Trends in the Modern Machine-Building Industry

The scientific and technological progress will continue in engineering along two main headlines. Firstly, it is automation, including the creation of " unmanned" indus­tries. Secondly, raising the reliability and extending the service life of machines. This certainly requires new technology. The machine modules which have only begun to be made on a large scale are well suited for " unmanned" industries.

Intense work is being carried out on new robots. What we need is not merely manipulators which can take up a workpiece and pass it on, but robots which can identify objects, their position in space, etc.

We also need machines that would trace the entire process of machining. Some have been designed and are manufactured. Over the past few years this country has created new automated coal-digging complexes and machine systems, installations for the continuous casting of steel, machines for spindles spinning and shuttle less weaving, machine-tools for electrophysical and electro­chemical treatment of metals, unique welding equipment, automatic rotor transfer lines and machine-tool modules for flexible industries.

New technologies and equipment have been designed for most branches of engineering.

In the shortest time possible we are to start producing new generations of machines and equipment, which would allow us to increase productivity several times and to find a way for the application of advanced technologies.

Large reserves in extending service life for machines can be found in the process of designing. At present, advanced methods have been evolved for designing ma­chines proceeding from a number of criteria. Automatic design systems allow for an optimizing of the solutions in design and technology when new machines are still in the blueprint stage.

A promising reserve in increasing the life of parts is strengthening treatment. In recent years new highly efficient methods have been found.

First and foremost of them is the vacuum plasma methods for coating components with hard alloy com­pounds, such as nitrides and carbides of titanium, tung­sten and boron. Methods have been designed for rein­forcing machine parts most vulnerable to wear and tear, such as in grain harvesters, to make them last several times longer.

Thus, it is not merely numbers engineers and scien­tists are after, rather it is a matter of major character­istics. In other words, this is a matter of quality, and not of the mere number of new machines, apparatuses and materials.

VARIANT 4

1а. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:

Wide, early, big beautifully, regularly, prominent.

1б. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. Yesterday I came home... than usual. (late)

2. Ann sings far... than Nina. (well)

 

2. Употребите нужную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений:

1. (She)... friends often visit her.

2. (We)... son goes to school.

3. (We, us) always walk to school together.

4. He teaches (we, us) English.

5. I'm afraid they will take (your, yours) word against (her, hers).

6. (Their, theirs) home is pretty but (our, ours) is prettier.

 

3. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, to have, употребляя соответствующую форму в Present Indefinite (Simple):

1.We... both students.

2. Mr. Smith... sick today.

3.They... a new car.

4. She... green eyes.

4. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. John is angry with you.

2. She is a good tennis player.

3.Mr. Smith's office has three large windows.

4. We have many friends in Moscow.

5. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past, Future Indefinite (Simple):

1. They (take) a lot of trips together.

2. We always (travel) by car.

3. I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.

4. She (study) in our class last semester.

5. We (spend) two months in the South.

6. The plant (die) because of lack of sunshine.

7. I (be) hungry after so many exercises.

8. I (be) busy all day yesterday.

 

6. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1 The plane leaves at ten o'clock.

2. She always comes to class late.

3. They travelled there by train.

4. She decided to write a letter to her parents.

5. She will leave a message on the table for him.

6. They will write to us on Wednesday.

7. He and his brother were sick two days ago.

8. There were few passengers in the compartment.

 

7.Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной форме, употребляя во­просительные слова, данные в скобках:

1.She put the mail on my desk. (Where)

2. He walked to school with Mary. (Whom with)

3. The Romans made portraits in stone. (Who)

4. Poor lighting makes a piece of sculpture look uninteresting. (What)

8. Образуйте Past Indefinite (Simple) и Participle II от следующих глаголов. Проверьте себя по таблице неправильных глаголов:

to build, to think, to go, to see, to give, to meet, to write, to read, to know, to take, to teach, to feel, to have, to come, to begin, to find, to get, to say, to tell, to put, to leave, to do, to sing, to lose, to stand.

