TAMBOV STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER G.R. DERZHAVIN

 

 

А.V. Gulin

S.E. Sinyutina

А.G. Shubina

 

Biochemistry

(part I)

 

Approved by the editors committee of TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin as a course book for foreign students studying medicine 

Speciality 060101 – Medicine

 

Tambov 2012

Editors:

M.D., professor V.B. Maximenko

M.D., professor K.I. Zasyadko

	Gulin A.V. Biochemistry (part I): a course book for foreign students studying medicine /А.V. Gulin, S.Е. Sinyutina, А.G. Shubina; Federal agency of education; TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin, Tambov: TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin Publishing house, 2012. -   с.
	Перевод выполнен Саликовым Р, Грицковым М, Рогозиной А., Мальцевой М., Кузнецовым М.       © TSU named after G.R. Derzhavin, 2012

Contents

I. THEORETICAL PART

The subject of biological chemistry

1. Chemistry of proteins

1.1. Methods of exctraction and purification of proteins

1.2. Functions of proteins

1.3. Amino acid composition of proteins

1.4. The structural organisation of proteins

1.5. Physical and chemical properties of proteins

1.6. Classification of proteins

1.6.1. Simple proteins

1.6.2. Conjugative proteins

2. Enzymes

2.1. The chemical nature of enzymes

2.2. The mechanism of enzymes action

2.3. Kinetics of enzymatic reactions

2.4. Properties of f enzymes

2.5. Regulation of enzymes activity

2.6. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes

2.7. Enzymes in medicine

3. Vitamins

3.1. Fat soluble vitamins

3.2. Water soluble vitamins

4. Basic principles of biomembranes' organization

4.1. Structure and functions of membranes

4.2. Transport of substances across membranes

5. Transmembrane transduction of hormonal signal

6. Introduction to metabolism

6.1. Stages of catabolism

6.2. Bioenergetics

6.3. Organization and operation of respiratory chain

6.4. Uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation

6.5. Generation of free radicals in cells

6.6. Reactions of the common catabolic pathway

6.6.1. Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

6.6.2. Citric acid cycle

7. Carbohydrates metabolism

7.2. Glycogen metabolism

7.3. Glycolysis

7.4. The inclusion of glucose and galactose in glycolysis

7.5. The shuttle mechanisms

7.6. Cori cycle

7.7. Alcohol fermentation

7.8. Pentose-phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt)

7.9. Gluconeogenesis

7.10. Regulation of carbohydrates metabolism

7.11. Violations of carbohydrate metabolism

II. LABORATORY PRACTICE

Laboratory work 1. The analysis of amino acids and proteins

Laboratory work 2.Complex proteins: phosphoproteins and glycoproteins

Laboratory work 3. Complex proteins: nucleoproteins and chromoproteins

Laboratory work 4. Enzymes

Laboratory work 5.Identifying of enzymes activity

Laboratory work 6. Vitamins

Laboratory work 7. Oxidoreductases

Laboratory work 8. Carbohydrates metabolism

Bibliography

I. THEORETICAL PART

The SUBJECT Of BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY

Biochemistry is a science about chemical bases of processes of vital activity, studying chemical components of living cells, and also reactions and processes in which they participate. Its main task is the establishment of communication between a molecular structure and biological function of chemical components of living organisms.

The subject of medical biochemistry is the chemical processes occurring in a human body in norm and pathology, diagnostics and forecast on the basis of biochemical researches.

CHEMISTRY OF PROTEINS

Proteins are high-molecular nitrogen-containing organic compounds, which molecules are constructed of amino acids residues. Amino acid units linked together with peptide bonds.

Proteins compound the basis of both frames and functions of live organisms. Natural proteins are constructed of 20 various amino acids. These amino acids can be combined in the most different sequences, therefore they can form about millions various proteins. They provide existence of about thousand different living organisms, ranging from viruses to humans. Each organism is characterized by a unique number of proteins.

The content of proteins in various tissues of one organism is unequal. So, in a human body there are proteins in % from dry weight: in muscles - 80, in brain - 45, in bones - 20.

Element composition of proteins in terms of dry weight: C - 50-54 %; Н - 6, 5-7, 3 %; O - 21-23 %; N - 15-17 %; S - up to 0, 5 %.

As a part some proteins contain in small amounts phosphorus, iron, manganese, magnesium, iodine, etc.

The amount of nitrogen is rather constant in all proteins (about 16 %), therefore it is possible to define the quantity of protein in biological objects by the protein nitrogen.

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