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Before reading text 4, learn the new terms.
hardware — аппаратное обеспечение; аппаратура; оборудование software — программное обеспечение; программные средства system software — системное программное обеспечение application software — прикладное программное обеспечение firmware — встроенное /микропроцессорное программное обеспечение visible units— видимый блок, устройство procedure — процедура, процесс; метод, методика; алгоритм to associate — соединять; объединять; связывать associated documentation — соответствующая документация to execute applications programs — выполнять прикладные программы payroll — платежная ведомость inventory control — инвентаризация; переучет investment analyses — анализ инвестиций (капиталовложений) to protect — защищать read-only memory —постоянное запоминающее устройство (ПЗУ) to refer to — относиться к; ссылаться на to substitute — заменять; замещать to cause — заставлять, вынуждать; причина, основание to accomplish — завершать, заканчивать; выполнять, осуществлять performance — производительность; быстродействие; рабочая характеристика Text 4. Hardware, Software and Firmware,.
The units that are visible in any computer are the physical components of a data processing system, or hardware. Thus, the input, storage, processing and control devices are hardware. Not visible is the software — the set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation that make possible the effective operation of the computer system. Software programs are of two types: systems software and applications software. Systems software are the programs designed to control the operation of a computer system. They do not solve specific problems. They are written to assist people in the use of the computer system by performing tasks, such as controlling all of the operations required, to move data into and out of a computer and all of the steps in executing an application program. The person who prepares systems software is referred to as a systems programmer. Systems programmers are highly trained specialists and important members of the architectural team. Applications software are the programs written to solve specific problems (applications), such as payroll, inventory control, and investment analysis. The word program usually refers to an application program, and the word programmer is usually a person who prepares applications software. Often programs, particularly systems software, are stored in an area of memory not used for applications software. These protected programs are stored in an area of memory called read only memory (ROM), which can be read from but not written on. Firmware is a term that is commonly used to describe certain programs that are stored in ROM. Firmware often refers to a sequence of instructions (software) that is substituted for hardware. For example, in an instance where cost is more important than performance, the computer system architect might decide not to use special electronic circuits (hardware) to multiply two numbers, but instead write instructions (software) to cause the machine to accomplish the same function by repeated use of circuits already designed to perform addition.
Exercise 1. Find in the text the English for the following words and combinations. Видимые устройства; система обработки данных; аппаратное обеспечение; набор компьютерных программ; соответствующая документация; эффективная работа; системное программное обеспечение; прикладное программное обеспечение; системный программист; платежная ведомость; переучет; анализ инвестиций; прикладная программа; работающий только в режиме чтения; постоянное запоминающее устройство; последовательность команд; в случае; производительность; электронная цепь; умножать числа; заставить машину выполнять ту же функцию; выполнять сложение. Exercise2. Answer the questions on the text. 1. What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6. Who prepares systems software? 7. What are applications software? 8. What problems do applications software solve? 9. What is firmware? 10. How can a computer system architect use firmware? Exercise 3. Correct the false sentences. 1. The input, storage, processing and control devices are firmware. 2. The set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation are visible. 3. Systems software solve specific problems. 4. Applications software are the programs written to solve technical problems. 5. Firmware describe certain programs that are stored on a RAM disk. Exercise 4. Translate the word combinations with new words. Architecture: communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual architecture. Software: system software; application software; database software; disk software; educational software; game software; management software; simulation software. Hardware : computer hardware; device hardware; display hardware; memory hardware; mouse hardware; network hardware; system hardware; video hardware. Procedure : accounting procedure; computational procedure; control procedure; data-processing procedure; decision procedure; error-correcting procedure; formatting procedure; installation procedure; management procedure; solution procedure. Protection: computer protection; data protection; device protection; display protection; error protection; hardware protection; software protection; resource protection; security protection; system protection; virus protection. Unit 5 Central Processing Unit and Storage
Before reading text 1, learn the new words: primary / secondary storage — первичное / вторичное запоминающее устройство main storage — основная память; оперативное запоминающее устройство internal storage — внутреннее ЗУ sequence — последовательность; порядок следования intermediate results — промежуточные результаты ongoing process — продолжающиеся), постоянный процесс similarity — сходство; подобие to retain — сохранять; удерживать to locate — размещать(ся); располагать(ся) value — значение, величина; значимость, ценность; оценка binary digit — двоичная цифра; двоичный знак adjacent — смежный; соседний; примыкающий strings of characters — последовательность символов ' consecutive — последовательный; смежный; соседний
Text 1. Storage Units.
