;      

c) human intervention.

 

2. If any trouble arises , the operator…

а). watches the illuminated glass panel;  

b) determines the damage and repairs it;

c) checks the machine operation.

 

3. As the operator knows the connection between the various working processes he…

а). inspects the quality;     

b). directs sections and shops; 

c). changes tools.

 

4. If any stoppage takes place an automatic device…

а). sends a signal;   

b). keeps working;   

c). goes out of work.

 

5. Today’s plant is like…

а). a shop;          

b) a factory;       

c) а laboratory.

 

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. How does the up-to- date plant look like?

2. What are the operator’s functions at the plant?

3. What operations do the machines perform?

 

LESSON 3

   

LESSON 4

COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE

 

1. Computers are well known to represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared less than 60 years ago. Although still new, these machines are already bringing about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.

2. The reason for this is in the fact a mathematical formula can be found for almost of all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations requires being above human possibilities.

3. With a high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.

4. A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.

5. The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.

6. There are two main classes of computing equipment: analogue and digital. They work on different principles and yield different results. The digital computers can perform a much broader range of functions than the analogue computers. The application includes all forms of automatic control in science and industry and first of all in space exploration, in automatic piloting navigation and landing of space vehicles. Computer programming is the progress of the future. Computers will guide the first spaceships to Venus, Mars and other planets.

7. The stage gives energetic support to the development of computer engineering. The Academy of Sciences established a network of computing centers all over the country. These centers work out new numerical methods, develop new ways and means of automated programming work. They solve practical problems for various institutes and develop new types of electronic computers.

 

Exercise 1. Find synonyms to the following words:

1. demand (2)                                           5. cut (5)

2. no matter (2)                                        6. give, produce (6)

3. complex, difficult (4)                           7. to lead (6).

4. calculate (5)

 

Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

1. a new branch of science                                           4. human possibilities

2. exceptional importance                                            5. computing equipment

3. unsolved problems                                                   6. space exploration.

 

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements true or false:

1. Computers appeared less than 30 years ago.

2. Computers are brining about a real revolution in science, automatic control, because a mathematical formula can be found for any problem.

3. Higher mathematical calculations are reduced to addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

4. Two types of computers (analogue and digital) work on the same principles.

5. Computer programming isn’t the progress of the future any longer.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences choosing the right variant:

1. The principle of a computer lies in…

a). quick and reliable work

b). counting electrical impulses

c). counting electrical signals.

 

2. The digital computers can perform a much broader range of functions than…

a). minicomputers

b). microcomputers

c). analogue computers

 

3. The volume of the calculations performed by a computer is above…

a). human possibilities

b). human imagination

c). human abilities.

 

4. A number of complicated problems have already been solved with the help of…

a). computer operators

b). computers

c). computer centres.

 

5. Numbers are presented as a sequence of…

a). punched cards

b). operations

c). impulses.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the reason for the fact that computers have brought a real revolution in science and

technology?

2. What is the principle of work of computers?

3. How are computers categorized?

4. What are the differences between digital and analogue computers?

5. What provides the development of computer engineering?

 

LESSON 5

 

MAN AND MACHINES

 

1. Press a button on the wall and a dark room is full of light. Speak into a little instrument and people thousands of miles away will hear you instantly. Switch on your radio or TV set and you will hear music, the latest news or see a play even from remote regions of the globe.

2. Nowadays people move on land much faster than the speediest horses. Powerful motor drive cars, diesel and electric engines run trains from one country to another.

3. Under water sportsmen swim swifter than the speediest fish.

In air people fly hundred times faster than birds. Supersonic planes fly at twice the speed of sound. People enjoy these achievements thanks to the development of science and engineering.

4. We live in the age of machinery i.e. (that is) in the time when highly productive machines and up-to-date devices take the place of men for doing work. In industry and agriculture machines play the most important role. They lighten man’s labour and do all the hard work in mills, factories, mines and farms.

5. In a number of shops in up-to-date mills and plants automatic machines entirely replace the work of men.

In mining industry conveyors and remote control devices make miner’s labour safer and easier. They help to produce more ores, coal, oil and gas.

In fields tractors and harvester combines replace labour of hundreds of people and help farmers to gather rich crops.

6. Machines help not only factory workers and farmers in their productive labour. They do part of scientists’ and explorers’ research work as well. They enable scientists to reveal the secrets of the universe i.e. everything that exists on our globe as well as in the outer space. Satellites (sputniks) circle the earth, spaceships explore the outer space. Moon cars (Lunokhods) carry out research programmes on the Moon.

