Exercise 14. Choose the correct answer a, b or c below.

- Did you read about the ‘man with no name’ in the paper?

 -No, what was the story?

-The police found this very confused man walking on the beach. He (1)…………remember his name or where he was from.

-He (2)..………a car accident or something.

-No, he (3)..……….. He doesn’t have any injuries.

-Well, he (4)………….suffering from some sort of memory loss.

-Maybe. But he seemed to be quite healthy.

-What about his personal possessions? He (5).……….a wallet or something.

-No, he wasn’t carrying anything.

-They (6) ……………stolen by someone.

-I suppose so. But the police don’t seem to think that was the case.

-How strange. (7).…………an illegal immigrant?

-No. He (8)…………. he spoke to the police in fluent English, with a local accent.

-Don’t the police have any idea who he is? I mean, they (9)………….looked at their missing persons records.

-Yes, but they didn’t find a match. It’s a real mystery……

 

 

1. a. couldn’t have          b. couldn’t               c. must

2. a. must have had         b. must have           c. might have been

3. a. could have               b. might have         c. couldn’t have

4. a. must have                b. might have been c. can’t have been

5. a. must have had         b. shouldn’t have   c. couldn’t have had

6. a. could being             b. must to be          c. might have been

7. a. Could he have been b. Might be he        c. Could he being

8. a. shouldn’t have been b. should be           c. can’t have been

9. a. mightn’t have been b. must have           c. shouldn’t have

 

Exercise 15. Open the brackets, using one of the following model verbs in the right form (can, must, may, should).

 

1. The laptop isn’t working. It ……………….(damage) during the transportation. I’m sure. 2. -Last week I terminated the contract with my partner and he immediately filed a law suit against me for breach of contract. First of all you …………..(read) the terms of the agreement carefully! This is rule number one in contract law: first read, then act. 3. -Peter says that you are a tortfeasor and that he can accuse you of assault and battery. He saw you yesterday near the cinema! – He ……………….(not see) me yesterday. I was out of town! 4. I am terribly sorry, Professor, but I …………..(not remember) what exactly you said in your last lecture on public law. – You ……………..(listen) more carefully! 5. -I wonder how the fire started. –There is a small possibility that someone ……………..(drop) a cigarette. –It ……………..(not be) a cigarette. None of us smokes. –Then I’m sure that it …………..(be) an electrical fault. 6. -How did Ann get there? –There is a small possibility that she …………..(come) in a car. –She …………(not come) on a car. She doesn’t drive.-Then I am sure that she …………….(come) as a passenger. 7. ……………..(break) she the law? I don’t believe it!. 8. You …………(act) violently. Now, I am sure you will suffer penalty.

    Exercise 16. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Неужели он совершил преступление? 2. Не может быть, чтобы он причинил ей вред. 3. Мистера Блейка следует признать виновным в этом деле. 4. Возможно, он и нарушил договор, но я не уверен. 5. Вам не следовало расторгать с ним договор. Зачем вы это сделали? 6. Должно быть, он имеет право на этот участок земли. 7. Вам следовало выполнить все обязанности по договору. 8. Должно быть, они уже обсудили все условия договора. 9. Неужели они сделали встречное предложение? Этого не может быть! 10. Ты мог бы и рассказать мне о традициях своей страны. Тогда, возможно, я бы не попала в неловкое положение (awkward situation).

Modal Verbs Shall and May in Legal English.

May is used to talk about what a person is permitted to do. It is translated into Russian as: иметь право, быть вправе, мочь.

 

The Company may issue and place bonds and other securities.

Общество вправе выпускать и размещать облигации и иные ценные бумаги.

 

Shall is used

• To impose an obligation
• To establish a directive
• To refer to an entitlement

 

Shall is translated into Russian as быть обязанным, быть должным or depending on the contexts:

 

The Company shall assist in acquiring the required licenses and certificates.

Общество обязуется оказать содействие в получении необходимых лицензий и свидетельств.

 

The hirer shall be responsible for the maintenance of the vehicle.

Наниматель отвечает за техническое обслуживание транспортного средства.

 

Each Party shall be liable to the other for all costs, damages or losses caused by a breach of its obligations hereunder.

Каждая Сторона несёт ответственность перед другой Стороной за все расходы, убытки, потери, вызванные нарушением своих обязательств по настоящему договору.

 

 

Exercise 17. Use shall or may in the following sentences.

 

1. The Company ………assign this Agreement with prior written consent of the other party. 2. At any regular meeting of the Board of Directors, one-third of the directors ………..constitute a quorum. 3. This Agreement …………be altered only by written agreement signed by the parties. 4. Assignor ………terminate this Agreement upon written notice to Assignee. 5. In many states, a person ……..apply for a driver’s license at 16. 6. This Agreement ………..enter into force on the date written below. 7. The Lessor ……..terminate this Agreement only by the decision of an arbitration tribunal. 8. The Lessor ………provide all necessary assistance to the Lessee in registering ownership rights to the Land Plot.

 

Recommended literature

1. Mark Foley, Diane Hall, My GrammarLab A1/A2. –Pearson, 2012.

2. Mark Foley, Diane Hall, My GrammarLab B1/B2. –Pearson, 2012.

3. Norman Coe, Oxford Living Grammar Elementary. –Oxford University Press, 2012.

4. Norman Coe, Oxford Living Grammar Pre-Intermediate. –Oxford University Press, 2012.

5. Azar B., Understanding and using English Grammar. –Longman, 2012.

6. Murphy R., Englih Grammar in Use. – Cambridge University Press, 2013.

7. Ионина А.А., Саакян А.С., The ABC of English Grammar. – Менеджер, 2011.

 

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