Exercise 3. Complete the sentences choosing the right variant.

1. Schools first started in…

a). Greece

b). Egypt

c). the Roman Empire.

 

2. The Romans were good at…

a). managing a class of 100 pupils

b). organizing

c). public speaking.

 

3. Throughout the Great Empire there was a network of schools providing…

a). secondary education

b). University education

c). three stages of education

 

4. The Spartans despised…

a). hunting and swimming

b). literature and languages

c). reading and writing.

 

5. In Great Britain the first teachers were…

a). craftsmen

b). grammatists

c). fathers and mothers.

 

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the first schools start? What made them necessary?

2. What were the Spartans taught?

3. What did the programme of physical training in Athens include?

4. What were the children taught at the primary school? What were the boys taught at the grammar school?

5. What was the main system of teaching in Great Britain in the early 19^th century?

 

Exercise 5. Describe the education system in ancient times (Sparta/Athens).

Exercise 6. Explain why the first schools appear 5000 or 6000 years ago.

 

Exercise 7. Prove that Greek ideas have influenced European education, especially secondary and university ones.

Exercise 8. Describe the ,,Monitor” system.

Exercise 9. Examine the differences between two types of education in Sparta and Athens.

Exercise 10. Discuss the text according to the points:

1. The origin of the first schools.

2. The differences between two types of education in Ancient Greece.

3. Advantages and disadvantages of the ,,Monitor” system in Great Britain.

4. The influence of Greek ideas on European education.

 

                                       Notes:

1. behaviour – поведінка

2. hunting – полювання

3. military scouting – військова розвідка

4. weapon – зброя

5. wrestling – боротьба( спорт.)

6. throwing discus – кидання диску

7. to mend shoes –ремонтувати взуття

8. the ,,Monitor” system of teaching – Ланкастерська система освіти.

UNIT 2

LESSON 1

SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

Key terms: measurement, the Common (English) system, themetric (international) system, the MKS system, the CGS system, value, convert, unit of distance, metre, aver­age time, mean solar day, second, mass, gram, pound, kil­ogram, force, energy.

1. There are two main systems of measurement in use today: the English system of units (or as it is after called the Common system of units) and the metric system of units (the SI). Except for the United States and Great Britain nearly all the nations of the world use the metric system. Although the English system of units is still the official system in the US, American scientists use the metric system almost exclusively. The value of the met­ric aystem is that its various units possess simple and logical relationshi p among themselves, while in the Common system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards; 1 yard is equal to 3 feet; 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. In the latter system converting one unit into another is a hard and monotonous job.

2. In the metric system the main unit of distance is the metre. Other units of distance are always obtained by multiplying the metre by 10 or some power of 10. Thanks to our system ofwriting this means that conversions of one unit to another with­in the metric system can be carried out by shifts of a decimal point.

3. Time is a physical concept and its definition is related to certain laws of physics. The laws of physics say that the aver­age time it takes for the sun to move from its noon position one day to its noon position the other day is'called the mean solar day. The basic unit of time used in both the English and the metric systems is the second. It is equal to l/60th of a minute x l/60th of an hour x l/24th of a day = l/86,400th of a mean solar day.

4. Being also a physical concept mass must be defined in terms of certain laws of physics. In the metric system the unit of mass was originally defined as the amount of mass contained in 1 cubic centimetre (cc) of water at a specified temperature and pressure. This amount of mass is called the gram. Thus the density of water is conveniently one gram per cubic centimetre. In the English system the unit of mass is the pound, one kilo­gram being equal to 2.204 pounds of mass. We shall use the abbreviations gm for gram, kg for kilogram and lb for pound.

5. In physics the quantities such as force and energy are usu­ally measured either in meters, kilograms and seconds, or in centimetres, grams and seconds. The former system is called the MKS system and the latter the CGS (the Gaussian) system. Both of these metric systems are used in scientific papers.

 

 

Exercise 1. Give the English equivalents from the text to the following words and words-combinations:

1. фізичне поняття                                        6. тиск

2. одиниця часу                                             7. плотність

3. дорівнювати                                              8. сила                                          

4. крім, не враховуючи                                 9. енергія 

5. кількість                                                    10. наукові статті

 

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