Computer system architecture is organized around the primary storage unit because all data and instructions used by the computer system must pass through primary storage. Our discussion of computer system units will begin with the functions of the primary and secondary storage units. This leads to the examination of the central processing unit and from there to the consideration of the input and output units. Therefore, the sequence in which we'll describe the functional units of a digital computer is: 1) storage units, primary and secondary; 2) central processing unit; 3) input and output units. As you know, there are primary and secondary storage units. Both contain data and the instructions for processing the data. Data as well as instructions must flow into and out of primary storage. Primary storage is also called main storage or internal storage. The specific functions of internal storage are to hold (store): 1) all data to be processed; 2) intermediate results of processing; 3) final results of processing; 4) all the instructions required for ongoing process. Another name for primary storage is memory, because of its similarity to a function of the human brain. However, computer storage differs from human memory in important respects. Computer memory must be able to retain very large numbers of symbol combinations, without forgetting or changing any details. It must be able to locate all its contents quickly upon demand. The combinations of characters, that is, the letters, numbers, and special symbols by which we usually communicate, are coded. The codes used by computer designers are based upon a number system that has only two possible values, 0 and 1. A number system with only two digits, 0 and 1, is called a binary number system. Each binary digit is called a bit, from Binary digit. As the information capacity of a single bit is limited to 2 alternatives, codes used by computer designers are based upon combinations of bits. These combinations are called binary codes. The most common binary codes are 8-bit codes because an 8-bit code provides for 2/8, or 256 unique combinations of 1 's and 0's, and this is more than adequate to represent all of the characters by which we communicate. Data in the form of coded characters are stored in adjacent storage locations in main memory in two principal ways: 1) as " strings" of characters — in bytes; and 2) within fixed-size " boxes" — in words. A fixed number of consecutive bits that represent a character is called a byte. The most common byte size is 8-bit byte. Words are usually 1 or more bytes in length. Secondary storage. Primary storage is expensive because each bit is represented by a high-speed device, such as a semiconductor. A million bytes (that is, 8 million bits) is a large amount of primary storage. Often it is necessary to store many millions, sometimes billions, of bytes of data. Therefore slower, less expensive storage units are available for computer systems. These units are called secondary storage. Data are stored in them in the same binary codes as in main storage and are made available to main storage as needed.
Exercise 1. Find in the text the English equivalents. Функциональный блок; цифровой компьютер; устройство ввода; устройство управления; арифметико-логическое устройство; центральный процессор; структура компьютерной системы; первичное запоминающее устройство; вторичное ЗУ; рассмотрение; поэтому последовательность; оперативное ЗУ; внутренняя память; промежуточные результаты; подобие функции человеческого мозга; размещать содержимое по требованию; система счисления; двоичная система счисления; возможные величины; объем информации; двоичный код; смежные ячейки памяти; последовательность символов; быстродействующее устройство; полупроводник; доступный. Exercise 2. Answer the questions on text 1. 1. What are the functional units of a digital computer? 2. What units make up the central processing unit? 3. How is computer system organized? 4. What are the two main types of storage units? 5. What do they contain? 6. What is the function of a primary storage? 7. Why is primary storage often called memory? 8. In what respect does computer memory differ from human memory? 9. What are codes based on? 10. What is secondary storage and what is it used for? Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations into Russian. Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk storage; magnetic tape storage; input storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storage; main storage; primary storage; secondary storage; sequential-access storage; variable storage; virtual storage. Value: absolute value; acceptable value; additional value; binary value; byte value; character value; constant value; correct value; data value; digit value; discrete values; invalid value; negative value; numerical value; output value; valid value. Digit, binary digit; binary-coded digit; check digit; information digit; input digit; nonsignificant digit; significant digit; digit-by-digit. Sequence: out of sequence; alphabetic sequence; arithmetic sequence; binary sequence; character sequence; code sequence; instruction sequence; data sequence; digital sequence; historical sequence; increasing sequence; program sequence; string sequence. Exercise 4. Find the synonyms in the text. Memory; element; information; command; examination; character; quantity; number; place; computer architect; likeness. To apply; to form; to move; to hold; to demand; to connect; to supply; to place; to name; to start; to examine. Continuous; significant; consecutive; usual; enough; main; initial; general. Популярное:
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