7. Underwater robots explore the sea bed at a depth of more than 4,000 meters. By means of remote control devices they change tools and lift weights.

 Electronic instruments – radars, lasers and masers represent the latest developments of research equipments. They are of great help in all forms of scientific work.

8. Great and rapid changes take place in science and engineering. New branches of science appear: atomic physics, cybernetics, radio-astronomy. Big experimental research programmes are in progress in all countries. Mankind is on the eve of space flights to remote stellar worlds.

9. With the development of science and engineering, with the advancement of progressive ideas a new man will appear – a man who will use his hands less and less, but employ his brains more and more.

10. At this stage of development mankind will seek new ways that lead to better life, to general abundance. All people of the globe will win freedom and independence. The triumph of Reason and Progress will bring happiness and universal peace to the human race.

 

UNIT 4

LESSON 1

WHAT IS AUTOMATION?

 

1. Automation may be said to be a modern term signifying the use of machines to do work that formely had to be done by people. What used to be called automation.

2. The machine that automatically makes, inspects and packs 1.200 cigarettes a minute can do nothing else. It is a one-purpose machine as there are many of others.

3. But the digital computer seems to be versatile and can be used as the brains for automating a wide variety of work where figuring, remembering and making logical choices are required. The computer proves to be only a very high speed adding and subtracting machine. It is unlikely to be the thinking machine as it is sometimes called. Everything it does other than adding and subtracting is the result of man’s ingenuity.

4. The design of newer equipment with greater usefulness and capabilities is said to be bringing about an ever increasing growth in the development of control equipment. The reason is twofold. Firstly automatic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities so that he can devote his abilities to other occupation. Secondly modern complex controls can perform functions which are beyond the physical abilities of man. Foe example, an elaborated automatic control system operates the engine of a modern jet airplane with only a minimum amount of the pilot’s attention, so that he is free to fly his airplane.

5. Mention should be made that the design and development of automatic control systems is a principal concern of an engineer. In recent years we know automatic control systems to have been rapidly advancing in importance in all fields of engineering. The applications of control system are known to cover a very wide scope, ranging from the design of precision control devices such as sensitive instrument to the design of the equipment used for controlling the manufacture of steel or other industrial processes. New applications for arranging automatic controls are continually being discovered.

 

 

Exercise 1. Find the terms in the text, which define the following:

a). the use of machines to do the work that formely had to be done by people;

b). the machine that can be used as the brains for automating work, ,, thinking machine’’;

c). precision control device;

d). mathematical operations.

 

Exercise 2. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. Machine that makes only one type of operations is called versatile.

2. The computer is not the thinking machine.

3. The design and development of automatic control systems is a principal concern of the scientists

4. The applications of control system cover a wide scope.

5. New application for arranging automatic controls are being studied.

 

LESSON 2

LOGICAL CIRCUIT ELEMENTS

1. We pointed out that any digital calculation — whe­ther it be performed by ‘pencil and paper’ methods or with the aid of an automatic computer — must first be broken down into a sequence of elementary arithmetical operations, such as addition or multiplication. The pro­cess may be taken a stage further; each such arithmeti­cal operation may be analyzed into a sequence of simple logical operations. To this end, it is con­venient to make use of some techniques derived from the field of symbolic logic and of a diagrammatic notation derived from the field of neurology. The link between three such apparently dissimilar disciplines is that each is concerned with two state elements. A binary digit — and its physical embodiment — may take only two values, ‘0’ and ‘1’; a logical proposition may be either true or false; an individual nerve cell is capable only of an ‘all-or-none’ response, not of a graduated response.

2. A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipu­lating 'yes or no' logical propositions was developed by George Boole (1815—64), a sell-educated genius who be­came Professor of Mathematics at Cork University in the middle of the nineteenth century. The techniques of Boolian algebra, as the subject is called, are now extensively used — following the pioneer work of Shannon at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1938 — by electrical engineers for the design and analysis of switching circuits. Both the arithmetic and control units of an automatic compu­ter consist essentially of assemblages of switching cir­cuits for routing and manipulating electrical pulse sig­nals, and so it is not surprising that Shannon 's approach has found ready acceptance among computer designers.

3. The process of combining a number of electronic cir­cuits of known logical properties into an integrated system capable of performing specified arithmetical or control functions is known as logical design.

