Read and translate the sentences.

1. Einstein's general theory of relativity requires that all forms of energy (should) exert gravity.

2. Science is systematic rigorous and methodical, requiring that tests be repeated so that results can be verified.

3. It was supposed that there be a gravitation predicted by string theory.

4. The expectations for the fifth generation systems seem to require that substantially new architectures be evolved, and that both hardware and software be freed from the limitations of the von Neumann architecture [Sharp 1985].

5. In the weakless Universe, the usual fusing of protons to form helium would be impossible, because it requires that two of the protons convert into neutrons.

6. Some estimates suggest that this would represent a fairly large environmental release of radioactivity.

7. A deeper understanding of the structure of matter at the atomic level requires that measures be made with even greater precision.

8. Lowel suggested that we put a brunch of particles in the stratosphere.

9. This led early string theorists to propose that string theory be applied not as a theory of hadronic particles, but as a theory of quantum gravity.

Complete the sentences.

1

It is desirable
It is essential	that...
It is doubted
It is required

2

	requires
	demands
Our science supervisor	insists	that...
	has suggested
	has required

Use of verb 'wish'

Look at the sentence. Which grammar shows that the wish is not realistic?

After examining our tests, a highly esteemed colleague said, “I wish that my own experiments on mu mesons were as convincing as this.”

Translate the sentences.

1. The personnel wished they didn’t walk back through Fukushima’s gates into the plant’s radiation-infused air.

2. Billions of people throughout history have been wishing they were offered some ways of achieving immortality.

3. When you are an entrepreneur, you have to make a decision and say, ‘This is not going to happen. I wish I could do it in Mexico, but I can’t wait five years to develop it.’ ”

4. Terrorism is nothing like what its perpetrators wish it were.

5. Machine-learning techniques have advanced so greatly that many humans wish they were as “smart” at so many of the tasks they want to pursue.

6. Women are not good at work with machines. Every now and then it is: ‘John, I wish you would look at that sewing machine’.

Tell another student about your unrealistic wish.

Part III

Vocabulary

Read the following.

It seems plausible that intelligent life requires some form of organic chemistry, which is by definition the chemistry that involves carbon. The chemical properties of carbon follow from the fact that its nucleus has an electric charge of 6, so that six electrons orbit in a neutral carbon atom. These properties allow carbon to form an immense variety of complex molecules. Furthermore, for complex organic molecules to form, elements with the chemistry of hydrogen (charge 1) and oxygen (charge 8) need to be present. To see if they could maintain organic chemistry, then, the team had to calculate whether nuclei of charge 1, 6 or 8 would decay radioactively before they could participate in chemical reactions.

The stability of a nucleus partly depends on its mass, which in turn depends on the masses of the baryons it is made of. Computing the masses of baryons and nuclei starting from the masses of the quarks is extremely challenging even in our universe. But after tweaking the intensity of the interaction between quarks, one can use the baryon masses measured in our universe to estimate how small changes to the masses of the quarks would affect the masses of nuclei.

In our world, the neutron is roughly 0.1 percent heavier than the proton. If the masses of the quarks were changed so that the neutron became 2 percent heavier than the proton, no long-lived form of carbon or oxygen would exist. If quark masses were adjusted to make the proton heavier than the neutron, then the proton in a hydrogen nucleus would capture the surrounding electron and turn into a neutron, so that hydrogen atoms could not exist for very long. But deuterium or tritium might still be stable, and so would some forms of oxygen and carbon. Indeed, we found that only if the proton became heavier than the neutron by more than about 1 percent would there cease to be some stable form of hydrogen.

2. Answer the questions.

1. What definition of organic chemistry is given in the text?
2. Why did the team have to calculate whether nuclei of charge 1, 6 or 8 would decay radioactively before they could participate in chemical reaction?
3. On what condition would the proton in a hydrogen nucleus capture the surrounding electron and turn into a neutron?

Translate the sentences.

A

1. To appreciate the significance of such an event, one needs to recognize that scientists have spent the past 40 years building a magnificent theoretical house of cards

1. 2. One can think of scheduling information associated with an interface as an extension of the usual type signature of a module.
2. The shape of the device is similar to one described in July by a group from the California Institute of Technology.

B

1. Gradually these primitive drawings turned into letters.

2. The spread of ideas was rapid, and led in its turn to the writing of more books.

3. Any situation you can set up in a time travel story turns out to permit many consistent situations.

4. Soon, many surgeons could be turning to nanotechnology and performing delicate tasks by remotely controlling tiny robots, similar in size to a grain of rice that could travel through the body.

5. Changing the quark masses will inevitably affect which baryons and which atomic nuclei can exist without decaying quickly. In turn , the different assortment of atomic nuclei will affect chemistry.

6. As it turns out, these new ideas have implications for cosmology that are as important as the original idea of the Hot Big Bang.

C

1. This " control flow" approach would be replaced by a " data flow" model in which the operations are executed in an order resulting only from the interdependences of the data.
2. The term “greenhouse effect” may be used to refer either to the natural greenhouse effect, due to naturally occurring greenhouse gases, or to anthropogenic greenhouse effect, which results from gasses emitted as a result of human activities.
3. There are many theories as to what will result from these collisions, but what's for sure is that a brave new world of physics will emerge from the new accelerator.
4. Higher temperatures and changes in precipitation result in pressure on yields from important crops in much of the world.
5. The fast rate of rotation and the planet’s gaseous composition create unusually flat poles, and result in bulges at the equator.
6. These factors arise mainly as a result of the nonlinearity of Einsteinian equations, and detailed studies of collapse models imply that gravity can be arbitrarily large and dense in a stellar collapse but still not inescapable.

D

1. The hundreds of rings orbiting around Saturn are made up of billions of ice and rock particles, with sizes ranging from small debris to chunks as big as houses.
2. The ones and zeros that make up the data set are first split into two-dimensional pages of data lines of light and dark pixels displayed on a screen.

Make sentences.

Matter			students
The group	is are		atoms
The galaxy		made (up) of	particles
Atoms			stars
The system			elements

Part VI

Writing a paper

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