Composition — such word-formation where the target word is formed by combining two or more stems

Compound derivative (derivational compound) — the result of parasynthetic word-formation, i.e. a word which is formed by a simultaneous process of derivation and composition

Concept — a generalized reverberation in the human consciousness of the properties of the objective reality learned in the process of the latter's cognition. Concepts are formed linguistically, each having a name (a word) attached to it

Connotation — supplementary meaning or complementary semantic and/oi stylistic shade which is added to the word's main meaning and which serves to express all sorts of emotional, expressive, evaluative overtones

Context— a) the linguistic environment of a unit of language which reveals the conditions and the characteristic features of its usage in speech; b) the semantically complete passage of written speech sufficient to establish the meaning of a given word (phrase)

Conversion (internal derivation, derivation without affixation), a special type of derivation where the word forming means is the paradigm of the word itself, i. e. derivation which is achieved by bringing a stem into a different formal paradigm

Deformation of idiom — the violation of semantic integrity of a phraseological unit or idiom proper by actualizing the potential meanings of its elements

Denotation — the expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation

Derivation — such word-formation where the target word is formed by combining a stem and affixes

Derivational morpheme — an affixal morpheme which, when added to the stem modifies the lexical meaning of the root and forms a new word

Diachrony - the historical development of the system of language as the object of linguistic investigation

Etymological doublet — one of a pair of (or several) words more or less similar in meaning and phonation, appearing in language as the result of borrowing from the same source at different times

Frame -A pre-existing knowledge structure with a fixed static pattern.

Grammatical meaning — the meaning of the formal membership of a word expressed by the word's form, i. e. the meaning of relationship manifested not in the word itself but in the dependent element which is supplementary to its material part

Homographs — different words coinciding in their orthographic expression

Homonyms— two (or more) different linguistic units within one sound-and orthographic complex, i. e. displaying diversity on the content plane and identity on the expression plane

Homonymy— the coincidence in the same sound form (phonetic coincidence) and orthographic complex of two (or more) different linguistic units

Homophones— words with different morphological structure which coincide in their sound expression

Hybrid— a word, different elements of which are of etymologically different origin

Ideographic synonyms— such synonyms which differ in shades of meaning,

i. e. between which a semantic difference is statable.

Idiomatic— having the qualities of a phraseological unit, i. e. when the mean­ing of the whole is not deducible from the sum of the meanings of the parts

Idiom proper— a phraseological unit with pronounced stylistic characteristics owing to which an element of play is introduced into speech

Language— a semiological system serving as the main and basic means of hu­man communication

Level— a stage in scientific investigation of language which is determined by the properties of the units singled out in consistent segmentation of the flow of speech (from the lowest, to the highest)

Lexeme— a word in all its meanings and forms, i. e. a word as a structural ele­ment of language (invariant)

Lexical meaning— the material meaning of a word, i. e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal, or grammatical, part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the thing (phenomenon, quality, state, etc.) the word denotes

Lexical morpheme –ageneralized term for root and derivational morphemes, as expressing lexical meanings in contrast to flexional (morphemes) that ex­press grammatical meanings

Lexical set— a group of words more or less corresponding in their main se­mantic component, i. e. belonging to the same generic meaning

Loan translations(calques) — borrowing by means of literally translation words (usually one part after another) or word combinations, by modeling words after foreign patterns

Main meaning of a word— meaning which to the greatest degree is depend­ent upon or conditioned by its paradigmatic links, while such meanings as display a greater degree of syntagmatic ties are secondary

Main nominative meaning— the main, direct meaning of a word, immediate­ly referring to objects, phenomena, actions and qualities in extralinguistic reality (referent) and reflecting their general understanding by the speaker

Meaning— the reverberation in the human conscious of an object of extralin­guistic reality (a phenomenon, a relationship, a quality, a process) which becomes a fact of language because of its constant indissoluble association with a definite linguistic expression

Metalanguage— a language of the second order, a specific semiological sys­tem which is used to speak about language, i. e. language the subject of which is the content and the expression of a human language

Metalinguistic— pertaining to metalanguage

Monosemy— the existence within one word of only one meaning

Morpheme— the smallest (ultimate) recurrent unit of the system of expression directly related to a corresponding unit of the system of content

Morphological segmentation (morphologic divisibility)— the ability of a word to be divided into such elements as root, stem and affix (of affixes)

Narrowing of meaning— the restriction of the semantic capacity of a word in the course of its historical development

Neologism— a word or a word combination that appears or is specially coined to name a new object or express a new concept

Nominative-derivative meanings— other meanings in a polysemantic word which are characterized by free combinability and are connected with the main nominative meaning

Occasional word— a word which cannot be considered a permanent member of the word-stock: although it is. as a rule, formed after existing patterns, it is not characterized by general currency but is an individual innovation in­troduced for a special occasion. Cf. Nonce-word, ephemeral word.

Onomatopoeia— formation of words from sounds that resemble those associ­ated with the object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities

Opposition— a difference between two (or more) homogeneous units which is capable of fulfilling a semiological function, i. e. a semiologically relevant difference

Paradigm— the system of the grammatical forms of a word

Parts of speech— classes into which words of a language are divided by vir­tue of their having a) a certain general (abstract, categorial) meaning under­lying their concrete lexical meaning; b) a system of grammatical categories characteristic of this class; c) specific syntactic functions; d) special types of form-building and word formation

Phraseological unit— a word combination in which semantic unity (non-separability) prevails over structural separability, or in which global nomina­tion is expressed in a combination of different units

Polysemy— diversity of meanings; the existence within one word of several connected meanings as the result of the development and changes of its original meaning

Productive— able to form new words which are understood by the speakers of a language

Productivity— the ability of being used to form (after specific patterns) new, occasional or potential words which are readily understood by the speakers of a language

Potential word— a derivative or a compound word which does not actually exist (i. e. has not appeared in any text), but which can be produced at any moment in accordance with the productive word-forming patterns of the language

Referent— the object of thought correlated with a certain linguistic expres­sion. Also: the element of objective reality as reflected in our minds and viewed as the content regularly correlated with certain expression

Reproducibility— regular use in speech as the principal form of existence of a linguistic unit

Root— the semantic nucleus of a word with which no grammatical properties of the word are connected

Schema(plural schemata) -a pre-existing knowledge structure in memory typically involving the normal expected patterns of things, e.g. an apartment schema has a kitchen, a bedroom, etc.