Exercise 1. Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. computation (1)                                              6. originate (1)

2. to be carried out (1)                                        7. to deal with (1)

3. with the help (1)                                             8. clearly , strictly (1)    

4. sphere (1)                                                        9. mainly (2).

5. answer (1)                                                     

 

Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and phrases:

1. digital;                                                                 

2. addition and multiplication;                                

3. sequence of operations;                                      

4. symbolic logic;                                               

5. neurology;                        

6. binary digit;                                

7. self-educated genius;

8. pioneer work;

9. pulse signals;

10. switching circuits.

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. A symbolism and a set of rules suitable for manipulating ,,yes” or ,,no” logical propositions was developed by Shannon at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.

2. Addition and multiplication are the simplest arithmetical operations.

3. Some techniques in the field of symbolic logic are derived from the science of neurology.

4. All units of automatic computer consist of switching circuits.

5. A binary digit may take only three values “0” , ,”1” and “10”.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

1. Both the arithmetic and the control units consist of switching circuits for… electrical pulse signals.

a). positioning and contouring;

b). routing and manipulating;

c). coding and decoding.

 

2. Any digital calculation must be broken down into:

a). sequence of reasonable operations;

b). sequence of logic operations;

c). sequence of arithmetical operations.

 

3. Physical embodiment of a binary digit may take only two…

a). figures;

b). values;

c). signs.

 

4. The techniques of Boolean algebra are used by electrical engineers for design of…

a). electronic circuits

b). switching circuits

c). integrated circuits.

 

5. It is not surprising that Shannon’s approach has found acceptance among…

a). electrical engineers

b). logical designers

c). computer designers.

 

LESSON 3

LESSON 4

 

MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE

1. Life in the automated factory is based on communicati­ons. Sensors gather data, computers send commands, PCs control machines, and management makes decisions based on data from these devices. Sensors, computers, processors, and man must all talk to each other.

2. There have been a number of recent developments in mac­hine-to-machine interfaces. Networks, hardware, and soft­ware that allow various processors to share and exchange data, are moving into the factory. These networks are con­necting whole processes together, allowing more flexibility and control of manufacturing.

3. A major problem with networks, though, is interfacing processors that do not use the same language. Rules are being developed that will make it easier for these different proces­sors to communicate.

4. Man-to-machine communications have seen dramatic de­velopments. The computer is no longer an unyielding, unfor­giving device that insists you conform to its method of work­ing. The computer has become friendly, even inviting. Com­plex mnemonics and performing functions in a specific sequ­ence have been replaced with graphic representations   of commands and a cursor device known as a mouse. Now, get­ting a computer to perform a function is as easy as pointing your finger to the graphic representation of the function you want performed and pressing a button on the mouse. And programs exist for all types of business needs including tea­ching someone unfamiliar with computers how to run one.

5. A new technology that's also making it easier for man to interface with machines is speech recognition. Here, you enter information into a machine with your voice; a device in the machine translates the sounds into signals the compu­ter or machine can work with. This method of entering data is faster and more accurate than using a keyboard to enter information.

 

Exercise 1. Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. collect (1)                                                                  5. correspond (4)

2. basic (3)                                                                     6. instruction (4)                                                                   

3. to simplify (3)                                                           7. link (2).  

4. unknown (4)                                                          

 

Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

1. speech recognition

2. machine – to – machine interface

3. business needs

4. control machines

5. networks

6. hardware and software

7. cursor device

8. sequence.

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements re true or false:

1. A man shouldn’t talk to sensors, computers, processors.

2. The networks connect the whole process in the automated factory.

3. The computer is no longer an unyielding, unforgiving but even inviting device.

4. Graphic representations of commands haven’t replaced performing functions in as specific sequence.

5. A new technology of speech recognition allows enter information into machine with your voice.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

1. Networks, hardware and software allow various processors…

a). to perform functions

b). to share and exchange data

c). to interface with a man.

 

2. Life in the automated factory is based on…

a). management

b). communications

c). interfacing.

 

3. A major problem with networks is interfacing…

a). processors

b). men and machines

c). computers.

 

4. Networks are connecting the whole processes together, allowing more…

a). effectiveness of manufacturing

b). reliability of manufacturing

c). flexibility of manufacturing.