 

Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past, Future Continuous

(Progressive):

1.Listen! I think the telephone (ring).

2. Ann seems to be very busy.

3. I guess she (prepare) her English lesson.

4. They (eat) dinner when we came.

5. When you telephoned, I (have) dinner.

6. If you come before six, I (work) in my garden.

7. At this time tomorrow afternoon I (take) my final English examination.

10. Замените в следующих предложениях действительный залог страдательным. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.

2. They started a dancing class last week.

 

11.Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. This book is always read by the students of the first course.

2. The letter was left on the table.

3. The cries of the child were heard by everyone.

4. Не was sent to New York.

12. Переведите текст, напишите 5 вопросов, раскрывающих основное содержание текста:

Reliability

Reliability is a basic requirement of any instrument, plant or machine. The most ingenious machine is nothing put useless unless it is reliable.

At present the main defect in any machine is the different service life of its parts. The first to break down are parts with friction, the most numerous in any machine. Until quite recently scientists differed in their explana­tions of why parts subject to friction break.

At present scientists at the Blagonravov Institute for the Study of Machines at the USSR Academy of Sciences are engaged in research into friction and wear-and-tear resistance. The results of their comprehensive research will extend the useful life of units with friction by thirty to fifty percent as compared with what we have now.

Sufficient reliability and long service life of highly complicated automatic complexes, spaceships and as­sembly lines can be ensured by the high quality of their components, their accurate assembly and continuous checking while in operation, as well as by detecting faults as soon as they appear. This means that instruments are necessary for checking metal billets; all kinds of test installations and multiple switching control devices by which temperature, pressure and density in any part of a system may be inspected a number of times over a period of only one second. We need diagnostic systems and many different types of flaw detectors and sensors because, as is known, reliability is the key which opens the way to large-scale automation.

VARIANT 5

1а. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий:

Big, near, late, brightly, especially, wonderful,

1б. Употребите прилагательные и наречия, данные в скобках, в нужной степени сравнения:

1. What is the... news? (late)

2. Yesterday I came home... than usual. (late)

2. Употребите нужную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений:

1. (He)... name is John.

2. (I)... family lives in Kiev.

3. I often see (they, them) in the bus.

4. She lives near (we, us).

5. You take care of (your, yours) things and I'll take care of (my, mine).

6. All (our, ours) clothes were dirty, and (my, mine) especially so.

3. Заполните пропуски глаголом to be, to have, употребляя соответствующую форму в Present Indefinite (Simple):

1. The sky... clear.

2. We... both students.

3. She... one sister and two brothers.

4. We... a large library at school.

4. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. She is a clever girl.

2. It is cold today.

3. Mr. Smith's office has three large windows.

4. We have many friends in Moscow.

5. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past, Future Indefinite (Simple):

1. We always (play) tennis on Saturdays.

2. She (speak) several foreign languages.

3. I (wait) almost two hours for Helen yesterday.

4. She (study) in our class last semester.

5. The meeting (begin) at eight o'clock.

6. The film (last) an hour.

7. I (be) busy all day yesterday.

8. We (be) good friends for many years.

 

6. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах:

1. I understand everything he says.

2. She makes mistakes in spelling.

3. The meeting lasted a long time.

4. They travelled there by train. )

5. They will write to us on Wednesday.

6. We shall take the children to the park.

7. There were few passengers in the compartment.

8. There was a very interesting lecture last Monday.

 

7. Напишите следующие предложения в вопросительной форме, употребляя во­просительные слова, данные в скобках:

1. They spoke to us in French. (In what language)

2. He arrived home very late. (When)

3. She wants to visit Moscow. (Who)

4. Speech is a kind of vibration. (What)

8. Образуйте Past Indefinite (Simple) и Participle II от следующих глаголов. Проверьте себя по таблице неправильных глаголов:

to build, to think, to go, to see, to give, to meet, to write, to read, to know, to take, to teach, to feel, to have, to come, to begin, to find, to get, to say, to tell, to put, to leave, to do, to sing, to lose, to stand.

 

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