Script –apre-existing knowledge structure for interpreting event sequences, e.g. a visit to the dentist has a script of specific events in sequence (which might start with giving one's name to the receptionist and finish with making a further appointment)

Semantic extension(widening of meaning) — the extension of semantic capac­ity of a word, i.e. the expansion of polysemy, in the course of its historical development

Semantic isolation— the loss by a word, or word combination, of productivi­ty and the acquisition of idiomatic qualities

Semantic level of analysis— that level of analysis on which linguistic units are studied bi-aspectually: both as units of expression and units of content, i. e. — in lexicology — the direct relationship of a word and its referent is investigated

Semantics— the meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms

Semantic field— part ('slice') of reality singled out in human experience and, theoretically, covered in language by a more or less autonomous lexical microsystem

Semasiology— the branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of linguis­tic units

Sociolinguistics— branch of linguistics studying causation between language and the life of the speaking community

Speech— the activity of man using language to communicate with other men, i. e. the use of different linguistic means to convey certain content

Stylistic synonyms— such synonyms which, without explicitly displaying se­mantic difference, are distinguished stylistically, i. e. in all kinds of emo­tional, expressive and evaluative overtones

Stem— that part of a word which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm and to which grammatical inflexions and affixes are added

Synchronic, representing one conventional historical stage in the development of language

Synchrony— a conventional isolation of a certain stage in the development of language as the object of linguistic investigation

Synonyms— two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and pos­sessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, in­terchangeable in some contexts. These words are distinguished by different shades of meaning, connotations and stylistic features

Synonymy — the coincidence in the essential meanings of linguistic elements which (at the same time) usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics

Syntactic formula— a non-idiomatic sequence of word which structurally re­sembles aset expression

Syntagmatics— linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech as dis­tinct from associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language (paradigmatics)

Term — a word or a word combination of a special (scientific, technical, etc.) language; a word or a word combination which is created, borrowed, or adopted to exactly express the definite concepts specific for that science and name its special objects. A term is a definitional word, i.e. it is not only directly connected with a scientifie definition but displays a relationship of one-to-one correspondence with it

Terminology— the sum total of terms for a specific branch of science, tech­nology, industry, etc., forming a special layer in the word-stock of a lan­guage which most readily yields to systematization, standardization, etc.

Terminological— pertaining to terminology. Terminologist— a researcher in the field of terminology

Text(corpus) — an actually existing (in oral or written form) sentence, con­glomeration of sentences, etc. (up to a complete work of literature, etc.).

Theory of isomorphism— atheory which postulates the absence of qualita­tive difference-between different levels of language making it possible to analyze and describe them by means of the same methods and principles

Vocabulary— the totality of words in a language

Word— the basic unit of language. It directly corresponds to the object of thought (referent) — which is a generalized reverberation of a certain 'slice', 'piece' of objective reality — and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant

Word combination— a non-predicative unit (or elements) of speech which is, semantically, both global and articulated, of a combination of two or more notional words serving to express one global concept

Word-formation— the process of forming words by combining root and af-fixal morphemes according to certain patterns specific for the language

Word-forming pattern— a structural and semantic formula, displaying a se­quence of elements which is regularly reproduced in speech

Список литературы

 

а) основная:

1. Arnold I.V. The English Word. L., 1986.

2. Shvydkaya L.I. English Lexicology Test Book. Part I. Magnitogorsk, 2010; изд. 2-е

3. Shvydkaya L.I. English Lexicology Test Book. Part I. Magnitogorsk, 2010; изд. 2-е

б) дополнительная:

1. Ginsburg R.S., Кhidekel S.S., Knyazeva G.Y., Sankin F.F. A Course in Modern English Lexicology.. M., 1979.

2. Бабич Г.Н. Лексикология английского языка. М., Флинта-Наука, 2010.

3. Гвишиани Н.Б. Современный английский язык. Лексикология. –М., 2007.

4. Readings in Modern English Lexicology. L., 1976.

5. Катермина В.В. Лексикология английского язка. Практикум. М.: Флинта-Наука, 2010.

6. Смирницкий А.И.. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

7. Швейцер А.Д. Литературный язык в США и в Англии. М., 1986.

8. Медникова Э.М. Практикум по лексикологии английского языка. М., 1978.

9. Ayto J. The Longman Register of New Words. Москва: Русский Язык, 1990.

10. Courtney R. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs. Moscow: Russky Yazyk Publishers, 1986.

11. Makkai A., Boatner, M.T., Gates, J.E. A Dictionary of American Idioms. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Bar-ron’s Educational Series, Inc., 1995.

12. Англо-русский словарь американского сленга. Москва: Книжный Сад, 1993.

13. Кунин А.В. Англо-русский фразеологический словарь. Москва: Советская Энциклопедия, 1967.

14. Лаврова Н.А. Англо-русский словарь. Современные тенденции в словообразовании. Контаминанты. М.,, Флинта-Наука, 2009.

 

 

 

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