 

5. Sensors… data, computers… commands.

a). get…. give

b). process… get

c). gather… send.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

 

1. What is the major problem with networks?

2. What technology makes it easier for man to interface with machines?

3. Why do the networks allow more flexibility of manufacturing?

4. What are the recent developments in machine – to – machine interfaces? What are their advantages?

5. What method makes entering data faster and more accurate than using a keyboard?

 

LESSON 5

SENSORS

1. The sensor’s importance to the automated factory lies not in its precise definition but in its ability to obtain a reliable measurement of a parameter important in process control. Today, sensors exist for nearly any process parameter that would be encountered in an automated factory. They include, for example, sensors for absolute and differential pressure and temperature, linear and rotary position, speed and acce­leration, gas or liquid flow rate, color, texture, moisture con­tent, pH, chemical constituents, object presence or absence, weight or density, thermal or electrical characteristics.

           2. Many of these sensors are incorporating fiber optic tech­nology, and new technologies for sensing are being deve­loped. Thermal imaging is a nondestructive way of sensing very small defects. So far, this technology is being used in the semiconductor industry but it is finding use in other indu­stries since it can be used to determine the thickness of lay­ers and the depth of alloy penetration as well as cracks.

           3. Vision systems are sensing systems that are finding more application due to the robotics industry. Any automated factory is likely to depend on one or more vision systems to perform some activities in the manufacturing cycle.

4. Vision systems are generally composed of camera systems or photo-electric-type systems. They can range from simple presence sensing to complex intelligent systems that interact with and direct a process.

5. Among the more complex vision systems today is the intel­ligent system interacting with a robot to guide the robot in its action. Many of these systems use a camera that converts a scene to video data. Then, using a microprocessor, a feature analysis is done on files of «corner-point» encoded data.

6. Features extracted from the scene are compared with pro­grammed specifications. The system decides whether extra­cted features correspond with the specifications and calls for appropriate action based on the decision. There are some systems that perform this same type of process but, instead of using a camera, they use a fiber optic sensing device. This type of device uses triangulating, or structured light, and imaging principles to provide data on range rates and hole and edge locations in the field of view.

 

Exercise 1. Find the synonyms in the text to the following words:

1. accurate (1)                                                                         7. to direct (5)

2. harmless (2)                                                                        8. to turn (5)

3. join (2)                                                                                9. characteristics (6)

4. carry out (3)                                                                        10. to make one’s mind (6)                                                                           

5. consist (4)                                                                           11. place, position (6).

6. to vary (4)

Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

1. absolute and differential pressure

2. linear and rotary position

3. speed and acceleration

4. texture

5. moisture content

6. weight and density

7. photo-electric-type systems

8. fibre-optic sensing device.

 

Exercise 3. Say if the statements are true or false:

1. The sensor’s importance to the automated factory lies in its precise definition.

2. Many of the sensors are incorporating new technologies for sensing.

3. Any automated factory depends on vision systems.

4. The most complex vision system is intelligent system.

5. The intelligent systems cannot use a fibre optic sensing device.

 

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant:

1. Vision systems perform some activities in…

a). manufacturing cycle;

b). an automated factory;

c). robotics industry.

 

2. They (vision systems) can range from simple presence sensing to complex intelligent systems that…

a). convert a scene to video data;

b). interact and direct a process;

c). guide the robot in its action.

 

3. Thermal imaging is a nondestructive way of sensing…

a). absolute and differential pressure and temperature;

b). thermal characteristics;

c). small defects.

 

4. Vision systems are composed of…

a). photo-electric-type systems;

b). photo-electric type and camera systems;

c). camera systems.

 

5. Some systems that perform the same process of comparison, but instead of using a camera, they use…

a). structured light;

b). a fibre-optic sensing device;

c). a microprocessor.

 

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What parameters do the sensors include?

2. What technology can be used to determine the thickness of layers, the depth of alloy penetration, in semiconductor industry?

3. Why does any automated factory depend on vision systems?

4. What is the function of the intelligent systems?

5. What are vision / intelligent systems composed of?

 

Copper                                                              медь/ мідь

Force                                                             сила/ сила

Language                                                     язык/ мова                                                   Law                                                           закон, право/ закон

Link                                                              связь/ зв’язок

Pipe                                                             труба/ труба

Purpose                                                   цель/ мета

Q

Set of                                                            набор/ набір

Steel                                                             сталь/ сталь

Unit                                                             блок/ блок                                                        

Voice                                                                голос/ голос

Weight                                                        вес/ вага

 

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